Operating Systems

Lecture 1
 Agenda for Today
 Introduction and purpose of the course
 Organization of a computer system
 Purpose of a computer system—setting
the stage for OS concepts and principles
 Outline of topics to be discussed in the
course
 What is an operating system?
 Recap of the lecture
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 Computer System

1. Hardware
2. Operating system
3. Applications programs
4. Users

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 Layered View of a
Computer System

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 Purpose of a Computer
System
 Computer systems consist of
software and hardware that
are combined to provide a tool
to solve specific problems in
an efficient manner
 Execute programs

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Computer System Hardware
Integer Control Keyboard Mouse
Unit Unit
CD
Floating Point
Unit
Cache

Processor
System Bus
HD
Mem
Bus

RAM/ROM Printer Monitor

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 Course Outline
 Operating system concepts
 Operating system structures
 Introduction to UNIX/Linux user interface
 Processes and threads—scheduling,
concurrency, synchronization, etc.
 Deadlocks
 Memory management
 Virtual memory
 File system
 Secondary storage management
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 Operating System
Concepts
 Single-user systems
 Batch systems
 Multiprogrammed systems
 Time-sharing systems
 Real-time systems
 Interrupts, traps, and software interrupts
(UNIX signals)
 Hardware protection
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 Operating System
Structures
 Operating system services
 System calls
 Semantics of system call execution
 Operating system structures (monolithic,
microkernel-based, layered, virtual
machines, DOS-Windows, UNIX)
 System design and implementation

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 Introduction to UNIX/Linux

 Directorystructure
 Browsing directory structure

 Useful commands

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 Processes
 Process concept (process, states,
attributes, etc.)
 Process scheduling (scheduler)
 Context switching (dispatcher)
 Operations on processes (creation,
termination, signaling, suspend,
foreground, background, etc.)
 Process management in UNIX (fork, wait,
exec, exit, etc.)
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 Processes (continued)
 Sample code for UNIX/Linux process
management
 Cooperating processes
 Interprocess communication (IPC)
 IPC in UNIX/Linux (pipe, FIFO, socket,
message queue, etc.)

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 Processes (continued)
 Communication between UNIX/Linux
processes (pipe, mkfifo, read, write, close,
etc.)
 Sample code
 UNIX/Linux processes (process images,
control structures, etc. explained with
sample code)
 Managing UNIX/Linux processes (ps, top,
fg, bg, <Ctrl-Z>, <Ctrl-C>, etc.)
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 Threads
 Thread concept (thread, states,
attributes, etc.)
 User- and kernel-level threads

 POSIX threads (the pthread

library)
 Sample code

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 CPU Scheduling
 Basic concepts
 Scheduling criteria
 Scheduling triggers
 Scheduling algorithms
 UNIX System V scheduling algorithm
 Optimal scheduling
 Algorithm evaluation

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 Process Synchronization
 Basic concept
 The Critical Section Problem
 Solutions for the Critical Section Problem
 Software-based solutions—the Bakery
Algorithm
 Hardware-based solutions
 Semaphores
 Binary and counting semaphores
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Process Synchronization …
 Classic problems of synchronization
 Deadlocks and starvation
 Critical regions
 Monitors
 Synchronization tools used in Solaris,
Linux, and Windows
 Deadlocks and starvation
 Pthread library functions
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 Deadlocks
 Basic concept
 Deadlock characterization
 Deadlock handling (prevention, avoidance,
detection and recovery)
 Banker’s algorithm

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 Memory Management
 Basic concepts
 Various techniques for memory
management
 Logical to physical address translation

 Swapping

 Contiguous memory allocation: MFT, MVT

 External fragmentation

 Paging

 Hardware support for paging

 Internal fragmentation
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 Memory Management …
 Performance of paging
 Protection and sharing
 Page table issues: Multi-level paging,
Hashed page tables, Inverted page tables
 Segmentation
 Protection and sharing
 Segmentation with paging
 Intel P4 example

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 Virtual Memory
 Basic concept
 Demand paging

 Page fault

 Performance of demand paging

 Page replacement

 Allocation of frames

 Thrashing

 Operating-system examples

 Other considerations (I/O locking, page

size, …)
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 File System Interface
 Basic concepts (file attributes, operations,
types, structure, etc.)
 Access methods (sequential, random, etc.)
 Directory structure
 UNIX/Linux directory structure (links in UNIX)
 File system mounting, sharing, and
protection
 UNIX/Linux examples for sharing and
protection, and relevant commands (chmod,
ln, ln –s, etc.) © Copyright Virtual University of
July 12, 2024
Pakistan
 File System Implementation
 Basic concepts (overview of disk structure,
file structure, boot control block, super
block, inode, per process file descriptor
table, system-wide open-file table, etc.)
 Directory implementation
 Free space management methods
 Space Allocation Methods
 Time and space performance of allocation
methods
 Brief introduction to Network File System
(NFS)
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 Mass Storage Structure
and Scheduling
 Disk structure and scheduling
 Disk management (formatting,

boot block, bad blocks, etc.)

 Course Recap

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 What is an Operating
System?
 A program that acts as an intermediary
between a user of a computer and the
computer hardware—provides the user a
simpler (virtual) machine to work with
 A program that allocates and deallocates
computer system resources in an efficient,
fair, and secure manner—a resource
manager
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 Operating System Goals
 Execute user programs and make solving
user problems easier.
 Make the computer system convenient to
use.
 Use the computer hardware in an efficient
manner.

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Pakistan
Operating Systems

Lecture 1