PART B~ ARCHITECTURAL

STYLE AND CHARACTER

OF MODERN AND
TRADITIONAL BUILDINGS
Agenda
01. Introduction 02. MODERN/TRADITIONAL
ARCHITECTURE STYLE AND
.- Background and purpose
CHARACTER
of the study - Overview of modern and
- Scope and objectives of traditional architectural style
the study - Key characteristics and features
- Methodology - Examples of modern and
traditional buildings

03. COMPARISON 04. CASE STUDIES

BETWEEN THE 05. CONCLUSION
STYLES
- Similarities and differences - Detailed analysis of - Summary of findings
between modern and specific modern and
traditional styles traditional buildings - Implications for future
architectural design and
- Impact on building design - Evaluation of architectural development
and construction style and character

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We woul d l i ke to e xpress our he artfelt gratitude to al l the i ndividuals and organizations who
contributed to the com pletion of thi s re port on m ode rn and traditional architectural styl e buildings
i n Amri tsar.
Spe cial thanks to the architects, e ngineers, and de signers who shared the ir e xper tise and i nsights
on the i ntegration of traditional de sign e l ements wi th m odern construction te chniques. Your
knowledge and passion for pre serving cul tural he ritage have be en i nvaluable to thi s proj ect.
We are al so grateful to the re sidents of Am ritsar who ge nerously shared the ir e xperiences and
pe rspectives on the si gnificance of tradi tional architecture i n the ci ty. Your i nput has e nriched our
unde rstanding of the i m portance of pre serving cul tural he ritage i n m ode rn urban de velopment.
Additionally, we e xtend our appreciation to the l ocal authorities and organizations i n Am ritsar for
the i r support and coope ration i n providing access to the various architectural si tes and buildings
for our re se arch.
Fi nally, we woul d l i ke to thank our col l eagues and te am m e mbers for the ir de dication and hard
work i n com piling and analyzing the data for thi s re port.
Thank you al l for your contri butions i n hi ghlighting the harmonious bl end of ol d and ne w
architectural styl es i n Am ritsar and Patiala and the e f for ts towards sustainable and e co -friendly
de sign pri nciples i n m odern and traditional construction.
Si ncerely,
Si mranjot Kaur Organization:
Ni shtha Sharma G uru Nanak D ev U niversity,
Arshita D ogra Am ritsar.
B andhan D hir D e partment of Architecture 3
The purpose of this study is to document and analyze the distinct characteristics of
various architectural styles, from traditional designs rooted in historical and cultural
contexts to modern structures that reflect contemporary values and innovations. By
doing so, we can better understand the historical and cultural significance of
different architectural styles, and how they contribute to the identity and character
of a place.
Furthermore, this study aims to explore the impact of architectural styles on urban
planning and development, and how they shape the built environment. By
understanding the cultural and societal influences on architectural styles, we can
promote a more holistic approach to preserving and designing buildings that are in
harmony with their surroundings.
Ultimately, the study of architectural style and character of modern and traditional
buildings serves to foster a greater appreciation for the diversity and richness of
architectural heritage, and to inform preservation efforts and modern architectural
design practices. It also helps to promote a deeper understanding of the cultural
and historical context of different architectural styles, contributing to a more
inclusive and sustainable approach to urban development.
 Introduction
Architecture is not only a reflection of
technological advancements and functional
needs, but also a representation of cultural,
historical, and societal influences. The study of
architectural style and character of modern and
traditional buildings seeks to understand and
appreciate the unique features and significance 5

of different architectural styles, as well as their

evolution over time.

November 14, 2023

“
"Architecture is not just about building structures,
it's about understanding and appreciating the
cultural, historical, and societal influences that
shape them. By studying the architectural style and
character of modern and traditional buildings, we
can better preserve our architectural heritage and
create a more harmonious built environment."
MODERN ARCHITECTURAL STYLE AND
CHARACTER
INTRODUCTION

Modern architectural style and character have evolved significantly over the
years, reflecting the changing societal, cultural, and historical influences.
This report aims to explore the key characteristics of modern architectural
style and how it reflects the current cultural and societal landscape.
CULTURAL AND SOCIETAL INFLUENCES
The modern architectural style is heavily influenced by the cultural and
societal context in which it exists. Globalization, urbanization, and
technological advancements have all played a significant role in shaping
modern architectural design. Additionally, changing social values and lifestyle
preferences have led to the development of new building typologies and
design approaches.

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KEY CHARACTERSTICS OF MODERN
ARCHITECTURAL STYLE
Modern architectural style is characterized by several key features that set it apart from traditional
architectural styles. Some of these features include:
▪ 1. Emphasis on Functionality: Modern architecture prioritizes functionality and efficiency in design. Buildings are designed
to serve their intended purpose while also integrating sustainable and environmentally-friendly practices.
▪ 2. Simplified Forms: Modern architectural style often features clean lines, geometric shapes, and minimal ornamentation.
The focus is on simplicity and clarity of form.
▪ 3. Use of New Materials: Modern architecture incorporates new materials and construction techniques, such as steel,
glass, and concrete, allowing for innovative and daring designs.
▪ 4. Integration of Technology: Modern buildings often integrate advanced technology into their design, such as smart home
systems, energy-efficient solutions, and digital connectivity.
▪ 5. Open Floor Plans: Modern architecture embraces open floor plans and flexible spaces that promote connectivity and
interaction.
▪ 6. Emphasis on Light and Space: Modern buildings prioritize natural light and open spaces, creating a sense of openness
and connection to the surrounding environment.

8 Annual Review
Variations and traditions: the search for a
modern Indian architecture
The search for a modern Indian architecture is a fascinating journey that intertwines the country’s rich history with its rapid modernization.
This journey is characterized by a constant interplay between tradition and innovation, local and global influences, and the past and the future.
Traditions in Indian Architecture Indian architecture has a long and rich history, dating back thousands of years. It encompasses the building
traditions of the Indian subcontinent, which includes what are now India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Traditional Indian architecture is globally
iconic, with structures like the Taj Mahal and South Indian Temples being renowned for their domes, minarets (slender towers), intricate
latticework, and calligraphy work.
Modern Variations Modern Indian architecture, however, looks much different than its traditional lineage. It began to evolve rapidly after India
gained independence from the British in 1947. The architectural breakthrough began when the Indian Punjab government took on world-
famous architect Le Corbusier to design the city of Chandigarh. Today, modern Indian architecture still honors and upholds the traditions of
India, but the architectural form works to better meet the needs of modern-day society. Building is less ornate and more expressive in form, with
the use of basic but cutting-edge materials like steel and glass.
The Changing Culture of Architecture in Modern India The changing culture of architecture in modern India, both as a lifestyle and as a
profession, has been eye-opening. The huge wave of development and technology has made us question and search for our own identity and
provoked us to revisit the solid traditional roots and foundation of Indian architecture. The ‘architect’ has evidently lost the authorship and
exclusivity s/he once possessed. Today, the collaborative role of architecture instead rests on developers, clients, various consultants, and
foreign firms.
The Future The future of Indian architecture is seeing many explorations. Though globalization is widely influencing the architecture being built
in India today, the need and anxiety to localize is also fiercely felt by many. Glass, steel, and aluminium might remain as ‘fashionable’ materials,
but there has been a shift in sensibilities with the revival of Indian crafts. High-rise buildings are also common in these dense urban areas
where space must be maximized. Another modern characteristic in the architecture is its response to ecology and climate, designing for the
environment.
In conclusion, the search for a modern Indian architecture is a continuous process of balancing the old with the new, the local with the global,
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and the traditional with the innovative. It is a journey that is as diverse and dynamic as India itself.
 Variations and traditions: the search for
a modern Indian architecture Architecture must become an art form again.’ A purple passage perhaps, and
elsewhere in this issue (AR August 1987, p36) the Belgian Embassy is called ‘close
to cultural caricature’ but it has architectural qualities – achieved through the
intuitively correct use of traditional forms to meet the client’s demands – that have
been matched by few contemporary Indian buildings. the engineer Mahendra Raj
says, everything can be achieved by the use of ‘extraordinary means’ – even
the similitude of concrete
panels. The division of the
render in panels also has the
more useful, if mundane,
function, of providing expansion
joints and dividing the facade into
areas that can be easily
rendered in one go so
avoiding cracks and color
change.
This determination to create a building of national significance while also relying
on, and responding to, local building practices and traditions, permitted Jain a
great freedom in choice of imagery. Thus, arriving at the main entrance is ‘like
arriving at a city gate in a city wall or like arriving at the temple door’. These
likenesses are, admits Jain, perhaps ‘not obvious but are relevant to
India’. Pursuing the temple metaphor, entering the building one goes from light to
darkness, a primary sensation felt on entering a cave like Hindu temple or, as Jain
says,.. from known to unknown’. The nearby ancient cave temples at Jageshwari
and Elephanta are cited by Jain as inspirations.

10 Annual Review
1. The G uggenheim Muse um, B i lbao, Spain - Designed by Frank Gehry, the Guggenheim
Museum is a prime example of modern architecture with its innovative use of materials
and striking, sculptural form. The building's titanium-clad curves and glass walls make
it a visually stunning and iconic structure.

2. The Sydney Ope ra House, Australia - Designed by Danish architect Jørn Utzon, the
Sydney Opera House is a modern architectural masterpiece known for its distinctive
sail-like shells. The building's innovative design and use of concrete and glass have
made it a symbol of modern architecture and a UNESCO World Heritage site.

3. The B urj Khalifa, D ubai, U AE - Designed by Adrian Smith, the Burj Khalifa is the
tallest building in the world and a prime example of modern skyscraper architecture. Its
sleek glass and steel facade, along with its innovative structural design, make it an
iconic symbol of modern urban architecture .

4. The Pom pidou Ce ntre, Paris, France - Designed by Renzo Piano and Richard Rogers,
the Pompidou Centre is a modern architectural marvel known for its inside -out design,
with its structural elements and services exposed on the exterior. The building's use of
bold colors and industrial materials such as steel and glass make it a prime example of
modern architectural style.

5. The Wal t D i sney Concert Hal l, Los Ange les, U SA - Designed by Frank Gehry, the Walt
Disney Concert Hall is a modern architectural gem known for its undulating stainless
steel exterior and innovative acoustical design. The building's unique form and use of
materials make it a standout example of modern architectural innovation. 11
TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURAL STYLE AND
CHARACTER
Traditional architecture refers to architectural styles that were
prevalent before the advent of modern architecture, around the
late 19th to early 20th century. These styles are deeply rooted
in a region’s history, culture, and local traditions. They are
characterized by their use of local materials, craftsmanship,
and designs that respond to local climate and landscape.
Traditional architectural style and character can vary greatly
depending on the culture and region in which it is found.
However, there are some common characteristics that can be
identified in traditional architecture across different cultures.
One of the key features of traditional architectural style is its
focus on using locally available materials and construction
techniques. This often results in buildings that are well suited
to their environment and climate, with features such as thick
walls for insulation, natural ventilation systems, and
overhanging roofs for shade.
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Exampl es of Tradi ti onal A rc hi tec tural Styl es
Cl as s ical Arc hi tec ture: This style, which originated in ancient Greece and Rome, is characterized by its
symmetry, proportion, and use of columns and domes.
G othi c Arc hi tec ture: Originating in medieval Europe, Gothic architecture is known for its pointed
arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses .
Is l ami c Arc hi tecture: This style, which spans several centuries and continents , is known for its use of
geometric patterns, calligraphy, and domes.
J apanes e Arc hi tecture: Traditional Japanese architecture is known for its use of wood, elevated floors,
sliding doors, and deep eaves.

Traditional architecture also tends to be heavily influenced by cultural and religious beliefs, with many
buildings featuri ng intricate decorative elements and symbols that hold special significance to the
community. This can be seen in the use of ornate carvings, colorful paintwork, and symbolic motifs on
buildings such as temples, churches, and mosques.
In terms of layout and design, traditional architecture often prioritizes communal spaces and a
strong connection to the surrounding landscape. Courtyards, verandas , and open -air gathering areas
are common features , as are buildings that are designed to blend seamlessly with their natural
surroundings .
Overall, traditional architectural style and character are deeply rooted in cultural traditions and local
craftsmans hi p, resulting in buildings that are not only functional but also rich in history and meaning.
These buildings continue to be valued for their beauty, sustainabili ty, and ability to reflect the identity
of the communities they belong to.
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Case Study 1: The Taj Mahal , India The Taj Mahal is a prime example of traditional Mughal architecture in
India. Built in the 17th century, this iconic mausoleum is known for its symmetrical design, intricate marble
inlay work, and ornate domes. The use of traditional materials such as marble and red sandstone, along with
the incorporati on of Islamic geometric patterns and calligraphy, reflects the traditional architectural style of
the Mughal period. The Taj Mahal's use of gardens and water features also aligns with traditional Mughal
design principles, creating a harmonious and serene environment.

Case Study 2: Mac hu P i c c hu, Peru Machu Picchu is a well-preserved example of traditional Inca architecture
in Peru. The site features stone structures built without the use of mortar, showcasing the Inca's advanced
knowledge of engineering and stonemasonry. The architecture at Machu Picchu also incorporates natural
elements such as the surrounding mountains and the use of terraces for agricultural purposes, reflecting the
Inca's deep connection to their environment. The layout of the site follows traditional Inca urban planning
principles, with religious, residential , and agricultural areas clearly defined and interconnec ted.

Case Study 3: Tradi tional J apanes e Mac hi y a H ous es, Machiya houses are traditional wooden townhouses
found in Japan, particularly in cities like Kyoto. These structures feature a narrow and elongated design, with
a focus on utilizing space efficiently in densely populated urban areas. The architecture of Machiya houses
often includes sliding doors, tatami mats, and wooden lattice screens, reflecting traditional Japanese
craftsmans hi p and attention to detail. The integrati on of internal courtyards and small gardens also aligns
with traditional Japanese architectural principles, creating a sense of tranquility and connection to nature
within urban spaces.

In conclusion, traditional architectural styles such as Mughal, Inca, and Japanese showcase a deep
understandi ng of cultural, environmental, and historical contexts. These case studies highlight the importance
of preserving and celebrati ng traditional architectural styles as valuable cultural heritage.
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COMPARISON OF MODERN AND
TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURAL STYLE...
MODERN ARCHITECTURAL STYLE TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURAL STYLE

▪ Modern architectural styles often prioritize In contrast, traditional architectural styles tend to
sleek, minimalist designs, with a focus on be more ornate and decorative, with a focus on
clean lines and simplicity. locally sourced materials and craftsmanship.

▪ Materials such as glass, steel, and concrete Traditional buildings often feature intricate
are commonly used, and there is often an detailing, such as carvings, paintings, and
emphasis on creating buildings that are symbolic motifs, that reflect the cultural and
visually striking and innovative. religious beliefs of the community.

▪ In terms of layout and design, modern architecture often prioritizes efficiency and functionality, with a focus on
creating spaces that are well-suited to contemporary living and working needs. Traditional architecture, on the other
hand, often emphasizes communal spaces and a strong connection to the surrounding landscape, with features
such as courtyards, verandas, and open-air gathering areas.
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CONCLUSION

In conclusion, modern architecture is characterized by innovative design, use of materials, and visual impact.
The case studies of the Guggenheim Museum, Sydney Opera House, Burj Khalifa, Pompidou Centre, and Walt
Disney Concert Hall demonstrate the unique and iconic nature of modern architectural style. These buildings
have had a significant impact on the built environment and have become symbols of modern architectural
innovation.
The implications for future architectural design and development are clear. Architects and designers can
continue to push the boundaries of traditional architectural styles and explore new materials and technologies to
create visually stunning and innovative structures. The focus on sustainability and environmental impact will also
play a crucial role in shaping the future of architectural design.
In conclusion, modern architecture offers endless possibilities for creating iconic and impactful structures that
can shape the future of our built environment. It is a testament to the creativity and innovation of architects and
designers, and it will continue to inspire future generations in the field of architecture.

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REFERENCES
Here are some references that were used in the reports:

Modern Architecture
“Modern Architecture: A Critical History” by Kenneth Frampton.
“Modern Architecture Since 1900” by William J.R. Curtis.
“Towards a New Architecture” by Le Corbusier.
Traditional Architecture
“Architecture: Form, Space, and Order” by Francis D.K. Ching.
“A Global History of Architecture” by Mark M. Jarzombek and Vikramaditya Prakash.
“The Timeless Way of Building” by Christopher Alexander.
Please note that these are not direct sources, but they provide valuable insights into the understanding of modern and
traditional architectural styles and characters. For direct quotations or specific information, it’s recommended to refer to the
original source or context.

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