INTRODUCTION

SQL is divided into the following

1 Data Definition Language (DDL)

2 Data Manipulation Language (DML)
3 Data Retrieval Language (DRL)
4 Transaction Control Language (TCL)
5 Data Control Language (DCL)

DDL -- create, alter, drop, truncate, rename

DML -- insert, update, delete
DRL -- select
TCL -- commit, rollback, savepoint
DCL -- grant, revoke

CREATE USER
SYNTAX Create user <user_name> identified by <pass word>;
Grant connect, resource, dba to user_name;
EX SQL> create user shakil identified by otsl;

CREATE TABLE
SYNTAX Create table <table_name> (col1 datatype1, col2 datatype2
…coln datatypen);
EX SQL> create table student (no number (2), name varchar
(10), marks number (3));

INSERT
This will be used to insert the records into table. We have two methods to
insert.
1 By value method
2 By address method
USING VALUE METHOD
Syntax: insert into <table_name> values (value1, value2, value3 ….
Valuen);
Ex: SQL> insert into student values (1, ’sudha’, 100);
INSERTING DATA INTO SPECIFIED COLUMNS USING VALUE METHOD
Syntax: insert into <table_name)(col1, col2, col3 … Coln) values
(value1, value2, value3 ….Valuen);
Ex: SQL> insert into student (no, name) values (3, ’Ramesh’);
SQL> insert into student (no, name) values (4, ’Madhu’);

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 USING ADDRESS METHOD
(To insert a new record again you have to type entire insert command, if there are lot
of records this will be difficult.This will be avoided by using address method)
Syntax: insert into <table_name) values (&col1, &col2, &col3 …. &coln);

This will prompt you for the values but for every insert you have
to use forward slash
Ex: SQL> insert into student values (&no, '&name', &marks);
Enter value for no: 1
Enter value for name: Jagan
Enter value for marks: 300
old 1: insert into student values(&no, '&name', &marks)
new 1: insert into student values(1, 'Jagan', 300)
SQL> /
Enter value for no: 2
Enter value for name: Naren
Enter value for marks: 400
old 1: insert into student values(&no, '&name', &marks)
new 1: insert into student values(2, 'Naren', 400)
INSERTING DATA INTO SPECIFIED COLUMNS USING ADDRESS METHOD
Syntax: insert into <table_name)(col1, col2, col3 … coln) values (&col1,
&col2 ….&coln);
This will prompt you for the values but for every insert you have
to use forward slash.
SQL> insert into student (no, name) values (&no, '&name');
Enter value for no: 5
Enter value for name: Visu
old 1: insert into student (no, name) values(&no,
'&name')
new 1: insert into student (no, name) values(5, 'Visu')

SQL> /
Enter value for no: 6
Enter value for name: Rattu
old 1: insert into student (no, name) values(&no,
'&name')
new 1: insert into student (no, name) values(6, 'Rattu')

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 SELECTING DATA
Syntax: Select * from <table_name>; {-- here * indicates all columns}
Or
Select col1, col2, … coln from <table_name>;
SQL> select * from student;
NO NAME MARKS
--- ------ --------
1 Sudha 100
2 Saketh 200
1 Jagan 300
2 Naren 400
SQL> select no, name, marks from student;
NO NAME MARKS
--- ------ --------
1 Sudha 100
2 Saketh 200
1 Jagan 300
2 Naren 400
SQL> select no, name from student;
NO NAME
--- -------
1 Sudha
2 Saketh
1 Jagan
2 Naren
3 Ramesh
4 Madhu
5 Visu
6 Rattu

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 CONDITIONAL SELECTIONS AND OPERATORS

We have two clauses used in this

1 Where
2 Order by

USING WHERE
Syntax: select * from <table_name> where <condition>;

The following are the different types of operators used in where clause.
1 Arithmetic operators
2 Comparison operators
3 Logical operators
Arithmetic operators Comparison operators Logical
(highest precedence) operators
+, -, *, / 1. =, !=, >, <, >=, And
<=, <> Or
2. between, not not
between
3. in, not in
4. null, not null
5. like

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 USING =, >, <, >=, <=, !=, <>
SQL> select * from student where no = 2; NO NAME MARKS
--- ------- ---------
2 Saketh 200
2 Naren 400
SQL> select * from student where no < 2; NO NAME MARKS
--- ------- ----------
1 Sudha 100
1 Jagan 300
SQL> select * from student where no > 2; NO NAME MARKS
--- ------- ----------
3 Ramesh
4 Madhu
5 Visu
6 Rattu
SQL> select * from student where no <= 2; NO NAME MARKS
--- ------- ----------
1 Sudha 100
2 Saketh 200
1 Jagan 300
2 Naren 400
SQL> select * from student where no >= 2; NO NAME MARKS
--- ------- ---------
2 Saketh 200
2 Naren 400
SQL> select * from student where no != 2; NO NAME MARKS
--- ------- ----------
1 Sudha 100
1 Jagan 300
SQL> select * from student where no <> 2; NO NAME MARKS
--- ------- ----------
1 Sudha 100
1 Jagan 300

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USING AND This will gives the output when all the conditions become true.

Syntax: select * from <table_name> where <condition1> and

<condition2> and .. <conditionn>;
Ex SQL> select * from student where no = 2 and marks >= 200;
NO NAME MARKS
--- ------- --------
2 Saketh 200
2 Naren 400
USING OR This will gives the output when either of the condition
becomes true.
Syntax: Select * from <table_name> where <condition1> and
<condition2> or.. <condition>;
Ex SQL> select * from student where no = 2 or marks >= 200;
NO NAME MARKS
--- ------- ---------
2 Saketh 200
1 Jagan 300
2 Naren 400

USING BETWEEN This will gives the output based on the column and its lower
bound, upper bound.
Syntax select * from <table_name> where <col> between <lower
bound> and <upper bound>;
Ex SQL> select * from student where marks between 200 and 400;
NO NAME MARKS
--- ------- ---------
2 Saketh 200
1 Jagan 300
2 Naren 400
USING NOT This will gives the output based on the column which values
BETWEEN are not in its lower bound, upperbound.
Syntax select * from <table_name> where <col> not between
<lower bound> and <upper bound>;
Ex SQL> select * from student where marks not between 200 and
400;
NO NAME MARKS
--- ------- ---------
1 Sudha 100

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USING IN This will gives the output based on the column and its list of
values specified.
Syntax select * from <table_name> where <col> in ( value1,
value2, value3 … valuen);
Ex SQL> select * from student where no in (1, 2, 3);
NO NAME MARKS
--- ------- ---------
1 Sudha 100
2 Saketh 200
1 Jagan 300
2 Naren 400
USING NOT IN This will gives the output based on the column which values are
not in the list of values specified.
Syntax: select * from <table_name> where <col> not in ( value1,
value2, value3 … valuen);
Ex SQL> select * from student where no not in (1, 2, 3);
NO NAME MARKS
--- ------- ---------
4 Madhu
5 Visu
6 Rattu
USING NULL This will gives the output based on the null values in the
specified column.
Syntax: select * from <table_name> where <col> is null;
Ex: SQL> select * from student where marks is null;
NO NAME MARKS
--- ------- ---------
3 Ramesh
4 Madhu
5 Visu
6 Rattu
USING NOT NULL This will gives the output based on the not null values in the
specified column.
Syntax: select * from <table_name> where <col> is not null;
Ex: SQL> select * from student where marks is not null;
NO NAME MARKS
--- ------- ---------
1 Sudha 100
2 Saketh 200
1 Jagan 300
2 Naren 400

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USING LIKE This will be used to search through the rows of database column
based on the pattern you specify.
Syntax: select * from <table_name> where <col> like <pattern>;
Ex: i) This will give the rows whose marks are 100.
SQL> select * from student where marks like 100;
NO NAME MARKS
--- ------- ---------
1 Sudha 100
ii) This will give the rows whose name start with ‘S’.
SQL> select * from student where name like 'S%';
NO NAME MARKS
--- ------- ---------
1 Sudha 100
2 Saketh 200
iii) This will give the rows whose name ends with ‘h’.
SQL> select * from student where name like '%h';
NO NAME MARKS
--- ------- ---------
2 Saketh 200
3 Ramesh
iV) This will give the rows whose name’s second letter start with ‘a’.
SQL> select * from student where name like '_a%';
NO NAME MARKS
--- ------- --------
2 Saketh 200
1 Jagan 300
2 Naren 400
3 Ramesh
4 Madhu
6 Rattu
V) This will give the rows whose name’s third letter start with ‘d’.
SQL> select * from student where name like '__d%';

NO NAME MARKS
--- ------- ---------
1 Sudha 100
4 Madhu
Vi) This will give the rows whose name’s second letter start with
‘t’ from ending.
SQL> select * from student where name like '%_t%';
NO NAME MARKS
--- ------- ---------
2 Saketh 200
6 Rattu

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EX Vii) This will give the rows whose name’s third letter start with ‘e’
from ending.
SQL> select * from student where name like '%e__%';
NO NAME MARKS
--- ------- ---------
2 Saketh 200
3 Ramesh
Viii) This will give the rows whose name cotains 2 a’s.

SQL> select * from student where name like '%a% a %';

NO NAME MARKS
--- ------- ----------
1 Jagan 300
* You have to specify the patterns in like using underscore ( _ ).

USING ORDER BY
(This will be used to ordering the columns data (ascending or descending).
By default oracle will use ascending order.
If you want output in descending order you have to use desc keyword after the
column.)
Syntax: Select * from <table_name> order by <col> desc;
Ex: SQL> select * from student order by no;
NO NAME MARKS
--- ------- ---------
1 Sudha 100
1 Jagan 300
2 Saketh 200s
2 Naren 400
3 Ramesh
4 Madhu
5 Visu
6 Rattu
SQL> select * from student order by no desc;
NO NAME MARKS
--- ------- ---------
6 Rattu
5 Visu
4 Madhu
3 Ramesh
2 Saketh 200
2 Naren 400
1 Sudha 100
1 Jagan 300

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 USING UPDATE
(This can be used to modify the table data)
Syntax Update <table_name> set <col1> = value1, <col2> = value2 where
<condition>;
Ex SQL> update student set marks = 500;
If you are not specifying any condition this update entire table will.
SQL> update student set marks = 500 where no = 2;
SQL> update student set marks = 500, name = 'Venu' where no = 1;

USING DELETE
(This can be used to delete the table data temporarily)
Syntax Delete <table_name> where <condition>;
SQL> delete student;
If you are not specifying any condition this will delete entire table.
SQL> delete student where no = 2;

USING ALTER
(This can be used to add or remove columns and to modify the precision of the
datatype)
ADDING COLUMN
Syntax: alter table <table_name> add <col datatype>;
EX: SQL> alter table student add sdob date;
REMOVING COLUMN
Syntax: alter table <table_name> drop <col datatype>;
EX: SQL> alter table student drop column sdob;
INCREASING OR DECREASING PRECISION OF A COLUMN
Syntax: alter table <table_name> modify <col datatype>;
EX: SQL> alter table student modify marks number(5);
MAKING COLUMN UNUSED
Syntax: alter table <table_name> set unused column <col>;
EX: SQL> alter table student set unused column marks;
(Even though the column is unused still it will occupy memory)
DROPPING UNUSED COLUMNS
Syntax: alter table <table_name> drop unused columns;
EX: SQL> alter table student drop unused columns;
(You cannot drop individual unused columns of a table)

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 RENAMING COLUMN
Syntax: alter table <table_name> rename column <old_col_name> to
<new_col_name>;
EX: SQL> alter table student rename column marks to smarks;

USING TRUNCATE
(This can be used to delete the entire table data permanently)
Syntax: truncate table <table_name>;
Ex: SQL> truncate table student;

USING DROP
(This will be used to drop the database object)
Syntax: Drop table <table_name>;
Ex: SQL> drop table student;

USING RENAME
(This will be used to rename the database object)
Syntax: rename <old_table_name> to <new_table_name>;
Ex: SQL> rename student to stud;

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