2.

1: The Rectangular Coordinate System

Objective 1: Plotting Ordered Pairs

Objective 2: Graphing Equations by Plotting Points

Solutions of Equations
Equations in two variables have solutions (x, y) that are ordered pairs.
 When an ordered pair that is a solution is substituted into the equation, the result is a true
equation.

Example: Determine whether the following ordered pairs are solutions of 𝑦 = 4𝑥 2 + 4.

a) (−2, − 4) b) (√2, 12)

Example: Fill in the table values and then graph 𝑦 = −𝑥 2 + 1.

Objective 3: Finding the Midpoint of a Line Segment Using the Midpoint Formula
Midpoint Formula
x1 +x2 y1 +y2
The midpoint of the line segment with endpoints (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) has coordinates ( , )
2 2

Example: Find the midpoint of a segment whose endpoints are (-4, -2) and (2, 5).

Objective 4: Finding the Distance between Two Points Using the Distance Formula
The Distance Formula
Suppose that P(x1, y1) and R(x2, y2) are two points in a coordinate plane. Then the distance between P
and R, written d(P, R) is given by

𝒅(𝑷, 𝑹) = √(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 )𝟐 + (𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 )𝟐

Example: Find the distance between P(– 2, 2) and Q(3, – 6)

 2.2: Circles
Objective 1: Writing the Standard Form of an Equation of a Circle
A circle with center (𝒉, 𝒌) and radius 𝒓 has equation:
(𝒙 − 𝒉)𝟐 +(𝒚 − 𝒌)𝟐 = 𝒓𝟐
which is the center-radius form of the equation of the circle.

A circle with center (𝟎, 𝟎) and radius 𝒓 has equation

𝒙 𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒓 𝟐

Example: Find the center-radius form of a circle with a center at (3, -7), radius 5.

Example: Find the center-radius form of a circle with a center at (0, 0), radius 3.

Example: Find the equation for the circle with center (−3, 2) and passing through (2, − 4)
 Example: Find the equation for the circle with a diameter whose endpoints are (−3, − 1) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (5, 5).

Objective 2: Sketching the Graph of a Circle

Example: Graph the circle. State the x-intercepts and y-intercepts of each.

1) 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 9 2) (𝑥 + 3)2 + (𝑦 − 4)2 = 36
 2.3: Lines

Determining the Slope of a Line

Slope
 The slope of the line containing points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is given by

𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑦 𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑦1 − 𝑦2 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑦1 − 𝑦2
𝑚= = = = ≠
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑟𝑢𝑛 𝑥1 − 𝑥2 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1

Example: Find the slope of the line containing the given points.
1) (8, 4) and (8, -1)

2) (-4, 3) and (-8, 2)

3) (1, 8), (8, 8)

Example: Find the slope of the line.

1) 2)
Sketching a Line Given a Point and the Slope

Linear Functions

 A function f is a linear function if it can be written as 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒃, where m and b are constants.

 If m = 0, the function is a constant function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏.

 If m = 1 and b = 0, the function is the identity function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥.

Example: Find the slope-intercept form of the equation of the line with the given properties.
5
1) Slope of 6, y-intercept is (0, 8) 2) Slope of − 3, y-intercept is (0, 5)

Finding the Equation of a Line Using the Point-Slope Form

Example: Find the slope-intercept form of the equation of the line with the given properties.
5
1) Slope of 2, that passes through the point (-3, 5)

2
2) Slope of − 5, that passes through the point (4, 5)
 3) Find the equation of the line containing the points (2, 3) and (1, 4).

1
Example: Draw the line containing the point (4, -2) and with slope of − 2
?

Sketching Lines by Plotting Intercepts

x-Intercept:
• The point at which the graph crosses the x-axis.
• An x-intercept is a point (a, 0).
 To find a, let y = 0 and solve for x.

y-Intercept:
• The point at which the graph crosses the y-axis.
• A y-intercept is a point (0, b).
 To find b, let x = 0 and solve for y.

Example: Find the x-intercept and y-intercept of 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 18. Then graph the function.
Finding the Equation of a Horizontal Line and a Vertical Line

Example: Write the equations of the horizontal line and the vertical line passing through the point (5, -3).

2.4 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

Example: Determine whether each of the following pairs of lines is parallel, perpendicular, or neither.

a. 5x – 2y = 12 and 2x + 5y = 1

b. y = 1 and y = 3
 c. y = 2x + 4 and x – 2y = -3

d. 2x – y = 1 and y = 2x + 14

e. x = 1 and y = 0

1
Example: Write equations of the lines (a) parallel and (b) perpendicular to the graph of the line 𝑦 = 6 𝑥 − 4 and
containing the point (−1, 4).
 7.1 Systems of Linear Equations in Two Variables

Examples: Solve using the substitution method. Express solutions as ordered pairs.
1) 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5
𝑥−𝑦 =3

2) 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 8
4𝑥 + 8𝑦 = −16

3) 𝑥 + 5𝑦 = 12
2𝑥 + 10𝑦 = 24
Examples: Solve using the elimination method. Express solutions as ordered pairs.
1) 𝑥 + 3𝑦 = −18
−7𝑥 + 4𝑦 = −24

2) −7𝑥 + 7𝑦 = 77
2𝑥 + 5𝑦 = 41

3) 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 8
4𝑥 + 8𝑦 = −16

4) 𝑥 + 5𝑦 = 12
2𝑥 + 10𝑦 = 24
Word Problem Example:
1) Tickets for the school play cost $7 for students and $10 for adults. On opening night, all 360
seats were filled, and the box office revenues were $2610. How many student and how many
adult tickets were sold?

Section 7.2 Systems of Linear Equations in Three Variables

Guidelines for Solving a System of Linear Equations in Three Variables by Elimination:

Step 1. Write each equation in Standard Form  Ax + By + Cz = D
Line up all the variable terms are lined up on top of each other.
Step 2. Eliminate a variable from one pair of Equations. (choose any two) leaving one equation in 2 variables.
Step 3. Eliminate the same variable again. Use a different pair of the original equations and eliminate the
same variable again leaving one equation in 2 variables.
Step 4. Solve the system of linear equations in 2 variables that you got from steps 2 and 3.
Step 5. Use back substitution to find the value of the third variable. Substitute the results from step 4 back
into any of the original equations to find the value of the remaining variable.
Step 6. State the solution as an ordered triple: (x,y,z)
Be sure to check your solution in all 3 original equations. It should make each equation true.

𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 13
Example: Solve the system of equations 3𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 5
𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 11