CA Maths Mahasangram Core

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AKASH AGARWAL CLASSES
CHAPTER CHAPTER NAME PAGE NO.
NO.
1 Ratio, Proportion and Variation 1-9
2 Indices 10-12
3 Logarithm 13-15
4A Linear Equation 16-18
4B Quadratic Equation 19-23
5 Inequalities 24-26
6 Simple Interest 27-32
7 Annuity Compound Interest 33-40
8 Permutations & Combinations 41-53
9 Matrix Sequence & Series 54-66
10 Sets, Functions & Relations 67-72
11 Differential Calculus 73-76
CA SHRUTI AGARWAL
Contact: 9545879706
CA SHRUTI AGARWAL CA FOUNDATION – MATHS
CHAPTER 1
RATIO & PROPORTION
The comparison of two or more things of same kind is called

RATIO. If x and y are two values of same kind (in same units),
then the ratio of x to y is written as x : y and read as x is to y.
𝑋
In
𝑌
 Numerator “x” is called 1st term or Antecedent and

 Denominator “y” is called 2nd term or Consequent.
 Antecedent and Consequent must be of same units
 Ratio has no unit.
Example 1: Ratio of 5 kg and 15 kg is

(a) 1:3 (b) 1:3 kg (c) Not a Ratio (d) None of these
Solution : (a) is correct
Example 2: Ratio of the height 170 cm and weight 60kg of a person is

(а) 17:6 (b) 17 cm : 6 kg (c) Not a ratio (d) None
Important Notes:
1. Normally a ratio is expressed in simplest form. As. 10 : 16 = 5: 8.
2: The order of the terms in a ratio must be maintained. As. 3:4 is not same as 4 : 3.
3. Ratio exists only with quantities having same unit (kind).
4. (i) If x > y, then the ratio x : y is called of greater inequality.
(ii) If x<y, then the ratio x: y is called of lesser in equality.
(iii) If x = y, then the ratio a : b is called ratio of Equal Equality.
5. (i) Duplicate ratio of a : b is a2:b2
(ii) Triplicate ratio of a : b is a3:b3
AKASH AGARWAL CLASSES CONT-8390693138 Page| 1

(iii) Sub-Duplicate ratio of a : b is √𝑎: √𝑏or a 1/2: b1/2
(iv) Sub-Triplicate ratio of a : b is √𝑎 : √𝑏 or a 1/3 : b 1/3

3 3
6. Inverse ratio of x : y is y : x.
7. (i) Commensurable : If the terms of the ratio are integers, the ratio is called
commensurable. As. 3:2
(ii) Incommensurable : If the terms of the ratio are not integers, the ratio is called
Incommensurable.
As. √3: √2cannot be expressed in termsof integers. So, it is Incommensurable.
TYPE – I- Greater Inequality

1 1
Example 3: Which ratio out of the following ratios is greater. 2 : 3 and 3.6 :
3 3
4.8
1 1
(a) 2 :3 (b) 3.6 : 4.8 (c) Both are equal (d) None
3 3
Solution : (b)
TYPE – II- Conversion in same
Example 4: Ratio of 150 gm and 2 kg is

unit
a) 3:40 b)75 :1 c) cannot be determined d)none
TYPE – III- Compound Ratio
Example 5: If A: B=2:3; B:C=4:5 and C:D=6:7 Then A : D is equal to

(а) 2:7 (b) 7:8 (c) 16:35 (d) 4: 13
Solution : (c) is correct.

TYPE – IV A:B:C
Example 6: If a : b = 2: 3 ; b : c = 5 : 7 Then find a : b : c
(a) 10 : 15 : 21 (b) 6 : 9 : 14 (c) 4 : 6 : 21 (d) None
Solution : option (a) is correct
TYPE – V – Word Problems

Example 7 :The monthly incomes of Majnu & Laila are in the ratio 4 : 5 and their
monthly expenditures are in the ratio 5: 7. If each saves Rs. 150 per month, find their
monthly incomes.
(a) 40; 50 (b) 50 ; 40 (c) 400; 500 (d) None
Solution : Option (c) is correct.
Example 8: Find in what ratio will the total wages of the workers of factory be
increased or decreased if there be a reduction in the number of workers in the ratio
15 : 11, and an increment in their wages in the ratio 22: 27.
(a) 10:9 (b) 5:6 (c) Data inadequate (d) None of these
Rules of Alligation
It is used in mixing of two varities of same kind is derived from the weighted mean
method.

1st variety 2nd variety
X y
mixture Z
| y-z| | x-z |
Remember
(i) If x represents cost then y and z must be cost.
(ii) If x represents selling price then y and z must be selling price.
(iii) If x represents profit then y and z must be profit or loss.
(iv) If x represent milk of 1st mixture then y and z must represent milk of 2nd mixture
and mixed mixture.
Example 9: In what proportion must tea at Rs. 47.50m per kg be mixed with tea at
Rs. 50.50 per kg to produce a mixture worth Rs. 48.50 per kg.
(a) 2:1 (b) 1:2 (c) 4:1 (d) 3:2
Example 10: Sanju Baba mixes milk costing Rs.6.92 per litre with milk costing Rs.
7.77 per litre and sells the mixture at Rs. 8.80 per litre and earns a profit 17.5% on his
sales price. In what proportion does he mix them ?
(а) 3:2 (b) 2:3 (c) 3:1 (d) None

PROPORTION
An equality of two ratios is called Proportion. Four quantities a, b, c, d are said to be
in proportion if a : b = c :d.
It is also written as a : b : :c:d
Here a, b, c, d are called 1st. 2nd. 3rd and 4th term of proportionals respectively
𝑎 𝑐
If , = → ad = bc.
𝑏 𝑑
Product of extreme terms = Product of middle terms.
This rule is called Cross– Product Rule.
In a : b::c:d proportion, unit of a and b should be same and that of c and d should also
be of same.
Let a, b and c are of same kind (in same units).
𝑎 𝑏
If = =a:b::b: c i.e. a ,b, c are in proportion.
𝑏 𝑐
Then, this proportion is called continuous proportion.
Here a is 1st proportion c is called 3rd proportion and b is called mean proportion.
b= √ac = GM of a & c.
Example 11: Find Fourth Proportion to 2/ 5 , 3 /7,6

Solution : X = 45 / 7
Example 12: Find mean proportion between 2.25 and 0.16

Solution : Mean proportion √2.25 x 0.16 = 0.6
Example 13: Find 3rd proportion to 2.4 m ; 960 cm .
PROPERTIES OF PROPORTION
1. Cross - Product
If a : b::c: d.
𝑎 𝑐
= =ad =bc.
𝑏 𝑑

2. Invertendo
If a : b : : c : d. Then its inverse
b : a : : d : c also becomes in proportion.
𝑎 𝑐 𝑏 𝑑
i.e. If = Then , =
𝑏 𝑑 𝑎 𝑐
3. Componendo
If a : b::c: d.
𝑎+𝑏 𝑐+𝑑
Then a +b : b : :c + d: d. = =
𝑏 𝑑
4. Dividendo
If a : b =c : d.
𝑎−𝑏 𝑐−𝑑
Then a - b : b = c - d: d. = =
𝑏 𝑑
5. Componendo and Dividendo

If a : b::c:d. ; Dividing ( 3) by ( 4)
𝑎+𝑏 𝑐+𝑑
Then, =
𝑎−𝑏 𝑐−𝑑
6. Alternendo
If a : b : : c : d.
Then a : c : : b : d.
ie. ratio of alternate terms are also in proportion.
7. Addendo
Sum of antecedents of all ratios
If a : b = c:d = e : f=..
sum of consequents of all ratios
𝑎 𝑐 𝑒 𝑎+𝑐+𝑒
= = ……………=
𝑏 𝑑 𝑓 𝑏+𝑑+𝑓
8. Subtranendo
𝑎 𝑐 𝑒
If = =
𝑏 𝑑 𝑓
Then each ratio
𝑎 𝑐 𝑒 𝑎−𝑐−𝑒
= = = ……………=
𝑏 𝑑 𝑓 𝑏−𝑑−𝑓

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION: - Ratio
1. Find:
(i) The duplicate ratio of 3 : 5
(ii) The triplicate ratio of 2 : 3
(iii) The sub-duplicate ratio of 16: 25
(iv) The sub-triplicate ratio of 27 : 8
(v) The compounded ratio of (2:5) and (3:4).
(a) (i) 9: 25 (ii) 8: 27 (iii) 4: 5 (iv) 3: 2 (v) 3: 10
(b) (i) 8: 27 (ii) 9 : 25 (iii) 4 : 5 (iv) 2 : 3 (v) 3 : 10
(c) (i) 3 : 10 (ii) 9 : 25 (iii) 8 : 27 (iv) 4 : 5 (v) 3 : 2
(d) None
2. If a: b = 2: 5, find (3a + 4b): (4a + 5b).

(a) 26: 33 (b) 26 : 30 (c)25 : 35 (d)NONE
3. In a mixture of 28 litres, the ratio of milk and water is 5: 2. If 2 litres of water is

added to the mixture, find the ratio of milk and water in the new mixture.
(a) 3: 1 (b) 2: 1 (c) 3: 2 (d) None
4. Divide 581 among A, B, C so that 4A =5B= 7C

(a)245, 196, 140 (b)140, 160, 240 (c) 200, 250, 280 (d) NONE
5. The sum of the ages of three persons is 150. Ten years ago their ages were in the
ratio 7:8:9. Their present ages are respectively:
(a) 45, 50, 55 (b) 40, 60, 50 (c) 35, 45, 70 (d) none of these
6.Two numbers are in the ratio 3: 5. If 9 be subtracted from each, then they are in the
ratio of 12: 23. The second number is:
(a) 52 (b)53 (c) 54 (d) 55

7.In a mixture of 60 litres, the ratio of milk and water is 2 : 1. If the ratio of milk and
water is to be 1 : 2, then the amount of water (in litres) to be further added is:
(a) 20 (b) 30 (c) 40 (d) 60
8. 20 litres of a mixture contain milk and water in the ratio 5 : 3. If 4 litres of this
mixture are replaced by 4 litres of milk, the ratio of milk to water in the new mixture
will become:
(a) 2 : 1 (b) 6: 3 (c) 7: 3 (d) 8: 3
9. A bag contains rupee, 5O paise and 25 paise coins in the ratio 5: 6: 7. If the total
amount is Rs390, find the number of coins of each kind.
(a) 200,240,280 (b) 200,220,260 (c) 200, 2S0, 280 (d)NONE
10. A and B are two alloys of gold and copper prepared by mixing metals in the ratio
7: 2 and 7 : 11 respectively. If equal quantities of alloys are melted to forma thirdalloy
C, find the ratio of gold and copper in C.
(a) 7:4 (b) 4:7 (c) 7:5 (d)5:7
11. If X:15 is same as 20:30, then x is equal to .....

(a) 15 (b) 30 (c) 10 (d) 20
12. If the compound ratio of 2:4, 1:3, 4:Y is 8:60, then y is equal to ......
(a) 5 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) 2
(a) 16:81 (b) 4:9 (c) 2:1 (d) 12:18
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS- PROPORTION

1. Find:
(i) Fourth proportional to 3, 7, 15.
(iii) Mean proportion between 8 and 32.
(ii) Third proportional to 16 and 35.
(a) (i)35 (ii) 81 (iii) 16

(c) (i) 16 (ii) 81 (iii) 16

(b) (i) 25 (ii) 81 (iii) 16
(d)None
2. The fourth proportional to 3, 5, and 21 is:

(a) 35 (b)7/5 (c) 5/7 (d) 12.6
3. Mean proportional between 7 and 28 is:

(a) 17.5 (b) 12 (c) 14 (d) 16
4. Third proportional to 9 and 12 is:
(a) 6√5 (b) 10.5 (c) 16 (d) None
5. What least number must be added to each one of 6, 14, 18, 38 to make them in
proportion ?
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
6. A : B=3:2, B : C = 2 : x, A: B :C 3:2:3 then x is equal to ...........

(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 4
7. A : B = 3 : x B : C = 3:4, A : B :C = 9 : 15: 20, then x is equal to .....

(a)5 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) 2
8. Y left a will of property worth Rs 16 lacs to be distributed in 8 shares. If A is to get 2

shares. B twice of A and C half of 8. Find the share of B.
(a)RS.6lakh (b)RS.8 lakh (c)RS.2 lakh (d)RS.4 lakh

By failing
TO PREPARE,
you are preparing
TO FAIL
CHAPTER 2
indices
If a number x is multiplied 5 times written as X. X. X. X. X. = x5

Here "x" is called BASE and 5 is called Power or INDEX or exponent.
Formulae
1. am = a × a × a × …….. to m times
2. a0 = 1 where a ≠ 0 ; ∞
1
3. a-1 =
𝑎
1
4. a-m =
𝑎𝑚
5. (i) am × an = am+n
(ii) am × an × ax × …. am+n+r
am
6. (i) =am-n
an
am 1
(ii) =
an an-m
7. (i) (am)n = amn

n
(ii) am ≠amn
8. (i) If am = bm then a = b
(ii) If am = an then m = n
n
m
9. (i) √an = a m
1
(ii) √a= a2
1
3
(iii) √a= a3
AKASH AGARWAL CONT-8390693138 P a g e | 10
CLASSES
10.(i) If am = k then a = k1/m

(ii) If am = kn then a = kn/m
(iii) If a1/m = k then a = km
(iv) If a1/m = kn then a = kmn
a m am
11. (i) ( ) = m
b b
(ii) (ab…..) = am.bm….. m
Illustrative Examples
Example 1
1
3×
8 1/3 23 1/3 2 3
( ) =( ) =
33
1
27 3×
3 3
= 2/3
Example 2
81x4 1/4 1/4

[ -8
] =[34 .x4 .y8 ]
y
1 1 1
= 34×4 . x4×4 .y8×4
= 3x.y2 =3xy2
Example 3 : xa-b . xb-c . xc-a = 1
Example 4: The value of
xa (a2 +ab+b2 ) xb (b2 +bc+c2) xc (c2 +ca+a2 )

( b) ×( c
) ×( ) is
x x xa
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) -1 (d) None of these
Solution (a) is correct [it is in cyclic order]

Example 5: If ap = b; bq = c; cr = a The value of "pqr" is given by
(a) 0 (b)1 (c)-1 (d) None

Ans. (b) is correct
CLASSES
Multiple Choice Questions:

(12+n) (2n-7)
3 ×9
1.The value of is :
35n
(a)1/3 (b)9/13 (c)1/9 (d)2/3
3
9n ×35 ×(27)
2. If 4 =27, then n equals:
3×(81)
(a)0 (b)2 (c)3 (d)4
3. If 2x-1 + 2x+1 = 320, then value of x is:
(a)6 (b)8 (c)5 (d)7
4.The value of x for which 2x+4 - 2x+2 = 3, is:
(a)0 (b)-2 (c)2 (d)-1
5. If 2x - 2x-1 = 4 then the value of xx is :

(a)27 (b)4 (c)1 (d)256
1 1 1
6.If 2x = 3y = 6-z , then ( + + ) is equal to:
x y z
(a)0 (b)1 (c)3/2 (d)-1/2
7. On simplification (8x)1/3 is equal to :

(a)2x1/3 (b)8√3x (c)√x/8 (d)0
8. On simplification (27/125)-1/3 is equal to

(a)3/5 (b)5/3 (c)1/5 (d)1/3
9. On simplification 2(256)1/8 is equal to:

(a)4√2 (b)4 (c)1/3 (d)2
10. On simplification 2(256)-1/8 is equal to:

(a)1 (b)4 (c)-1/3 (d)2
11. (22)3(33)2(54)2 / (23)2(32)3(52)3 is equal to:
(a)5 (b)25 (c)15 (d)10
CLASSES
Don't judge each day
by the harvest you reap
but by the seeds that
YOU PLANT.
CHAPTER 3
LOGARITHM
Remember Some Formulae

1. If ab= c ⇔Log ac = b ; a ≠ 1.
2. Axlogab = bx
3. Log aa = 1
4. Loga1 = 0
1
5. Logba= logba.logab=1
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑏
6. (i) logba = logbxlogxa = logxa logbx
(ii) logba= logxa.logyx.logzy…logbk
logba= logbx.logxy.logy z…logka
logx a
7. (i) logba=
logx b
8. (i)Loga(mn)= Logam + logan

(ii)loga(mnr….) = logam+logan+logar+……..
𝑚
9. Loga( )= logam-logan
𝑛
(mn )
10. (i) log(ab )
𝑛
= log am.
𝑏
n)
(ii) loga(m =nlogam.
1
(iii) logabm= logam
𝑏
11. (i)If logam = logbm⇒ a=b
(ii)If logam = logan⇒ m=n
Example 1: log216=?
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) None
Solution: (b) is correct

CLASSES
Example 2:𝑙𝑜𝑔3 3.375 = ?

2
(a)2 (b)3 (c) 5/2 (d) None

Example 3: The value of log20.0625 is

(a)-3 (b) -4 (c) -5 (d) None
Solution (b) is correct
Example 4: The value of log √327 is

(a) 6 (b) 5 (c) 2 (d) None
Solution :(a)is correct
64
Example 5: The value of 16log + 12 log
60
50 81
+7log +log 2 is
48 80
( a) 0 (b) 1 (2) (d)-1
Example 6: If loga16=4;then a equals.

(a)4 (b) 16 (c) 3 (d)None
Solution: (c ) is correct.
1 1 1
Example 7: + + is equal to
1+ loga (bc) 1+ logb (ca) 1+ logc (ab)
(a)0 (b)1 (c)3 (d)-1

CLASSES
Multiple Choice Questions

1. If 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 [𝑙𝑜𝑔3 (𝑙𝑜𝑔2 x)]=1, then x is equal to:
(a) 512 (b) 256 (c)128 (d) None
2.If log10 [log10 (log10 x)] =0, then the value of x is:
(a) 10 (b) 102 103 (d) 1010
3 5
3. The value of (log + log + log 12) is:
5 36
(a) log 5 (b) log 3 (c) log 2 (d) 0
1
4. The value of ( log10 125-2log10 4+log10 32) is:
3
(a) 1 (b)2 (c)4/5 (d) None
5.If log4 (x2 +x)-log4 (x+1) =2, then the value of x is:
(a) 2 (b)4 (c) 5 (d)16
6.The value of (𝑙𝑜𝑔3 5)(𝑙𝑜𝑔25 27) is:

(a)3/5 (b)5/3 (c)3/2 (d)2/3
7.Given: log 2=0.3010. The number of digits in 264 is:

(a)19 (b)20 (c) 21 (d)16
8. 3log 2- 4log 3 can be written as a single logarithm with base as 10 as-

(a) Log 8/81 (b0 Log 12 Log 8 (d) Log 6
9.Find the characteristics of log 7.93

(a)0 (b)1 (c)2 (d) 3

CLASSES
Do not wait to strike
till the iron is hot;
but make it hot
by striking. …..
CHAPTER 4A
Linear Equations
The mathematical statement of equality is called Equation.
Linear Equation
The equation having highest power "one" on the variable is called linear equation.
This is also called Equation of 1 variable.
Example : 7x - 5 =9.
Simultaneous Equation
Two or more linear equation having two or more variables is called simultaneous
equation.
Example : 3x + 2y = 10 & 2x + 3y = 2 are jointly called Simultaneous Equation.
Quadratic Equation (Equation of degree 2):-
The equation of degree 2 is called Quadratic Equation or polynomial of degree 2.
Example : 3x2 + 5x+6=0 is a Quadratic Equation.
Cubic Equation:
The equation of degree 3 is called Cubic Equation.
Example : 4x3+3x2 + 5x - 17=0 is a Cubic Equation.
Simple Equation
The Equation with one unknown variable x in the form ax + b = 0 is called Simple
Equation. Where a≠ 0.

CLASSES
Example 1 : In a two digits number; the digit in the ten's place is twice the digit in the
unit's place. If 18 be subtracted from the number the digits are reversed.
Find the number.
(a) 63 (b) 21 (c) 42 (d) None
Solution:(c) is correct.
Simultaneous Equation
Example 2 : Solve 2x + 5y = 9 and 3x -y = 5.
(a) 2;3 (b) 2;1 (c) 3;4 (d) None
Solution :(b) is correct
Example 3: Solve for x; y and z.

xy xz yz
=210, =140 , =140
y-x z-x y+z
(a) 105; 210; 420 (b) 100; 205; 400 (C) 95; 215; 395 (d) None
Solution : Option (a) is correct.
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1.The value of k for which the system of the equations kx+2y = 5 and 3x+y=1, has
unique solution is
(a) 6 (b)-6 (c) ± 6 (d)≠6
2. The system of equations 6x +5y=11 and 18x+15y=42 has

(a)No solution (b) Finite solution (c) Infinitely many solution (d)none of
these

CLASSES
x y x y
3. The solution set of the equations : = + = a+b and + 2 =2,is
a b a2 b
(a) b2,a2) (b) (-a2,b2) (c) (a2,b2) (d) None of these
4. The denominator of a fraction exceeds the numerator by 5. It 3 be added to both of

3
them, the fraction becomes . The fraction is
4
15 12 12
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
7 17 15
5. Divide 56 into two parts such that three times the first part exceeds one third of the
second by 48.The parts are
(a)25,31 (b)20,36 (c)24,32 (d) None of these
6. A and B are friends and their ages differ by 2 years.A’s father D is twice as old as A
and B are
(a)20,22 (b)26,24 (c)24,26 (d) None of these
7.Ten years ago the age of a father was four times of his son. Ten years hence the age
of the father will be twice that of hi son. The present ages of father and son are
(a)60,20 (b)55,25 (c)50,20 (d)None of these
8.A man sells 6 radio and 4 televisions for Rs 18,480. If 14 radios and 2 televisions are
also sold for the same amount, what is the price of a television.
(a) Rs 1,848 (b)Rs 840 (c)Rs 1,680 (d)Rs 3,360

CLASSES
CHAPTER 4B
LOGARITHM
Quadratic equations
ax2+bx+c=0; where a 0; a,b,c, are constants form equation is called Quadratic

Equation or Second degree equation.
I. If b =0 Then ax2+c =0 is called PURE Quadratic Equation.

II. If b≠ 0 Then the equation. ax2 + bx + c=0 where a≠0 is called an AFFECTED
Quadratic Equation.
Roots
The value of the variable "x" which satisfies the given equation is called its Solution or
roots of the Quadratic Equation.
Discriminant
For Quad. Eqn. ax2 +bx + c = 0.
Discriminant D = b2 - 4a c.
I. Roots of Quad. Eqn. ax2 + bx+c=0 are x
2
-b±√b -4ac -b±√D
=
2a 2a
II. If 𝛼 and 𝛽 are roots of a Quadratic Equation ax2 +bx +c=0

b
Then 𝛼 + 𝛽 = -
a
co-efficient of x
∴Sum of roots = -
co-efficient of x2
𝑐
𝛼.𝛽=
𝑎
constant terms
∴Product of roots =
co-efficient of x2

CLASSES
III. If a and B are roots of a Quadratic Eqn. Then the eqn. is
x2 (𝛼 + 𝛽)x+ 𝛼 . 𝛽 =0
⇒x2-(sum of roots) x + Product of roots =0.
IV. Nature of Roots
Nature of roots of a Quad. Eqn. depends upon Discriminant D=b2- 4ac.

(A) If D>0, Roots Real & Unequal
(i) D a perfect square then roots are Rational & unequal
As. ; -
2 2
3 3
(ii) D not a perfect Square.
Then roots are irrational & unequal and conjugate
As. 2+√3;√5.
(B) If D = 0, Then Roots are Real & equal. Each
𝑏
Root= −
2𝑎
(C) If D <0,Then Roots are imaginary.
V. If one root of a quadratic Eqn. is irrational then its other root is its irrational
conjugate.
Example
If one root = 3 + √5.
Then other root =3 - √5. (irrational conjugate)
[To find conjugate change the sign of irrational part.]
Note
(i) If one root is reciprocal to the other Then c = a
(ii) If one root is equal to the other but opposite in sign. Then b = 0.

CLASSES
Example 1: Roots of x2 - 5x +6= 0, are

(a) 3;2 (b) 4;-2 (c)-3;-2 (d) None
Solution: Option (a) is correct.
Example 2 : Solve for x. 4z -3. 2z+2 + 25 = 0)

(a) 2; 3 (b) 4; 5 (c) 1,-1 (d) None
Solution: (a) is correct
Example 3: The Quadratic Eqn. having 2-√3 is its one root is

(a) x2 + 4x + 1 =0 (b) x2 = 4x + 1 =0 (c) x2 - 3x + 1 =0 (d) None
Example 4: Let the cost of a piece of copper wire is Rs. 60. If the wire was 2 metre
shorter and cost Rs. 1.00 per metre more, the cost in both case would remain the
same. The length of the wire is?
(a) 12 m (b) 10 m (C) 15 m (d) None
Solution: Option (a) is correct.
Example 5: A Octane Pen distributor has 7000 pieces of pens in its store that the
distributor wishes to distribute in a week. From past experience it is said that
the relationship between demand y (number of pens) & price (x) per pen is given by
y= -2000x2 + 2000x + 47000. The price per pen is
(a) Rs. 3 (b) Rs. 5 (c) Rs. 2 (d) None
Solution : Option (b) is correct

CLASSES
Cubic Equations
1. Meaning of Cubic Equation

The equation having form.
ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0, a ≠0,
Where a, b, c, d are real numbers, is called a cubic equation.
2. Relationship Between Roots and Coefficients

If 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 are the roots of the cubic equation ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0, a ≠0 then
𝑏
(i) 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 =−
𝑎
𝑐
(ii) 𝛼𝛽 +𝛽𝛾 +𝛾 𝛼 =
𝑎
𝑑
(iii) 𝛼𝛽𝛾=−
𝑎
3. The Cubic equation having roots 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 is

x3- (𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾)x² +( αβ + βγ + αγ)x- αβγ = 0

1. Roots of (2k + 1)x2-5kx ++ 3 = 0 are reciprocal to each other, find k
(a)2 (b)-2 (c)3 (d) 3
2. The equation x'-(p+4) x + 2p+5 -0 has equal roots, the value of p will be
(a)2 (b)-2 (c)+2 (d) None of these
3. The roots of the quadratic equations: (b-c)x2 +(c-a)x + (a-b) = 0 are

𝑎−𝑏 𝑏−𝑐
(a) ,1 (b)(a-b)(a-c),1 (c) ,1 (d) None
𝑏−𝑐 𝑎−𝑏
4. If the roots of the equation 2x2 + 8x - m3 = 0 are equal, then the value of m is
(a) 8 (b) 2 (c)-2 (d) None of these

CLASSES
5. The value of √6 + √6 + √6 … . ∞ is
(a) 2 (b)-3 (c) 3 (d) None of these
6. If A and B be the roots of the equation 2x2-4x-3=0 the value of A2+B2 is

(a) 3 (b)4 (c) 7 (d) 2
7. If p and q be the roots of the equation x2+x+1= 0, then the value of p3+q3 is
(a) 2 (b)-2 (c) -1 (d) None of these
8. The roots A and B of the quadratic equation x2+kx+12=0 are such that A-B=1. The
value of k is
(a) 5 (B) 7 (c)+7 (d) None of these
9. If α and β are roots of the equation x2 - 2x + 3 = 0, form the equation whose roots
are 𝛼+ 2 and 𝛽 + 2
(a) x2 - 6x - 11=0 (b) x2 +6x +11=0 (c) x2 - 6x + 11=0 (d) None of these
10. Find the quadratic equation whose roots are reciprocal to the roots of the equation
x2- 5x+6=0
(a)6 x2- 5x+1=0 (b)6x2+ 5x+1=0 (c) 6x2- 5x-1=0 (d) -6x2- 5x+1=0
CUBIC EQUATIONS
11. The roots of the cubic equation x3 +7x2+ 14x+8=0 are

(a) (-1, 2, 4) (b)(-1,-2,-4) (c) (-1,2,4) (d) (1, 2, 4)
12. The roots of the cubic equation x3 + 9x2 + 23x + 15 = 0 are

(a) (-1.-3.5) (b) (1,3,5) (c) (-1,3,5) (d) (-1, -3,5)
13. The roots of the cubic equation x3 + 2x2- x-2 = 0 are

(a) (1, 2,-2) (b)(-1.2.-2) (c) (1,-1,2) (d)(-1, 1,-2)

CLASSES
Perfection is not
attainable, but if
we chase perfection
we can catch Excellence.
………………………………………………………………….
CHAPTER 5
LOGARITHM
INequalities
The statement where the relationship between two variables exits but are not equal is
called Inequalities
1.A dealer wishes to purchase a number of A and B machines. He has only Rs. 5,760 to
invest and has space for at most 20 items. Cost of machine A is Rs. 360 and for
machine B Rs.240.
(a) x+y ≤ 30, 300x + 240y ≤ 5760 (b) x+y ≤ 20, 360x+240y ≤ 5760
(c) x+y ≥ 20, 36x+40y ≤ 576 (d) None of these
2. A car manufacturing company manufactures cars of two types A and B.Model A

requires 150 man hours for assembling, 50 man-hours for painting and 10 man-hours
for testing and checking. Model B requires 60 man-hours for assembling, 40 man
hours for painting and 20 man-hours for testing and checking there are available
30000 man -hours for assembling,13000 man-hours for painting and 5000 man
hours for testing and checking.Express these using linear inequalities if x = Model A
and y=ModelB.
(a) 150x+60y ≤ 30000 (b) 150x+60y ≤ 30000

50x+40y ≤ 13000 50x+40y ≤ 13000
10x+20y ≥ 5000 10x+20y ≤ 5000
x,y ≥ 0 x,y ≥ 0
(c) 150x+60y ≥ 30000 (d) 150x+60y ≥30000

50x+40y ≥5 13000 50x+40y ≥ 13000
10x+20y ≥ 5000 10x+20y ≥ 5000
x,y ≥ 0 x,y ≤ 0
CLASSES
1 1 1
3. If > > and n is a positive integer then find the range of n-1.
4 𝑛+1 9
(a)2 < n-1 ≤ 7 (b)2 ≤ n-1<7 (c)2 < n -1 <7 (d)2 ≤ n-1≤ 7
4. If |𝑥 − 4| ≤ 3, the solution set is

(a)x ≤ 7 (b) x ≤ 1 (c) 1≤ x ≤7 (d)None of these
5. If |𝑥 − 4| ≤ 2, the solution set is

(a)x ≤ 2 (b) x ≤ 6 (c) 1≤ 2,x ≥6 (d) 2≤ x ≤ 6
6.Solution of –x2 + 13x – 36 > 0 is

(a) x > 4 (b)x > 9 (c)4 < x < 9 (d)x≤4, x ≥ 5
7.The region indicated by the shading in the graph is expressed by inequalities
1 2 3 4
(a) x1+ x2 ≤ 2 (b) x1+ x2 ≤ 2

2x1 +2x2 ≥ 8 2x 1 +2x2 ≤ 4
x1 , x2 ≥ 0 x 1 , x2 ≥ 0
(c) x1+ x2 ≥ 2 (d) None of these

2x1 +2x2 ≥ 8
x1 , x2 ≥ 0
CLASSES
8. The system of inequalities x ≤ 0, y ≥ 0 represents the ……quadrant.

(a)First (b)Second (c)Third (d)Fourth
9. If a > 0 and b < 0, it follows that

1 1 1 1 1 1
(a) > (b) < (c) = (d) None of these
a b a b a b
CLASSES
CHAPTER 6
LOGARITHM
Simple interest
Amount = Principal + Interest

A = P+I
TYPE I
Some Important Formulae.
P.r.t
(i) I= (when r in %)
100
(ii) I= p.r.t. (when r in decimal form)
I ×100
(iii) r=
pt
I ×100
(iv) t =
pr
I ×100
(v) P =
rt
(vi) A = P +I
(vii) I = A-P
rt
(viii) A =P (1+ )
100
Where
A = Accumulated amount
(Final value of investment)
P = Principal. ( Initial value of an investment )
r = Rate of interest
t = time (years.)
I = Amount if interest
CLASSES
Illustrative examples
Example 1: How much interest will be earned on Rs. 2000 at 6% simple interest for 2
years.
Solution:- I = Rs. 240
Example 2: Aliya deposited Rs. 50,000 in a bank for 2 years with the interest rate of
5.5% p.a. what will be the Final value of Investment ?
Solution := Rs. 55,500
Example 3: Find the rate of interest if the amount owed after 6 months is Rs. 1050
borrowed amount being Rs. 1000.
(a) 5% (b) 10% (c) 15% (d) None
Solution :- option (b) is correct
1
Example 4: Kaleen Bhaiya deposited some amount in a bank for 7 years at the rate of
2
6% p.a. simple interest. He received Rs. 1,01,500 at the end of the term. Compute
initial deposit.
(a) Rs. 70,000 (b) Rs. 60,000 (c) Rs. 80,000 (d) None
Solution: = Rs. 70,000
TYPE II- Change In SI, t
Example 5: If the simple interest on Rs. 20,000 increases by Rs. 4,000 with the
increase of time by 4 Yrs. Find the rate per cent per annum.
(a) 0.15% (b) 0.5% (c) 5% (d) None
Solution : Option (c) is correct.
CLASSES
TYPE III- Combined SI
Example 6: Jethalal lends Rs. 2,000 at 4% per annum S.I. to Babita and Rs. 3,000 at
14% per annum S.I. to Tappu. Find the rate of interest on the whole sum.
(a) 8% (b) 10% (c) 12% (d) None
Solution:- Option (b) is correct
TYPE IV- Change in

Principal
Example 7: If the difference between simple interest on Rs. 4,000 and on Rs. 6,500 for
5 Yrs. Be Rs. 800 at same rate of simple interest per annum. Then the rate of interest
is (a) 5.3% (b) 6.2% (c) 6.4%
(d) None
Solution:- option c is correct
TYPE V- SI is k times of P
1
Example 8:- The simple interest on a certain sum of money is times of principal, the
25
rate of interest when rate of interest and time are equal is
(a) 2% (b) 3% (c) 4% (d)
None
Solution:- (a) is correct
CLASSES
TYPE VI
RULE-A certain sum of money amounts to A1 in time t1 years and amounts to A2 in

time t2 year at same rate of S.I. p.a. Then the rate of interest
Example 9: A certain sum of money amounts to Rs.756 in 2 years and to Rs. 873 in 3.5
years at same rate of S.I. p.a. The rate of interest is
(a) 12% (b) 13% (c) 14% (d) None
Solution :- Option (b) is correct
TYPE VII
RULE- A certain sum of money was put at S.I for t Years at a certain rate of S.I. p.a.
Example 10: A certain sum of money was put at S.I. for 2.5 years at a certain rate of
S.I. p.a. Had it been put at 4% higher rate, it would have fetched Rs. 500 more. Find
the sum of money.
(a) Rs. 4000 (b) Rs. 5000 (c) Rs. 6000 (d) None
Solution:- (b) is correct
TYPE VIII
Example 11: Ranbeer lent Rs. 4,000 in such a way that some amount to Deepika at 3%
p.a. S.I. and rest amount to Aliya at 5% p.a. S.I., the annual interest from both is Rs.
144. Find the amount lent to Deepika
(a) Rs. 2,800 (b) Rs. 1,200 (C) Rs. 2,500 (d)
None
Solution:- (a) is correct
CLASSES
TYPE IX
Example 12: Rs. 1,521 is lent out in two parts in such a way that the S.I. on 1 part at
10% for 5 years is equal to that on 2nd part at 8% for 10 years. Find the both parts.
(a) Rs.1,000 ; Rs. 521 (b) Rs. 920; Rs. 601 (c) Rs.936; Rs. 585 (d) None
Solution:- (c) is correct.
TYPE XXVI
RULE:- If the simple interest on a certain sum of money "P" is I when rate of interest
and time are equal then the rate per cent or time
Example 13: If S.I. on a certain sum of money Rs. 100 is Rs. 9 and the number of years
and rate % are equal. Find the rate per cent.
(a) 3% (b) 4% (C) 5% (d) None
Solution :- Option (a) is correct

Q1. Munna invested 70,000 in bank at the rate of 6.5% p a. simple interest. He
received 85,925 after the end of term. Find out the period for which was invested by
Munna
(a) 3.5 years (b) 6 years (c) 2.5 years (d) 5 years
Q2. 8,000 becomes Rs. 10,000 in two years at simple interest. The amount that will
become Rs. 6,875 in 3 years at the same rate of interest is
(a) Rs. 4,850 (b) Rs. 5,000 (c) Rs. 5,500 (d) Rs. 5,275
CLASSES
Q3. The rate of simple interest on a sum of money is 6% a. for first 3 years, 8% pa. for
the next five years and 10% p.a. for the period beyond 8 years. If the simple interest
accrued on the sum for a period for 10 years is Rs. 1,560. The sum is
(a) Rs. 1,500 (b) Rs. 2,000 (c) Rs. 3,000 (d) Rs. 5,000
Q4. What sum of money will produce Rs. 28,600 interest in 3 years and 3 months at
2.5% p.a simple interest ?
(a) 3,52,000 (b) 35,200 (c) 2,00,350 (d) None
Q5. A man deposits Rs.2,000 in a bank at 4% per annum and Rs. 3,000 in UTI at 14%
per annum. Find the rate of interest for the whole sum.
(a) 10% (b) 5% (c) 15% (d) None
Q6. A sum of money amount to Rs. 6,200 in 2 years and Rs. 7,400 in 3 years. The
principal and rate of interest are
(a) Rs. 3,800 , 31.57% (b) Rs. 3,000 , 20% (c) Rs. 3,500 , 15% (d) None
CLASSES
One way to keep
momentum going is
to have constantly
greater goals.
CHAPTER 7
LOGARITHM
compund interest
r mt
Formula: Compound Amount = A = P (1+ )
100 m
= P (1+ i)n
TYPE I
Working Rule:
r
(i) If rate of interest compounded yearly then divide r by 100 i.e. i =
100
1 𝑟
(ii) If rate of interest compounded yearly then divide r by 200 i .e. i =
2 200
1 𝑟
(ii) If rate of interest compounded yearly then i =
4 400
𝑟
(ii) If rate of interest compounded monthly then i = and so on
1200
Example 1: Rs. 2000 is invested at annual rate of interest of 10%. What is the
amount after 2 years if compounding is done?
(a) Annually (b) Semi - annually (c) Quarterly (d) Monthly.
CLASSES
TYPE II- EFFECTIVE RATE OF

INTEREST
The equivalent annual rate of interest compounded annually if interest is compounded

more than once in a year is called EFFECTIVE RATE of INTEREST. It is denoted by
E or re .
Formula
r m
re = E = [(1+ ) - 1] × 100 = ( 1 + i )m - 1
100 m
where r=Nominal rate of interest, m = No. of conversion periods in a year.
Example 2: Find effective rate of interest of the nominal rate of interest 6%

compounded quarterly.
Example 3: Find effective rate of interest of 12% compounded monthly.
TYPE III- to find time

Example 4: Rs.16,000 invested at 10%p.a.compounded semi-annually amounts to
Rs.18,522. Find the time period of investment.
(a) 2.5 years (b 1.5 years (c) 3 years (d) None
Solution : Option (b) is correct
TYPE IV- Better ?

Example 5: Which is a better investment 3% per year compounded monthly or 3.2%
per year simple interest? (Given that (1.0025)12 = 1.0304)
(a) 3% compounded Monthly (b) 3.2 % S.I. (c) Both are equivalent d) None
Solution : (b) 3.2% S.I. is better investment.
CLASSES
TYPE V
Example 6: A machine is depreciated at the rate of 20% on reducing balance. The
original cost of the machine was Rs.1,00,000 and its ultimate scrap value was
Rs.30,000. The effective life of the machine is
(a) 4.5 years (appx.) (b) 5.4 years (appx.) (C) 5 years (appx.) (d) none.
Solution : (b) is correct
TYPE VI
Example 7: The population of a town increases every year by 2% of the population at
the beginning of that year. The number of years by which the total increase of
population be 40% is
(a) 7 years (b) 10 years (c) 17 years (approx.) (d) none of these.
Solution : (c) is correct
TYPE VII
Example 8: The annual birth and death rates per 1000 are 39.4 and 19.4 respectively.
The number of years in which the population will be doubled assuming is
(a) 35 years (b) 30 years (c) 25 years (approx.) (d) none
CLASSES
TYPE VIII- Varying rate of

RULE- If rate of interest for 1st year, 2interest
nd
year and 3rd year are r1 %; r2 % ; r3 %
respectively then the
r1 r2 r3
Amount = P (1+ ) (1+ ) (1+ )
100 100 100
Where P = Principal
Example 9: Rs.1,25,000 is borrowed at compound interest at the rate of 2% for the 1st
year, 3% for the second year and 4% for the 3rd year. Find the amount to be paid after
3 years.
(a) Rs.125678 (b) Rs.136587 (c) Rs.163578 (d) Rs.136578
Solution. : (d) is correct
Example 10: What sum will amount to Rs.15916.59 in 3 years at compound interest,
the interest for 1st year, 2nd and 3rd years being 3%, 2% and 1% respectively
(a) Rs.15000 (b) Rs.16000 (c) Rs. 14800
(d) None
TYPE IX
RULE - A certain sum of money becomes m times in t1 years and n times in t2 years at
same rate of compound interest per annum. Then the equation is
m1/t1 = n1/t2 ⇒ mt2 = nt1 .
Example 11: A certain sum of money amounts to double in 5 years placed at a
compound interest. In how many years will it amount to 16 times at same rate of
interest?
(a) 12 years (b) 20 years (c) 24 years (d) None
Solution: (b) is correct.
CLASSES
TYPE X
RULE - If a certain sum of money becomes m times in t years, the rate of interest
r = (m1/t -1) × 100 %
Example 12: At what rate of compound interest a certain sum of money becomes 27
times of itself in 3 years ?
(a) 150% (b) 200% (c) 250% (d) None
TYPE XI
RULE - If the compound Interest on a certain sum of money be "C" then simple
Interest given
Example 13: If the compound Interest on a certain sum of money for 2 years at 4%
p.a. be Rs.510, then its simple Interest (S.I.) of same time at same rate interest is
(a) Rs.500 (b) Rs. 510 (c) Rs.450 (d) None
Solution: (a) is correct.
TYPE XII
Example14: If the S.I. on a certain sum of money for 3 years at 5% p.a. is Rs.1260.
Then its compound interest (C.I.) is
(a) Rs.1324.05 (b) Rs. 1330 (c) Rs.1425 (d)
None
CLASSES
TYPE XIII
To find principal if difference between C.I & S.I is given
RULES - (i) If the difference between C.I and S.I. on a certain sum of money is D for
time t years at r% rate of interest then Sum of Money
Example 15: If the difference between C.I and S.I on a certain sum of money at 5%
p.a. for 2 years is Rs.1.50. Find the sum of money.
(a) Rs. 600 (b) Rs. 500 (c) Rs. 400 (d) None
TYPE XIV
Example 16: Find the difference between the C.I and S.I. for the sum of Rs.625 at 8%
p.a. for 2 years
(a) Rs.1.5 (b) Rs. 4.5 (c) Rs.4 (d) None
Solution : (c) is correct
TYPE XV
RULE: A certain sum of money amounts to A1 in t1 years at a certain rate of
compound interest and A2 in (t+1) years at same rate of compound interest ,Then
rate of interest “ r ” =
Example 17: A certain sum of money amounts to Rs.7520 in 20 years and Rs.7896 in
21 years at rate of interest, the rate of interest is
(a) 5% (b) 8% (c) 10% (d) None
CLASSES
TYPE XVI
RULE - On a certain sum of money simple interest and compound interest are S and
C respectively at r% for 2 years then
Example 18: The ratio of CI and SI on a certain sum of money at 10% p.a. for 2 years
is
(a) 8:5 (b) 20:19 (C) 21:20 (d) None
Solution:- (c) is correct
TYPE XVII
Example19: Mr. X lent Rs.6100 to Mr. A and Mr. B at same rate of compound
interest of 20% p.a. so that A's share at the end of 3 years may equal to B's share at
the end of 5 years.
(a) Rs.3500 ; Rs.2600 (b) Rs.3600 ; Rs.2500 (c) Rs.3400 ; Rs.2700 (d) None
Solution:- (b) is correct

1. The difference between the simple and compound interest on a certain sum for 3
years at 5% p.a. Rs. 228.75. The compound interest on the sum for 2 years at 5% p.a.
is:
(a) Rs. 3,175 (b) Rs. 3,075 (c) Rs.3,275 (d) Rs.2,975
Q2. Saif Ali wishes to have Rs. 75,000 in a bank account when Taimur’s first college
expenses begin. How much amount Saif should deposit now at 6.5% compounded
annually if Taimur is to start college in 8 years hence from now ?
a) 45,320 (b) 46,320 (c) 55,320 (d) 48,320
CLASSES
Q3. In how many years a sum of Rs.1000 compounded annually @ 10%, will amount
to Rs. 1331 ?
(a) 6 years (b) 5 years (c) 4 years (d) 3 years
Q4. The compound interest earned by a money lender on Rs. 7,000 for 3 years if the
rate of interest for 3 years are 7%, 8% and 8.5% respectively is
(a) Rs.1,750 (b) Rs. 1,800 (c) Rs. 1,777 (d) None
Q5. A sum of money put out at C.I. amounts to Rs.6720 in 2 years and Rs.7560 in
three years. The rate of interest is
(a) 12.5% (b) 15% (c) 15.5% (d) 18%
Q6. A sum of money doubles itself at compound interest in 10 years. In how many
years will become eight times
(a) 27 years (b) 30 years (c) 33 years (d) none
Q7. The population of a village is 1,00,000. If it decreases 5% per annum, what will be
its population after 2 years
(a) 90,250 (b) 95,750 (c) 95,000 (d) 97,250
CLASSES
CHAPTER 8
PERMUTATIONS &COMBINATIONS
PERMUTATIONS :
Example 1 : there are two letters a and b. In how many ways they can be arranged
ab ; ba (Positions of letters are considered)
∴ No. of arrangements/ permutations = 2
Example 2 : There are 3 letters a,b,c . In how many ways

these letters can be arranged.
Clearly no. of arrangements/ permutations/ words = 6
PERMUTATION OF N DIFFERENT THINGS :
Theorem 1: The number of permutations of n different things taken r at a time,

𝑛!
denoted by n
Pr =
(𝑛−𝑟)!
Where r ≤ n
Corollary :
(i) P(n, n) or nPn = n!
(ii) P (n, n) = P ( n, n-1)
TYPE – I (Algebraic Application)

Example 3: The value of 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 ………….(2n – 1) is
2n!
(a)
4!
2n!
(b)
2n!
(2n)!
(c) n
2 n!
(d) None
CLASSES
Solution: (c ) is correct
Example 4 : If 15Pr = 2730; find r :

( a) 1 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) None
Solution : ( c) is correct
TYPE – II (Language Problems)

Example 5 : How many 3 letter words can be formed by using the letters of the word
“SQUARE”
(a ) 100 (b) 120 (c) 150 (d) None
SOLUTION : (b) is correct.
Example 6 : How many 3 letter words can be formed by using the letters of the word
HEXAGON
( a) 210 (b) 220 (c) 120 (d) None
SOLUTION: (a) is correct
Example 7 : In how many different ways can 5 persons stand in a line for a group
photograph ?
( a) 120 (b) 100 (c) 105 (d) None
SOLUTION : (a) is correct.
TYPE – III (No. of Numbers)

Example 8 : How many numbers of 3 digits can be made by using digits 3,5,6,7, and 8.
No. digit being repeated.
( a) 120 (b) 60 (c) 100 (d) None
Solution : (b) is correct.
CLASSES
Example 9 : The number of numbers lying between 100 and 1000 can be formed with
the digits 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 is
( a) 210 (b) 200 (c) 110 (d) None of these
SOLUTION : (a) is correct
Example 10 : The number of numbers lying between 10 and 1000 can be formed with
digits 2,3,4,0,8,9, is
( a) 124 (b) 120 (c) 125 (d) None
SOLUTION : ( c) is correct
TYPE – IV (Repetition Allowed)

Total no. of arrangements / permutations of ‘n’ different things taking ‘r’ at a time = n
When repetition of items is allowed.
Example 11 : How many 3 digit numbers can be made by using digits 9,8,7,6,5, when
repetitions of digits are (i) not allowed (ii) allowed.
Example 12 : How many number of numbers of 3 digits can be made by using digits
0,1,2,3,4 ; Repetitions of digits are allowed.
( a) 120 (b) 100 (c) 24 (d) None
SOLUTION : (b) is correct
Example 13 : How many 4-digit even numbers can be made by using digits 0, 3, 5, 7,9
repetitions of digits are allowed.
(a ) 100 (b) 625 (c) 120 (d) None
SOLUTION : (a) is correct.
CLASSES
Example 14 : In how many different ways 3 rings of a lock cannot combine when each
ring has digits 0, 1, 2, ……. ; 9 leading to unsuccessful events ?
( a) 999 (b) 1000 (c) 10! (d) 997
TYPE – V
Example 15 : In how many ways 5 sanskrit 3 english and 3 hindi books be arranged
keeping the books of the same language together ?
( a) 5! . 3! . 3! . 3! (b) 5! 3! .3! (c) 11! (d) None
Solution : (a) is correct.
TYPE – VI
Example 16 : How many words can be made by using all letters of the word ‘FAILURE’
so that vowels are always coming together is
(a) 576 (b) 575 (c) 570 (d) None
Example 17 : In how many ways can the word STRANGE be arranged so that the
vowels are never separated ?
( a) 6!*2! (b) 7! (c) 7!+2! (d) None
TYPE – VII
Example 18 : A family of 4 brothers and 3 sisters is to be arranged for a photograph
in one row. In how many ways can they be seated if (i) all the sisters sit together; (ii)
no two sisters sit together ?
( a) 720 ; 1440 (b) 120 ; 720 (c) 240 ; 1260 (d) None
CLASSES
Example 19 : Six boys and Five girls are seated for a photograph in a row such that
no two girls sit together and no two boys sit together. Find the number of ways in
which this can be done.
(a ) 86400 (b) 14400 (c) 518400 (d) None
SOLUTION: ( a) is correct
TYPE – VIII Some Units are Alike

Example 20: How many different words can be made from the letters of the word
CALCULUS ?
( a) 5040 (b) 7050 (c) 2040 (d) None
Example 21 : In how many ways the vowels of the word “ALLAHABAD” will occupy the
even place?
( a) 120 (b) 60 (c) 30 (d) None
Example 22: In how many ways of the word MATHEMATICS be arranged so that the
vowels always occur together ?
( a) 11! ÷ (2!)3 (b) (8!*4!)÷(2!)3 (c) 12! ÷ (2!)3 (d) None
TYPE – IX Fixing
Nature
Any object is fixed always by 1 way
CLASSES
Example 23 : How many words can be formed beginning with letter N with the letters
of the word SUNDAY
( a) 6! (b) 5! (c) 4! (d) None
Example 24 : How many words can be formed beginning with letter N and ending in A
with the letters of the word SUNDAY ?
( a) 6! (b) 5! (c) 4! (d) None
SOLUTION: (c) is correct
Example 25 : How many words can be made by using all letters of the word
“TENDULKAR” so that each word starts with word TEN and ends with letter R and
D,U,L are always together
(a ) 5! (b) 36 (c) 6 (d) None
TYPE – X
Circular Permutations :
Example 26 : In how many can 5 men and 5 women be seated at a round table if :
(a ) there is no restriction ( b) all the five women sit together
( c) no two women sit together
Example 27 : In how many ways can we place apples in a circle?
CLASSES
COMBINATIONS
Definition :
The numbers of selections or groupings or delegations or committees etc, of things
are not a factor are called Combinations.
TYPE – I
Total no. of combinations of “n” different things taken “r” things at a time denoted as
n
Cr or C(n : r)
n!
Formula nCr = Where 0 ≤ r ≤ n
r!(n-r)!
Example 28 : A committee of 3 persons out of 12 can be made in how many ways ?

( a) 220 (b) 330 (c) 120 (d) None
Example 29 : How many triangles can be made by using 8 points in which no point lie
on a straight line.
(a ) 76 (b) 56 (c) 66 (d) None
SOLUTION: (b) is correct
TYPE – II
Example 30: A committee consisting of 2 men and 2 women is to be chosen from 5
men and 6 women. In how many ways can this be done ?
( a) 120 (b) 210 (c) 150 (d) None
SOLUTION: (c) is correct
Example 31 : The number of parallelograms that can be formed from a set of five
parallel lines intersecting another set of 3 parallel lines is
CLASSES
( a)16 (b) 30 (c) 12 (d) 90

TYPE – III Conditional Combinations

Example 32 : The number of diagonals in a decagon is
( a) 32 (b) 35 (c) 50 (d) None
Example 33 : There are 12 points in a plane of which 5 are collinear. The no. of
triangles is
( a) 210 (b) 225 (c) 215 (d) None
SOLUTION: Option (A) is correct
Example 34 : There are three defective bulbs out of five. Two of them are to be tried
in two bulb points in a dark room. Number of ways the room shall be lighted….
( a) 7 (b) 18 (c) 15 (d) 5
Example 35 : A delegation of 3 ladies and 4 gents is to be formed out of 8 ladies and 7

gents. Mrs.A refuses to serve in a committee in which Mr. B is a member, the number
of such committees is
( a) 1530 (b) 1500 (c) 1520 (d) 1540
SOLUTION : (d) is correct
TYPE –IV(some units always included or exclude)

Example 36 : A delegation of 5 members is to be sent abroad out of 11 members. In
how many ways can the selection be made so that 2 particular members are always
included?
CLASSES
(a ) 95 (b) 74 (c) 84 (d) None

SOLUTION : (c) is correct
Example 37 : A delegation of 6 members is to be sent abroad out of 12 members. In

how many ways can the selection be made so that a particular member is never
included
( a) 462 (b) 542 (c) 546 (d) None
Example 38: There are 10 professors and 20 students out of whom a committee of 2
prof. and 3 students is to be formed. In how many ways these can be done in which a
particular prof. is always included ?
( a) 10260 (b) 20260 (c) 14360 (d) None
TYPE –V (to make words)

Example 39: Out of 10 consonants and 4 vowels, how many words can be formed
each containing 6 consonants and 3 vowels
( a) 10C6 * 4C3 (b) 10C6 * 4C3 *9! (c) 10C6 * 4C3 *10! (d) None
TYPE –VI
Example 40: Mr X has 7 friends, in how many ways he can invite one or more out of
them to dinner
( a) 128 (b) 127 (c) 129 (d) None
Total no. of ways to invite friends = 7C1 + 7C2 +……7C3 = 25 – 1 = 128-1 = 127
CLASSES
TYPE –VII
Example 41 : In how many ways can zero or more letters be selected from the letters
AAAAA
(a ) 4 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) None
SOLUTION : ( c) is correct
Example 42 : From 5 apples, 4 oranges and 3 mangoes how many selections of fruits
can be made?
( a) 120 (b) 119 ( c) 118 (d) None
ALGEBRAIC APPLICATIONS
FORMULA:
𝑛!
1. n
Cr = c(n;r) = , where ≤ r ≤ n
𝑟!(𝑛−𝑟)!
1
2. nCr = * nPr
𝑟!
3. nPr = r! nCr
4. nCr = nCn-r
5. if nCr = nCk then either
(i) r=k
(ii) r+k =n
6. nCr + nCr-1 = n+1Cr
7. nC0= nCn=1
8. nC1 = nCn-1 = n
Example 43 : If 20Cr = 20Cr+6. Then the value of r is

( a) 10 (b) 7 (c) 11 (d) None
CLASSES
Example 44 : If nPr = 1680 and nCr = 70 ; the value of n and r are

(a ) n = 6 ; r =2 (b) n=4 ; r=1 (c) n=8 ; r=4 (d) None
Tricks : Go by choices
1. 8! / 5! Is equal to
(a) 336 (b) 321 (c) 244 (d) 422
2. The number of ways the letter TRIUMPH can be arranged are..

(a) 1504 (b) 410 (c) 720 (d) 520
3. In a group of boys the number of arrangement of 4 boys is 12 times the

arrangements of 2 boys. The number of boys in the group is
(a) 10 (b) 8 (c) 6 (d) None
4. There are 5 speakers A,B,C,D and E. the number of ways in which A will speak
always before B is
(a) 24 (b) 4!2! (c) 5! (d) None
5. In how many ways can the letter of the word DAUGHTER be arranged so that
the vowels may appear in the odd places?
(a) 432 (b) 4320 (c) 3420 (d) 2880
6. In how many ways TRIANGLE be arranged so that ANGLE will always be there
(a) 20 (b) 60 (c) 24 (d) 32
7. In how many ways can 6 lecturers and 5 professors be seated in a row so that
they are positioned alternatively ?
(a) 6!4! (b) 86400 (c) 84600 (d) 64800
CLASSES
8. Arrange the letters of word MONDAY in such a way that the word begins and
ends both with vowel.
(a) 24 (b) 96 (c) 48 (d) 240
9. A number lock has three rings marked with 10 different numbers (0 to 9). In
how many ways it is possible to make an unsuccessful attempt to open the lock
(a) 999 (b) 899 (c) 799 (d) None
10. Find how many 4 digited no. can be formed by using the digit 0,1,2,3,4,5,6.
Repetition of the digit not allowed.
(a) 360 (b) 240 (c) 120 (d)720
11. Find the sum of all the 4-digited numbers that can be formed with the digits
1,3,5,7.(Repetition of digits is not allowed)
(a) 106650 (b) 106656 (c) 105666 (d) None
12. Find the total number of selections that can be made from the letters of the
word ASSASSINATION
(a) 719 (b) 720 (c) 718 (d) 721
13. Find in how many different ways 6 different chocolates can be equally
divided into two groups .
(a) 90 (b) 10 (c) 120 (d) 20
14. The number of different factors the number 75600 has is

(a) 118 (b) 120 (c) 119 (d) None
15. If 2(8C3) + 8C4 + 8C2 = xC4 then find x

(a) 11 (b)8 (c) 10 (d) 9
CLASSES
16. The value of 12C3 + 2.12C4 + 12C5 is

(a) 14C4 (b) 12C4 (c) 14C5 (d) 14C6
17. There are 10 points in a plane out of which 4 are collinear. Find the number of
triangles
(a) 161 (b) 611 (c) 116 (d)None
18. The total number of words which can be formed out of the letters a,b,c,d,e and
f taken together, such that each word contains at least one vowel is
(a) 72 (b)48 (c)96 (d) None
CLASSES
CHAPTER 9
LOGARITHM
Sequence and series
Sequence :-Arrangement of numbers which follows a particular rule is called

sequence, written as
Example 1. 2, 4, 6, 8, ……
Example 2. 5, 10, 20, 40. ……
Example 3. 256, 128, 64, 32, …….
Note:- In sequence all terms are separated by comma (,)
Series:- Summation of all terms of the sequence is called series.

Example 1. S=2 + 4 +6+8+ …….
Example 2. S= 1 + 4+9+16+ …….
PROGRESSIONS
A progression is a series that advances in a logical and predictable pattern.
Types of Progressions
1. Arithmetic Progression (AP)
2.Geometric Progression (GP)
3.Harmonic Progression (HP)
1. Arithmetic Progression (AP)

If the difference between two consecutive terms of a series is always equal, then that
series is called an Arithmetic Progression (AP).
Here - this difference "d" is called the common difference of the sequence.
For example 3,5,7,9, .....
Here common difference d = 5-3 = 7-3=9-7= ……… =2
CLASSES
TYPE I
n th term of an arithmetic progression
tn = a+ (n – 1) d
Where a = 1st term
d = common difference
n = position of the required term.
Example 1. Find 11th term of the series

S = 7+ 10 + 13 + ……
(a) 37 (b) 87 (c) 67 (d) None
Solution :- (a) is correct.
Example 2. Which term of the series S = 57 +61+ 65+ ….. is equal to 401.
(a) 84 (b) 86 (c) 87 (d) None
Solution :- option (c) is correct
Example 3. Which term of the A.P.

3 4 5 17
, , , …….is ?
√11 √11 √11 √11
(a) 15 (b) 17 (c) 14 (d) None
Solution: (a) is correct.
Example 4. The nth term of the sequence 1, 3, 5, 7.... is

(a) n (b) 2n-1 (c) 2n+1 (d) None
Solution :- (b) is correct.
TYPE II
(i) If mth term of an A.P. is P and nth term is q then c.d.
CLASSES
Example 5. If 5th term and 12th terms of an AP are 14 and 35 respectively. Find its
common difference.
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) None
(ii) If mth term of an A.P. is P and thenth term is q then is rth term
tr = P + (r-m) d
or tr = q + (r-n) d
Example 6. If 5th term and 12th terms of an AP are 14 and 35 respectively. Find 25th
term.
(a) 74 (b) 75 (c)73 (d) None
Example 7. The mth term of an.A.P. is “n” and nth term is "m". The rth term of it is
(a) m+n+2r (b) m+n-r (c) m+3 n +r/2 (d) n+3m -2r
TYPE III
( To find No. of terms between two numbers divisible by a certain number)
Example 8. How many numbers lying between 500 and 1000 which are divisible by
13.
(a) 38 (b) 40 (c) 35 (d) None is correct
Solution :- Such type of questions make an A.P.
TYPE IV
CLASSES
( Sum of “n” terms of an AP )

n
Formula (i) S = [2a+(n-1)d]
2
n (a+l)
(ii) S =
2
where L = tn = a+ (n-1) d
Example 9. Find sum of 47 terms of the series

S = 7 + 11 + 15 + ……
(a) 4653 (b) 4553 (c) 4842 (d) None
Solution :-(a) is correct.
Example 10. Sum of how many terms of the series S = 7+12+ 17 +22+….. is equal to
11524.
(a) 66 (b) 67 (c) 68 (d) None
Example 11. Find the sum of “n” terms of the series S = 5+9 +13 +….... to n terms.
(a) 2n2 + 3n (b) n2 + 4n (c) 3n2 +2 n (d) None
TYPE V
For Consecutive Terms
(A) For odd number of terms c.d. = d
Ass. a – d ; a ; a + d 3 consecutive terms
a-2d , a-d , a , a+d , a+2d ; 5 consecutive terms
(B) For Even no. of terms c.d. = 2d

Ass. a - 3d ; a-d ; a+d ; a+3d 4 consecutive terms
CLASSES
a-5d ; a- 3d ; a-d ; a+d ; a+3d ; a+5d 6 consecutive terms
Example 12. The sum of three integers in AP is 15 and their product is 80. The
integers are
(a) 2, 8, 5 (b) 8, 2, 5 (c) 2,5, 8 (d) 8, 5 ,3.
Solution :- (c)
TYPE VI
(Properties of AP)
3
(a3 +4b +c3 )
Example 13. If a, b, c are in AP then the value of is
b (a2 +c2)
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) None

Solution :- (c) is correct.
TYPE VII
Arithmetic Mean
1. Arithmetic Mean (A.M.):- The number "A" is said to be A.M. between a and b
a+b
A =
2
Example 14. The AM between 2 and 18 is

(a) 10 (b) 12 (c) 6 (d) None
Solution :- (a) is correct
Example 15. Divide 12.50 into five parts in AP. such that the first part and the last
part are in the ratio 2:3
(a) 2 ; 2.25 ; 2.50 ; 2.75 ; 3
(b) -2 ,-2.25 , -2.5 , -2.75 ,-3
CLASSES
(c) 4 ; 4.5 ; 5 ; 5.5 ; 6

(d) -4 ; -4.5 ; -5 ; -5.5 ; -6
Example 16. If 20 AMs. are inserted between 3 and 51 then sum of these A.Ms. is
(a) 540 (b) 1080 (c) 270 (d) None
Geometric Progression (GP)

Definition:- If each term of a sequence is a constant multiple of just preceding term,
then that sequence is called Geometric progression (GP). The constant multiplier is
called common ratio (denoted by r)
Example 1. 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, ...... are in GP.
6 12 24
where c.r. = r = = = = ............ = 2
3 6 12
TYPE I
n term of a Geometric Progressions
th
nth term of a GP tn = a.rn+1

Where a=1st term
r = common ratio
n= No. of terms.
Example 17. Find 16th term of the series S = 2+4 +8 + .........
(a) 65536 (b) 64536 (c) 66536 (d) None
Example 18. Which term of the series S = 7+14+28 + ......... is equal to 3584.
(a) 10 (b ) 12 (c) 11 (d) None
CLASSES
Solution - (a) is correct
TYPE II (SUM OF TERMS)
I. Sum of n terms of a GP
a(rn -1)
S= ; where r > 1
r-1
a(1-rn )
II. S = ; where r < 1
1-r
a
III. S = ; where r < 1
1-r
Example 19. The sum of series -2, 6,- 18, ....... to 7 terms is
(a) -1094 (b) 1094 (c) -1049 (d) None
Example 20. Sum of how many terms of the series

S = 1+3+9+27+ .......... is 364
(a) 15 (b) 13 (c) 6 (d) None
Solution :- (c) is correct
Example 21. The sum of n terms of the series 4+ 44 + 444 + ............... is

1 4 10 2
(a) (10n - 1) – n (b) { (10n -1) -n} (c) (10n - 1) + n (d)
9 9 9 9
None
Solution - (b) is correct
Example 22. The sum of n terms of the series S =0.3 +0.03 +........ is
CLASSES
1 1 1 1 1 1
(a) (1- n+1 ) (b) (1- ) (c) (1- n ) (d) None
9 10 3 10
n-1 3 10
Example 23. The sum upto infinity of the series

1 1 1
S= + + + ................. is
2 6 18
5 3 7
(a) (b) (c) (d) None
4 4 3
Solution :- (b) is correct
TYPE III(CONSECUTIVE TERMS)
when No. of terms = odd Then c.r. = r

a
(i) ; a ; ar are 3 consecutive terms
r
a a
; ; a ; ar ; ar2 are 5 consecutive terms
r2 r
(ii) When No. of terms = even.

Then c.r. = r2 = (let)
a a
; ; a ; ar2 are 4 consecutive terms
r3 r
a a a
; ; ; ar ; ar2 ; ar3 are 6 consecutive terms
r3 r2 r
Example 24. Find three numbers in GP. whose sum is 19 and product is 216.
(a) 9, 6, 4 (b) 4, 6, 9 (c) both (d) None
TYPE IV (PROPERTIES OF A GP)

Example 25. If a, b, c are in GP then the value of a (b2 +c2)-c(a² +b2) is-
CLASSES
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) -1 (d) None

TYPE V (GEOMETRIC MEANS)

Definition:
(i) If a, G, b are in GP: Then G is called the GM of a & b
a, G , b are in GP.
G b
Common ratio r = = or G2 =ab G = √ab
a G
Example 26. Find GM of 3 and 27.
Example 27. Four Geometric Means between 4 and 972 are

(a) 12, 30,100, 324 (b) 12, 24,108, 320
(c) 10, 36,108, 320 (d) 12, 36, 108, 324
Solution - (d) is correct
Example 28. If 20 GMs are inserted between two numbers 32 and 1/16 then product
of these GMs is
(a) 1024 (b) 2048 (c) 512 (d) None
Solution :-(a) is correct
TYPE VI
Example 29. If 40 GMs, are inserted between 2 and 40 then product of 10th GM from
beginning and that of from end is
(a) 20 (b) 40 (c) 80 (d) None
CLASSES
HARMONIC PROGRESSION (HP)

Definition: A series of numbers is said to be in Harmonic progression when their
reciprocals are in arithmetic progression (AP)
1 1 1
Example. , , , .......... are in HP because reciprocals 3, 5, 7,........... .are in AP.
3 5 7
Note:- Questions of HP are first converted and then it is proceed into AP.
HARMONIC MEAN (HM)

Definition:- The number H is said to be HM of two numbers a and b if a, H, b are in
HP.
2ab
Harmonic mean of two numbers a & b is formulated as H =
a+b
Example 30. The Harmonic Mean of 2 and 8 is

(a) 3.2 (b) 4√2 (c) 5 (d) None
Solution - (a) is Correct
Relationship between AM GM and HM

If A,G and H are Arithmetic Mean, Geometric mean and Harmonic mean of two
numbers and b respectively then
a+b
(i) A =
2
G = √ab
2ab
H=
a+b
(ii) AM ≥ GM ≥ HM
(iii) AM ; GM ; HM are in GP
 A, G, H are in GP
 G2 = AH
 G = √AH
CLASSES
Example 31. If AM and HM of two numbers are 32 and 2 respectively then G.M. is
(a) 8 (b) 4√2 (c) 64 (d) None
Example 32. If AM and GM of two numbers are 5 and 4 respectively then the
numbers are
(a) 2 and 8 (b) 3,7 (c) 1,9 (d) None
Example 33. If a, b, x, y, z are positive numbers such that a, x, b are in AP and a,y,b
2ab
are in GP and Z= ; then
a+b
(a) x,y,z are in GP (b) x ≥ y ≥ z (c) both (d) None
Divisibility
Example 34. 2 4n - 1 is divisible by
(a) 5 (b) 24 (c) 15 (d) 34
Solution :-(c) is correct
Example 35. 3n - 2n-1 is divisible by

(a) 25 (b) 24 (c) 36 (d) 4
Solution - (d) is correct
CLASSES

1. Divide 69 into three parts which are in AP and the product for the first two term is
483.
(a) (21,23,25) (b)(23,27,19) (c)(19,29,21) (d)(21,28,20,
2. If (k+1), 3k and (4k+2) be any three consecutive terms of a A.P, then the value of k
is –
(a)3 (b)0 (c)1 (d)2
3. The 10th term of an AP is 20 and its 20 th term is 10. Find its 18th term.
(a) 29 (b)12 (c) 18 (d)30
4. If m times the mth term of A.P is equal to n times its nth term, then its (m+n)th
term is equal to
(a)n/m (b) m.n (c)m/n (d) zero
5. If 11 time 11th term of an A.P is equal to 14 times the 14th term, then its 25th term is
equal to
(a)1 (b) 0 (c)22 (d) 36
6. The sum of all odd numbers between 100 and 200 is-
(a) 6200 (b) 6500 (c)7500 (d)73508
7. The sum of first 7 terms of an A.P. is 10 and that of next 7 terms is 17. The common
difference of the A.P. is-
(a)1/7 (b) 7 (c)3 (d)1/3
CLASSES
Geometric Progression(G.P.)
8. If the 2nd term of a GM series is 25, and the fifth term is 3125, the first and third
terms are….
(a) (5,35) (b) (5,125) (c) (5,105) (d) (5,10)
9. 3rd term of a GP is 18 and its 5th term is 162. Find its 7th term.
(a) 1458 (b)1558 (c) 1658 (d)1358
10. If (k-1), (2k+1), (6k+3) are in GP., then integral value of k is

(a) 7 (b) 4 (c) -2 (d) 0
11. The sum of first 20 terms of a G.P is 244 times the sum of first 10 terms. The
common ratio is
(a) 3 (b)3 (c)√3 (d) None
12. The third term of a G.P is 4 . The product of its first five terms is-
(a) 3072 (b) 2048 (c) 1024 (d) cannot be determined
13. The A.M of two numbers is 34 and their G.M. is 16. The numbers are-
(a)60,8 (b) 64,4 (c)56,12 (d)52,16
14. The numbers x, 8,y are in G.P and the numbers x,y,-8 are in A.P. The value of x and
y are
(a) 16,4 (b)4,16 (c) Both (d) None
1 1 1
15. The sum of the series : + + ……. ∞ is equal to
3x7 7x11 11x15
(a) ¼ (b) 1/12 (c) 1/6 (d) None of these
CLASSES
By failing
TO PREPARE,
you are preparing
TO FAIL
CHAPTER 10
LOGARITHM
sEts , relation and functions
Set: Any well defined collection of objects is called SET.
Representation of a Set. There are two ways of describing a set.
(1) Roster or Tabular form :- Elements are written within brackets by giving comma,
e.g., V={a, e, i, o, u} and N = {1,2,3,....}
(2) Set builder form :- In this form, every element of the set express their
characteristic (and no other) e.g.. A= { |𝑥|x is number 1 <x<10}
Finite:- A set having countable No. of elements is called finite Set

Example - A ={0,1,2.........................................,100}
Infinite Set:- A set having uncountable No. of elements is called Infinite Set
Example – A{0,1,2,3,,...............................}
Subset. Let A and B be two sets. If every element Of A is also an element of set B, then
A is said to be a subset of set B or A is contained in B. and it is expressed
in symbols as A⊂B
Example - if A-{1,2, 3, 4, 5,.......10},B={2,3,4,5}and C = {1,4,5,7} then
(i) B⊂A (ii)C⊂A (iii) A⊂A
The subsets B and C are known as proper subsets whereas subset A. (containing all
the elements of A) as improper. Set A is called Proper Set and is written as A⊃B
Equality of Sets. Those sets having exactly same elements are called Equal Sets, i.e. if
A⊂B andB⊂A, then A=B
Example - Let sets A = {x, y, z} and B = {z,x,y} are equal
CLASSES
Cardinal Number: Total number of elements in a set is called its Cardinal Number
Cardinal number of set A is denoted by n(A).
Equivalent Sets :- Let A & B are two sets such that

n(A)=n(B), then Set A & B are called Equivalent sets, Let A-{1,2, 3} B={x, y, z}.
Here, n(A)=n(B). These two sets have equal number of distinct elements and hence
are called equivalent sets (not equal).
The Empty Set. The set having no elements is called the empty set or the null set and
denoted by the symbol 𝜑(phie)
𝜑={} or φ={ |x|x ≠x }
We may observe that the empty set is a subset of every set.
Singleton Set. A set having only one element is called Singleton set.
For example. {1}or {s} are singleton sets.
Superset. Let A be a subset or B, then we say that B is superset of A and express this
relation in symbols as B⊃A. Thus, A⊂B⟺B⊃A
The Universal Set. In any mathematical discussion we shall consider all sets under
reference as subsets of a fixed set called the universal set. We shall usually
denote the universal set by the symbol . we may observe that the universal set is the
superset of every set.
Power Set. The set of all possible subsets of a set is called its Power set. Power set of
set A is denoted by P(A). The total number of subsets of a set consisting of 'n
elements (n finite) will be 2n P(A) = 2n
Example - Let A- {a, b, c}, then P(A)= { 𝜑},{a},{b}, {c},{a,b}.{b.c},{c.a},{a,b,c}
Here, n(A) = 3. nP(A) = 22 = 8.
CLASSES
Set operations
1.Union of two sets; If A and B be two given sets then the set consisting of all those
elements which belong to either A or B or both is called the union of A and B, and is
denoted by the symbol A∪B
In symbols A∪B={x |x ∈A or x∈ B}
Example - if A ={a,b,c} and B={b,c,d},then A∪B={a,b,c,d}
2. Intersection of Two Sets- If A and B be two given sets then the set consisting of all
elements which belong to A&B both is called the intersection of A and B, and is
denoted by the symbol A∩B
In symbols A∩B={x|x ∈A or x∈ B}
Example-if A ={0,2,4,6} and B={0,3,6},then A∩B={0,6}
Two set A and B are said to be disjoint if A∩B= 𝜑
3. Complement of a Set. Let U be the universal set and A⊂U.Then, the set Consisting
of all those is elements of U which do not belong to A is called the complement Set of
set A and it is denoted by the symbol Ac or A’ or 𝐴̅.
So. Ac or A’ or 𝐴̅ = U- A = {x:x ∈ U: x∉ A}
Example- If X=U = {a, e, i, o,u} and A ={a, i, o}
then AC ={e, u}.
4. Difference of two sets. it is denoted by symbol A-B

Symbolically , A-B ={x}x| ∈ A and x ∉ B}
Example -If A ={a,b,c,d,e} and B ={b,c,d,f} then A-B={a.e}
5. Symmetric Difference of Two Sets. The symmetric difference of two sets A and B to
be denoted by the symbol A∆B is the set
A ∆ B =(A-B) ∪(B-A)=A∪B- A∩B
Example - If A ={0,1,2,3} and B={2,3,4}
A ∆ B =(A-B) ∪(B-A)=A∪B- A∩B={0,1,4}
CLASSES
THEOREM 1:Every set is a subset of itself

THEOREM 2: The empty set is a subset of every set
THEOREM 3: The total number of subsets of a finite set containing n elements is 2 n
6. ADDITION THEOREM: If A, B and C are finite sets, and U be the finite universal set,
then
i. n(A∪B)=n(A)+n(B)-n(A∩B)
ii. n(A∪B)=n(A)+n(B) ⟺ 𝐴, 𝐵 are disjoint sets
iii. n(A-B)= n(A)-n(A∩B)i.e.n(A-B)=n(A∩B)=n(A)
7.DEMORGAN THEOREM;
i. n (A' ∪B' )=n((A∩B)’)=n(U)-n (A∩B)
ii. n (A' ∩B' )=n((A∪B)’)=n(U)-n (A∪B)
Q1. In a class of 60 students, 10 students like Quicker BMLRS, 36 like law and 24 like
both the books. Find the number of students who like.
1) Quicker BMLRS only
2) Law only
3) either Quicker BMERS or Law
4) Neither Quicker BMLRS nor Law
5) Exactly any one book
6) At most one book
CARTESIAN/CROSS - PRODUCT
1. ORDERED PAIR : If two elements say a & b are written in a given fixed order i.e. (a,
b), then that order is called an Ordered pair.
For eg if P and Q are any two sets then ordered pair of elements (a,b) is in that order
CLASSES

1 The number of sub-set of (1,3,5,7) is equal to.......
(a)5 (b)8 (c)16 (d)4
2. The number of proper sub-set of (2,4,6,8,10) is equal to

(a) 45 (b) 44 (c)31 (d) 23
3. If A-(a,e,i,o,u ), B=(b,c,d,f,g) then A∩A' is equal

(a) 𝜑 (b) (b,c,d,e) (c) (a,b,c) (d) (a,.e,o)
4. In a class of 70 students 30 have taken Mathematics as an optional subject, 20

Maths but not Economics Find the number of students who have taken Math's and
Economics
(a)10 (b) 15 (c) 17 (d)5
5. There is a group of 50 persons going for Kailash Mansarovar Yatra out of which 35
speaks Hindi, 25 both Hindi and English. How many people speak English
(a)10 (b) 40 (c) 25 (d)5
6. A and B are two sets having 3 and 5 elements. If 2 elements are common, find the
number of elements in AxB set
(a) 12 (b) 5 (c) 15 (d) 13
7. Let n(A)=4, n(B)=6, then the minimum number of elements in A ∪Bare

(a) 6 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) 10
8. Two sets A and are said to be ______ set if there is no common element
(a) Null (b) Disjoint (c) Complementary (d) Universal
CLASSES
9. Out of 2000 Staff 48% preferred coffee, 54% tea and 64% cold drink. Of the total
28 % used coffee and tea, 39% tea and cold drink & 30% coffee and cold drink only 6%
used none of these. Find the number having all the three.
(a) 360 (b) 280 (c) 160 (d) None
FUNCTIONS AND RELATIONS

1. If any function is one –one then it is called
(a) reflexive (b) Symmetric (c)Transitive (d) Injective
2. If any function is one –one and onto then it is said to be

(a) Injective (b) Surjective (c) Bijective (d) None of these
3. If f(x)=3x-2, find f-1(x)
x+2 x+3 x-2 x-3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 2 3 2
4. If f(x)=2x+5, g(x)=x2+3. Find fog(1) & gof(1)

(a) 13,52 (b)13,19 (c)19,13 (d)52,19
5. f(x)=2x+1 and g(x)=3x-2, the value of g{f(2)}-f{g(2)}

(a) 3 (b)4 (c)5 (d)6
6. The range of (3,0),(2,0),(1,0),(0,0) is
(a) {0,0} (b){0} (c){ 0,0,0,0} (d) None of these
CLASSES
CHAPTER 11
DiffereNTIAL CALCULUS
Concept of Differentiation
The rate of change of function of one variable with respect to another on which it
depends is called the derivative of the function.
SOME STANDARD RESULTS (FORMULAE)

dy
1. (xn )=nxn-1
dx
d
2. (ex )=ex
dx
d
3. (an )=ax loge a
dx
d
4. (constant)=0
dx
d
5. (eax )=aeax
dx
d 1
6. (log x)=
dx x
d 1
7. (loga x)= loga e
dx x
TYPE – I- (Scalar Multiple
Formula..
d
{kf(x)}=k Rule)
df(x)
dx dx
Example 1. Differentiate the following with the respect to x.

(i)5 x 4 (ii)3logx (iii) 7ex (iv)3√𝑥
CLASSES
Type II (Addition Rule)
d (u±v) du dv
= ± Where u and v are functions with respect to x.
dx dx dx
Example 2. Differentiate each of the following functions with respect to x.

(i) 3x2+5x-20
Type III (Product Rule)

duv du dv
=v +u Where u and v are functions of x
dx dx dx
Example 3. Differentiate the following functions with respect to x.

(i) x5 . log x
Type IV Quotient /Division Rule

Formula
𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑 (𝑣) 𝑣. 𝑑𝑥 −𝑢.𝑑𝑥
= Where u and v are functions of x.
𝑑𝑥 𝑣2

x3 2x
(i) (ii)
ex 3x2 +7
Type V(Chain Rule)

dy dy du
If y=h(u) and u =f(x) ; Then = x
dx du dx
Formula
n
dx
I (i) =nxn-1
dn
CLASSES
d{f(x)}n n-1 d f(x)

(ii) =n.{f(x)}
dx dx
Example 5. Find coefficients of the following

2 5 4
(i) (3x +7) (ii) (log x )
(II) Formula
x f(x)
de de df(x)
(i) =ex (ii) .
dx dx dx

2
(i)e3x -6x+5
(IV) Formula
d logx dloge x 1 dlogef(x) d logf(x) 1 df(x)
(i) = = (ii) = = .
dx dx x dx dx f(x) dx
Example 7:- Differentiate the following functions with respect to x.

(i) log(9x+4)
Type VI
Example 8. Differentiate the following function with respect to x.
(i)23log2 x
Type VII (Implicit Function)
dy
Example 9. Find of the following functions
dx
(i) x2 +y2 =25
CLASSES
Type VIII (Parametric Function)

Let x=f(t) and y=g(t)
dy dy/dt
=
dx dx/dt
dy a
Example 10. Find if x=at2 ;y=
dx t
Type IX (Logarithmic Function)

Example 11. Differentiate the following w.r.t. x
(i) xx

1. Differential log (x3 +5)
2 2 2
3x x2 3x 3x
(a) (b) (c) (d)
x2 +5 x3 +5 x3 +3 x3 +5x
dy
2. 2x3 +3x2 y3 +4y5 -6=0. Find
dx
(6x2 +xy3 ) (6x2 +6y3 ) (6x2+6xy3 ) (6x2 +6xy3 )
(a)- (b)- (c)- (d)
9x2 y2 +20y4 9x2 y2 +24y4 9x2 y2 +20y4 3x2 y2 +20y3
dy
3.x2 +3xy+2y2 -5=0.Find
dx
2x+3y 2x+3y 3x+4y 2x+3y
(a)-( ) (b) (c) (d)
3x+4y 3x+4y 4x+4y 3x+2y
4. If f(x)=x2 -6x+8 , then f’(5)-f’(8) is equal to

(a)6 (b)-6 (c)2 (d)-2
dy
5.X=at2 ,y=2at, Find
dx
2
(a) 1/t (b)at (c)a t (d)2
Q6. Find the gradient of the curve y=2x3 -3x-12x+8, if y is 0 at x=0.

(a) 12 (b)-12 (c)0 (d)6
CLASSES

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AKASH AGARWAL CLASSES

➢ Akash Agarwal Classes is a Premium Education Institute which

RATIO & PROPORTION

The comparison of two or more things of same kind is called

 Numerator “x” is called 1st term or Antecedent and

Example 1: Ratio of 5 kg and 15 kg is

Example 2: Ratio of the height 170 cm and weight 60kg of a person is

AKASH AGARWAL CLASSES CONT-8390693138 Page| 1

(iii) Sub-Duplicate ratio of a : b is √𝑎: √𝑏or a 1/2: b1/2

(iv) Sub-Triplicate ratio of a : b is √𝑎 : √𝑏 or a 1/3 : b 1/3

TYPE – I- Greater Inequality

TYPE – II- Conversion in same

Example 4: Ratio of 150 gm and 2 kg is

TYPE – III- Compound Ratio

Example 5: If A: B=2:3; B:C=4:5 and C:D=6:7 Then A : D is equal to

Solution : (c) is correct.

AKASH AGARWAL CLASSES CONT-8390693138 Page| 2

Example 6: If a : b = 2: 3 ; b : c = 5 : 7 Then find a : b : c

(a) 10 : 15 : 21 (b) 6 : 9 : 14 (c) 4 : 6 : 21 (d) None

Solution : option (a) is correct

TYPE – V – Word Problems

(a) 40; 50 (b) 50 ; 40 (c) 400; 500 (d) None

Solution : Option (c) is correct.

Solution : (a) is correct

AKASH AGARWAL CLASSES CONT-8390693138 Page| 3

1st variety 2nd variety

(a) 2:1 (b) 1:2 (c) 4:1 (d) 3:2

Solution : (a) is correct

AKASH AGARWAL CLASSES CONT-8390693138 Page| 4

Example 11: Find Fourth Proportion to 2/ 5 , 3 /7,6

Example 12: Find mean proportion between 2.25 and 0.16

Example 13: Find 3rd proportion to 2.4 m ; 960 cm .

AKASH AGARWAL CLASSES CONT-8390693138 Page| 5

5. Componendo and Dividendo

AKASH AGARWAL CLASSES CONT-8390693138 Page| 6

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION: - Ratio

2. If a: b = 2: 5, find (3a + 4b): (4a + 5b).

3. In a mixture of 28 litres, the ratio of milk and water is 5: 2. If 2 litres of water is

4. Divide 581 among A, B, C so that 4A =5B= 7C

AKASH AGARWAL CLASSES CONT-8390693138 Page| 7

11. If X:15 is same as 20:30, then x is equal to .....

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS- PROPORTION

AKASH AGARWAL CLASSES CONT-8390693138 Page| 8

(c) (i) 16 (ii) 81 (iii) 16

2. The fourth proportional to 3, 5, and 21 is:

3. Mean proportional between 7 and 28 is:

6. A : B=3:2, B : C = 2 : x, A: B :C 3:2:3 then x is equal to ...........

7. A : B = 3 : x B : C = 3:4, A : B :C = 9 : 15: 20, then x is equal to .....

8. Y left a will of property worth Rs 16 lacs to be distributed in 8 shares. If A is to get 2

AKASH AGARWAL CLASSES CONT-8390693138 Page| 9

If a number x is multiplied 5 times written as X. X. X. X. X. = x5

7. (i) (am)n = amn

AKASH AGARWAL CONT-8390693138 P a g e | 10

10.(i) If am = k then a = k1/m

81x4 1/4 1/4

Example 4: The value of

xa (a2 +ab+b2 ) xb (b2 +bc+c2) xc (c2 +ca+a2 )

(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) -1 (d) None of these

Solution (a) is correct [it is in cyclic order]

(a) 0 (b)1 (c)-1 (d) None