INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

GRADE SIX

NOTES AND EXERCISES

CHAPTER 1 - ICT TOOLS
What is a computer?
A computer is an electronic device that performs tasks or calculations according to. set
instructions.
Hardware
Hardware are parts of a computer that you can see and touch. Examples, keyboard, mouse
and monitor.
Software
Software are instructions that tell hardware what to do. Examples, Ms Word for producing
text documents.
Types of personal computers
a). desktop computer
b). laptop
c). PDA/Personal Digital Assistant
d). mainframe
e). network computers
a). Desktop computers
This is a stand-alone computer. It consists of Central Processing Unit(CDU), disk drives,
monitor(screen), keyboard and mouse.
b). Laptop
A laptop is a portable computer, small enough for easy mobility. They are similar to desktops
only that their parts are in one unit. The lid contains the monitor, keyboard is built into the
base, a touchpad is used instead of a mouse. It is portable and has a battery in it.
c). PDA (Personal Digital Assistant)/Palmtop
The PDA is smallest of all computers. It is used to keep a diary and contact lists. It is small in
size itself and difficult to work on it.
Different types of computers
Digital computers are grouped into microcomputers, mini-computers, mainframes and
supercomputers.
a). Microcomputers/Personal computers
These are single-user computer systems and fit in hands, on laps or on desktops. They are
widely used in homes and are the cheapest among the other three types.
b). Mini-computers
These are more powerful than microcomputers and can be used by up to 100 people at the
same time. They are suitable for large businesses like banks.
c). Mainframes
These are very big in size and extremely fast. More than 100 people can use it at the same.

d). Supercomputers
They are also called monster computers. They are the most powerful in performance and
data processing. They are specialized and task specific computers used in large organisations.

What is an ICT tool?

ICT tools are devices or objects used to communicate information using technology (tools).
These tools enable us to view, listen, send and receive information. Such tools are computers,
phones, radio, television, digital cameras, newspapers, drums smoke, horns and CDs/DVDs.
Hardware
Hardware are parts of a computer that you can see and touch. Examples, keyboard, mouse
and monitor.
Hardware classification
a). Input devices
Any device which allows you to send or enter data in to the computer and to control it.
Examples: Keyboard, Mousse, Scanner, Trackball, Webcam, Joystick, Microphone, Barcode
reader.
b). Output devices
These are device which allow to see or read results given out after processing such as text and
images. These results are shown on the screen. An output can be hard copy or soft copy.
Examples: Monitor, Projector, Speakers and headphones, Printer.
c). Input/output devices
An input /output device is a device that falls into both input and output devices. Examples
are: touch screen monitor, modem and web camera
d). Storage devices
Every computer needs a storage place to store data and information before and after
processing. There are two types of storage devices:
(i). Primary storage devices – are smaller in size, are designed to store data temporarily and
are found inside the computer system case. Examples are: RAM (Random Access Memory),
Cache memory
(ii). Secondary storage devices – have large storage capacity and store data permanently.
They can be internal or external to the computer. Examples are: hard disk, optical disk and
USB (flash drive) storage devices
Input devices
1. Keyboard
A keyboard is a typewriter style device which is made up of keys. It allows the user to
communicate with the main computer system through typing. The keys include: (i)
function keys (F1-F12), (ii) Alphanumeric keys (alphabet keys A-Z) and numeric keys (0-
9), (iii) Special character keys which include (<, >, =), mathematical operations (+, -, /, *)
(iv) Punctuation marks and other various keys.
2. Mouse
A computer mouse is a hand-held pointing device that detects a two-way movement
connected to a surface on which it will be positioned, usually on the top of a desk. It has
two buttons, left and right. Its functions include pointing, selecting and clicking.
3. Scanner
Is a device that captures images, printed text, handwriting or an object. It converts it to an
image which can be viewed from the screen and edited.
4. Barcode reader
A barcode reader/barcode scanner is an electronic device that can read and output printed
bar codes to a computer it will be connected to. It has a light source, a lens and a light
sensor which changes light energy into electrical signals. It also has an electrical system
that checks the bar code’s image data provided by the sensor. It then sends the bar code’s
content to the scanner’s output port.
Output devices
1. Monitor/Screen/Visual Display Unit(VDU)
A computer monitor is an output device that displays information in picture form. It is
made up of display device (like TV screen), circuitry, casing or outside covering and
power cables.
2. Printer
A printer is an output device that changes the document displayed on your screen or
monitor into a document which can be read from a piece of paper. Types of printers
include: LaserJet, Dot matrix and Inkjet.
3. Projector
A projector is an output device that can take images on a computer and reproduce them
by projecting onto a screen, wall or another surface. The surface should be large, flat and
lightly coloured.
4. Speakers
Speakers are responsible for producing quality sound. They can be internal, that is,
working from within the main computer or external.
Storage devices
1. Memory card/Flash memory/Storage card
The memory card is a small storage capacity medium. It stores data such as text, image,
music and video. It is used for small, portable or remote computing devices. It can be
erased and rewritten with new data. There are many different types of memory cards,
Secure Digital card (SD card), Multimedia card (MMC), Compact flash card and memory
stick. Storage capacity ranges from 128MB to 32GB.
2. Flash drive/Jump/Pen drive
Is a small and portable Universal Serial Bus (USB) drive that can be used to quickly
transfer audio, video, image and data files from one computer to another. Storage capacity
ranges from 128MB to 64GB.
3. CD-R (Compact Disc Recordable)
Is an optical storage medium that stores data as tiny pits burned into disk by laser. A laser
is a narrow beam of light. The CD-R disks can only have data, information and
instructions read from and written onto them once. They have a very small storage
capacity of 700MB. Most users use them for storing music, pictures and videos.
4. CD-RW (Compact Disc-Rewritable)
The CD-RW is also an optical storage medium but is erasable. This means data,
information or instructions can be written and erased onto it several times. It has a storage
capacity of 700MB just like the CD-R.
5. DVD-R/DVD+R
The full name is Digital Video Disc Recordable. It is suitable for optical data storage.
They use similar technology to the CD-R. storage capacity is up to 17GB of data.
6. DVD-RW/DVD+RW
DVD-RW is short for Digital Video Disc Rewritable. This also is a disc used for optical
storage. The DVD-RW allows the user to read, write and erase data/information stored on
them many times.
7. External hard drive
This is a very big storage capacity storage device of up to 1.5 terabytes (TB). It can be
used by both officers or business users and home users. It has the fastest access time and
data transfer rate among all the permanent storage devices.
8. Zip drive
The Zip drive is a magnetic disk that reads data from and write data onto a disk. It comes
in storage capacities of 100MB, 250MB and 750MB. The zip drive is cheaper. It is
commonly used by most bank companies for storing, sharing and transferring pure text or
documents.
Connecting peripheral devices
Peripherals are connected to a computer using computer ports on the system cas or using
Bluetooth connection.
A port is an interface or a point of connection between a computer and its peripheral
devices. It is also a communication port as it creates communication channel or link
between computer and its peripherals. The main function of a port is to act as a point of
attachment. Ports can be divided into serial and parallel ports.
A printer, for example is connected using a parallel port because data is transmitted
through more than one communication line or wire.
In a serial port, data is transmitted over a single communication line. A keyboard and
mouse are connected through the ps/2 port or the USB port.
Audio ports are used to connect speakers or other audio output devices with the
computer.
The VGA port is found in many computers, projectors, video cards and some televisions.
The Universal Serial Bus (USB) has replaced serial ports and parallel ports, PS/2
connectors, game ports and power chargers for portable peripheral devices.
Fault diagnosis
A fault is a problem or an abnormal condition which leads to failure. Fault diagnosis
process has three stages:
1. Fault detection – recognising that a fault has happened.
2. Fault isolation – locating the ICT tool at fault, for example, the keyboard or mouse.
3. Fault estimation – to know the extent of the fault
Common computer faults and solutions
Computer fault Solution
1). Printer not working a). check if printer is turned on
b). check if the printer has paper
c). check if printer has a paper jam
d). check if cables are properly
connected
e). turn off the printer and turn on again

2). Program not responding a). press Ctrl, Alt and Delete keys at the
same time. Start Tsk Manager, highlight
program’s name and hit End Task button
b). hard reboot (press on/off button to
turn off computer)
c). start an anti-virus program to check
for viruses.
 3). Keyboard not working a). make sure keyboard is connected to
the computer
b). ifs keyboard key gets stuck, turn
computer off and clean with damp cloth
4). Mouse not working a). check if mouse is plugged well into
computer
b). check if cord is not damaged
c). clean mouse especially on button

5). Computer is slow a). restart computer

b). check for free hard drive space. If
full remove unnecessary files

6). Screen is blank a). computer may be on sleep mode,

click mouse or any key on the keyboard
b). make sure monitor cable is well
connected to the computer
c). make sure monitor is plugged in and
turned on
d). make sure computer is plugged in
and turned on

7). Power button failing to start the a). check if power cable is properly
computer connected to wall outlet
b). if it fails, check if electrical wall
outlet or adapter is working

8). An application running slowly a). close application and open again

9). All applications are running slowly a). run an anti-virus software
b).

ICT tools maintenance

ICT tool maintenance is the keeping of ICT tools in good health both hardware and software.
Importance
1. Extends ICT tools lifetime
2. Helps to prevent wear and tear
3. Keeps them functioning smoothly
Hardware maintenance
It refers to all the actions that are taken to keep computer hardware in good working
condition. These include: fixing, repairing and replacing components that are no longer
working such as hard drives, CPU, power supply, graphic cards, video cards, network cards,
cooling fans, keyboards, printers, mouse, memory cards and motherboards.
Types of computer maintenance tools
Maintenance tool Function
a). Set of screw drivers - used when opening and closing the
system case, mounting and removing hard
drives and motherboards.

b). Jewellers screwdriver set (for laptops) - used on components such as the fan and
other smaller components on the
motherboard.

c). Can of compressed air - used when cleaning electronic gadgets

such as keyboard in between the buttons,
motherboard and memory cards to remove
dust and other sticking dirt.

d). High-powered blower - to clean dust and dirt from computers

and other electronic equipment.

e). Cotton swabs - moistened with rubbing alcohol or water

are excellent for wiping hard to reach
areas on your keyboard between the
buttons, mouse and other tight locations.

f). Alcohol/methylated spirit Used to moisten cloth or cotton swabs to

clean circuit boards as it dries quickly.

g). Safety glasses - to protect your eyes from airborne dust

and flying debris when blowing out dust
from your computer.

h). Soft cloth - soft cloth moistened with spray

detergent is used when cleaning the outer
surfaces of the computer case.

i). Microfiber lint free cloth - used for cleaning LCD displays, such as
desktop monitor, laptop displays, tablets
and smartphones.

j). USB keyboard vacuum cleaner - sucks the dust, dirt, food crumbs and
other particles out of a computer.

k). Surge protector - an appliance designed to protect

electrical devices from voltage spikes.

l). UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) - used to protect computers or other

electrical equipment during an expected
power disruption.
Software maintenance
Software maintenance is done to correct errors in the software and to improve performance.
Maintenance tool Function
a). Disk fragmentation - a disk optimizing method that increases
the efficiency of a disk drive by removing
small unusable spaces that form over time
on the disk.

b). Disk clean-up - involves freeing up disk space on your

PC’s hard drive.

c). Malware scanning and removal - detecting risk of getting infected with
malware. Malware slows down your system.

d). Antivirus programs - preventing computers from getting

affected by viruses.

e). Firewall - checks information passing to and from

the internet or network. It blocks or allows it
to pass through.

f). Disk error checking - detecting that there are errors on a disk

g). Data backup - copying data and keeping it securely

Questions – Exercise 1
1. What is a computer?
2. Name four parts of a computer.
3. What is hardware?
4. --------is an example of a computer software.
5. Write three types of personal computers.
6. PDA stands for ------------------.
7. Name any three ICT tools.
8. What is a super computer?
9. A laptop/desktop would be used by someone who travels by train to work.
10. What does ICT stand for?
11. What is an input device?
12. Give two examples of input devices.
13. What is an output device?
14. Computer peripherals are also known as -----. (main computer system/electronic
devices/peripheral devices)
15. Give two examples of output devices.
16. A ----- is a point of connection between computer and its peripheral device. (power
cable/port)
17. Ports are found on the external side of the system case. (True/False)
 18. ----- and ----- ports are two main types of computer ports. (Parallel and serial
ports/input and output/output and storage)
19. The ----- links the peripheral devices with the computer through the VGA connector.
(VGA cable/USB cable/Ps2 port)
20. The USB port is another way to attach peripheral devices to the main computer
system. (True/False)
21. The fault diagnosis process has ----- stages. (1/2/3)
22. Fault ----- is knowing the extent of the fault. (estimation/severity/detection)
23. Fault diagnosis seeks to identify the origin of the -----. (computer/fault/book)
24. ----- causes performance problems. (Icons/Malware/Disk drives)
25. A computer hardware needs ----- to function. (water/money/drivers)
26. What is computer maintenance?
27. ------ and ----- are environmental hazards that can damage computer hardware.
28. What is an ICT maintenance tool?
29. Name 5 ICT maintenance tools.
30. Give 3 hardware and 2 software maintenance tools.

CHAPTER 2 - CREATING AND PUBLISHING

Database concepts
A database is a collection of information in an organized way. The data in a database is stored
in tables which consist of many records and each record consists of several fields.
Properties of a database
a). tables – data is stored in rows and columns
b). record- a row within a table
c). fields- columns within a table
d). key fields – used to identify records within a database.
Uses of databases
1. To store information about people, for example, students.
2. To store information about things, for example, books.
3. To store information about events, for example, hotel bookings.
Database Management System (DBMS)
Is a software program that lets you create databases and then organize data in the database.
DBMS include: Microsoft Access, Cybess, Oracle, MySQL
Elements of a database
Tables, Queries, Form, Reports, Data type
Creating tables
A table is a collection of data about a specific object such as products, students or suppliers.
Tables are used to store your data. Each table contains rows called records and columns
called fields.
What is a record?
A record is a collection of facts about something. Fields are pieces of information about an
object. They store the single items of data that make up a record. Each field has a data type.
The main data types are:
a). text – used to store text and whole numbers that are not to be used in calculations (e.g.,
age, phone number)
b). number – used for storing decimals and numbers to be used in calculations
c). auto number – automatic numbers created with each new record
d). currency(money) - used for money
e). date/time – storing date and time
f). yes/no- storing values with two states like yes/no, true/false and on/off.
There are two basic views in a table:
1). Design view – used to set the data types, add or delete fields and set primary key.
2). Datasheet view – used to enter the data for the records.
The primary key is a field that has data which appears only once. It is the unique identifier
for each record in a table.
What is a form?
A form is created to enable easy entering of data and to retrieve records from a single table or
from multiple tables.
What is report?
A report is an object in MS-Access that is used to view and print data. Though a report is
similar to a form, its specialty lies in special features like help to summarise data.
Filtering and sorting data
Filtering and sorting are two common operations performed on data.
Sorting data
Sorting data means arranging it in a specific order which is commonly ascending or
descending order.
Filtering data
Filtering data means selecting a small subset of the data that meets some certain criteria.
Animation
Animation is making non-moving things appear to make movements with the help of
technology. It is a series of moving images that change over time such that the images appear
to be alive. Animations can be pencil drawings, computer drawings, models or an ordinary
object like clay, sand, coin and button.
There are 2D animation, 3D animation and Stop Motion. Bitmap animations are made of
pixels. Vector animations are made by using mathematical calculations.

Advantages of animations
1. Animations get attention easily from people and can therefore
be used for entertainment, advertising, raise awareness or simply communicate.
2. They are easy to use in demonstrations, for example, being hit by a car.
3. They can be used as a tool to teach; people learn faster when they see
4. Animations support story telling.
Stop motion
Is a film making technique that makes non-moving objects appear to move on their own. An
object is placed in front of a camera and a snap photo is taken. The object is then moved a
tiny bit and snap another photo, repeat about twenty more times. Play back the sequence in
quick progression and the object appears to move across the screen.
Animation software
Adobe’s Flash, Fireworks, Photoshop, After Effects, Autodesk’s Maya, 3DSMax, Apple’s
Motion, Monkey Jam, SAM Animation, iMovie, Windows Movie Maker and Dragon
Animation.
Basic animation hardware
Laptop, desktop, light box, tablet pen glove

Questions – Exercise 2
1. What is Microsoft Excel?
2. List any 3 types of graphs created in Ms Excel.
3. Name two ICT tools used to capture pictures.
4. A ------ can be used to send pictures from a digital camera to a computer.
5. ------ is an example of social media that can be used to share pictures on the internet.
6. ------ allows you to create different types of presentations.
7. Who developed PowerPoint?
8. The camera ------ displays your photos in groups according to date and time.
(cable/wizard/power)
9. An image can also be ----- on a PowerPoint presentation. (inserted/taken)
10. If you do not have a USB cable, you can use the ----- in your camera.
(data/battery/SD card)
11. PowerPoint is a -----. (presentation program/video editing program)
 12. When creating a basic PowerPoint presentation, first you ----. (launch the
PowerPoint program/choose a design)
13. A ----- cannot be imported to PowerPoint. (picture/program)
14. ----- is a publishing software. (Microsoft Publisher/Google)
15. List any four photographic communications.
16. Multimedia is combination of audio, visuals and -----. (sound/text)
17. Which one is a multimedia device?
A. Book with no pictures B. T.V C. projector D. computer

18. Which software is used in multimedia?

A. Word B. Excel C. Access D. PowerPoint
19. Define a database.
20. Fields are ----- in a database. (rows/columns/records)
21. A ----- is called a record. (column/row/data type)
22. ----- are used to identify records. (Key fields/Databases/Tables)
23. ------ and ----- are data types. (short text/fruit/date)
24. We create a database in -----. (Microsoft Office Word/Microsoft Office
PowerPoint/Microsoft Office Access)
25. In ----- view, data for the records can be entered in a table. (datasheet/design)
26. Which data type is used to store phone numbers? (number/ text/ auto number)
27. Making non-moving things appear to move is called ------. (videos/music/animation)
28. Movement in animation is -----. (backward/continuous/upwards)
29. Stop motion is created by ----- objects. (new/real/torn)
30. Changing figure positions creates -----. (pictures/movement/sound)
31. A ----- is animation hardware. (plastic bag/printer/light box)
32. Software helps to create impressive animations. (True/False)
33. What is a spreadsheet program?
34. Sorting arranges data in ----- and ----- order.
35. What is data filtering in a database?
36. Forms and reports are created using -----.

CHAPTER 3 – COMPUTER SOFTWARE

Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet program used for setting up a budget, creating graphs to
interpret data on worksheets and financial calculations.
Types of graphs
a). pie charts
b). column charts
c). line charts
d). ribbon charts
Charts are used to interpret information in many forms. Examples, sales of textbooks,
recording marks for tests, pass rates.
Spreadsheets
A spreadsheet is a file made of rows and columns that help sort data, arrange data easily and
calculate numerical data. A row is a list of entries from left to right. Rows in Excel are
labelled using numbers. A column is a list of entries from top to bottom. Columns in Excel
are named using letters of the alphabet. Where a row and column meet we have a cell. A cell
is named using a combination of the column header and the row header, for example, B5. A
spreadsheet program has the ability to calculate values using mathematical formulas and data
in cells.
A spreadsheet has the power of performing mathematical calculations. Spreadsheet programs
are therefore used in schools, companies, government offices and at home because of their
ability to make calculations.
Examples of spreadsheet programs
- Google sheets
- iWork numbers
- LibreOffice calc
- Lotus symphony spreadsheets
- Microsoft excel
- OpenOffice calc.
When a spreadsheet program is opened, a workbook is created. A workbook is a single file
containing several different types of related information as separate worksheets.
Spreadsheet formulae
1. MAX (Maximum) – used to find the greatest or biggest number between a selected
range of numbers.
2. MIN (Minimum) – used to find the lowest or smallest number between a selected
range of numbers.
3. AVE – short for average
4. COUNT – used to find the number of selected entries.
5. SUM – used to find the total of all the selected numbers.
Formulas in Excel always start with an equal sign. This is to let Excel know that a formula is
being used.
Sorting and filtering data
Sorting is arranging data in a certain order especially alphabetically or numerically. Filtering
is separating or isolating data from a range of data items. Data is filtered to remain with data
that fits certain criteria like beginning with letter ‘A’ or containing number ‘6’. Filtering
hides rows based on criteria you set. You can turn the filter on and off by choosing Filter
from the Sort and Filter button on the Home tab or Data tab.
Software installation
Software installation refers to putting software on a computer. Software can be installed from
external storage devices like compact disks, digital versatile disks, memory sticks, external
hard disk drives and any other storage device. Software is usually found on the internet or it
may come on a CD or DVD.
Uninstalling a computer program
Uninstalling is removing a computer program from a computer. Computer users uninstall
programs when:
- They no longer need the program.
- The program is outdated and they want to use new programs.
- The program is consuming much of the computer’s resources.
- The program is not performing well.
- The program is suspected to contain viruses.
- Users want to clean up the computer.
Uninstalling is done using the control panel, command prompt, uninstall.exe or from the star
menu or start screen.

File management
Cloud computing
Cloud computing is a service where data is remotely maintained, managed and backed up
over the internet. Cloud storage platforms (web servers) include: Cloud, Dropbox, Google
Drive, Adobe Drive, One Drive.
Types of cloud computing
1. Public cloud – offers services to everyone over the internet. All hardware, software
and other supporting infrastructure is owned and managed by the cloud provider.
2. Private cloud – refers to cloud computing resources used exclusively by a single
business or organization. Services and infrastructure are maintained on a private
network.
3. Hybrid cloud – combine public and private clouds, bound together by technology
that allows data and applications to be shared between them.
Cloud computing models
1. Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) – is the most basic category that rents IT
infrastructure like servers and virtual machines (VMs), storage, networks and
operating systems from a cloud provider on a pay-as-you-go basis.
 2. Platform as a service (PaaS) – refers to cloud computing services that supply an on-
demand environment for developing, testing, delivering and managing software
applications.
3. Software as a service (SaaS)- is a method of delivering software applications over the
internet, on demand and typically on a subscription basis.
Benefits of cloud computing
1. Cost – cloud computing eliminates the cost of buying hardware, software and setting
up and running data centers.
2. Speed – quick to access services as they are provided self service and on demand
3. Flexibility – can scale up when demand for services increases and scale down when
demand decreases.
4. Productivity – cloud computing removes the need for setting up, software patching
and other IT management duties.
5. Performance – biggest cloud computing services of secure data centers, regularly
upgraded to the latest generation of fast and efficient computing hardware.
6. Security – many cloud providers offer a broad set of policies, technologies and
controls that strengthen your security posture.
Multimedia
It is the use of computers to present text, graphics, video, animation and sound in a joined
way. Examples of multimedia applications are PowerPoint, Picasa, Corel Draw and Window
Live Moviemaker.
Graphic packages
Examples of graphic packages include;
a). painting package – produces images by changing the colour on the shapes.
b). drawing package – produces images that are made up from coloured line and shapes.

Hardware used to display and create multimedia is:

a). Projectors, LCD, plasma screens or touch screens
b). Speakers and sound systems
c). CD, DVD and video tape players
d). head-up displays and headsets

Software used to display and create multimedia is:

a). Presentation software
b). Web browsers and HTML editor.
Questions – Exercise 3
1. What is Microsoft Excel?
2. List any 3 types of graphs created in Ms Excel.
3. Name two ICT tools used to capture pictures.
4. A ------ can be used to send pictures from a digital camera to a computer.
5. ------ is an example of social media that can be used to share pictures on the
internet.
6. ------ allows you to create different types of presentations.
7. Who developed PowerPoint?
8. The camera ------ displays your photos in groups according to date and time.
(cable/wizard/power)
9. An image can also be ----- on a PowerPoint presentation. (inserted/taken)
10. If you do not have a USB cable, you can use the ----- in your camera.
(data/battery/SD card)
11. PowerPoint is a -----. (presentation program/video editing program)
12. When creating a basic PowerPoint presentation, first you ----. (launch the
PowerPoint program/choose a design)
13. A ----- cannot be imported to PowerPoint. (picture/program)
14. ----- is a publishing software. (Microsoft Publisher/Google)
15. List any four photographic communications.
16. Multimedia is combination of audio, visuals and -----. (sound/text)
17. Which one is a multimedia device?
B. Book with no pictures B. T.V C. projector D. computer

18. Which software is used in multimedia?

A. Word B. Excel C. Access D. PowerPoint
19. Define a database.
20. Fields are ----- in a database. (rows/columns/records)
21. A ----- is called a record. (column/row/data type)
22. ----- are used to identify records. (Key fields/Databases/Tables)
23. ------ and ----- are data types. (short text/fruit/date)
24. We create a database in -----. (Microsoft Office Word/Microsoft Office
PowerPoint/Microsoft Office Access)
25. In ----- view, data for the records can be entered in a table. (datasheet/design)
26. Which data type is used to store phone numbers? (number/ text/ auto number)
27. Making non-moving things appear to move is called ------. (videos/music/animation)
28. Movement in animation is -----. (backward/continuous/upwards)
29. Stop motion is created by ----- objects. (new/real/torn)
30. Changing figure positions creates -----. (pictures/movement/sound)
31. A ----- is animation hardware. (plastic bag/printer/light box)
32. Software helps to create impressive animations. (True/False)

Safety and security

Information can be stolen, changed or deleted therefor, it needs to be protected.
Types of security
a). Passwords- a secret word that must be used to gain permission to something
Creating a strong password
1. use upper-case characters (A-Z)
2. lower-case characters (a-z)
3. numerals (1 2 3 4 5 6….)
4. special characters (@ # % ^ &* $......)
For example: sAraH@199o$#

b). Physical security

Is the protection of hardware, software, networks and data from actions that could cause
serious loss or damage to the business or school. This includes protection from fire,
floods, burglary and theft.
Methods of physical protection
1. Lock up the computer room
2. Set up surveillance
3. Security guards
4. Fenced walls or razor wires, screens and burglar bars
Computer virus
A computer virus is a program that can spread across computer and networks. Examples
of computer viruses include:
a). Wannacry Ransomware
b). redlof.
c). Trojan horses
d). Resident virus
e). Overwrite virus
f). Melissa 1999
e). macro virus
Effects of computer viruses
a). they disallow access to files
b). cause data theft
c). delete, destroy or corrupt data
d). display irritating messages
e). disable hardware
f). can perform dangerous operations like formatting the hard disk
g). uses disk space, memory and wastes the processor time

How computer viruses are spread

a). computer contact with another infected computer
b). through e-mail
c). sharing of disks
d). CDs
e). flash drives
f). internet file sharing programs

Scanning and removing viruses

A computer should have an anti-virus installed. Antivirus is computer program used to
prevent, detect and remove viruses from a computer. It can be purchased or downloaded
free from the internet. Examples of antivirus software include:
a). Bitdefender family pack
b). Avast
c). Norton 360
d). AVG
e). Avira
f). Windows Defender
g). Watchdog
h). ESET
Detecting computer virus
1. Computer takes time to boot up
2. Modem transfer lights constantly blinking
3. Program crashes
4. Popup messages
5. Deleted files or folders
6. Web browser opening new home pages or not allowing to close tabs
7. Failure to access Task Manager
8. Receiving of messages, you did not send
Internet
Is a global network of communication between server and the user using standard
communication protocols.
Uses of the internet
1. E- learning
2. E-banking
3. Communication
4. Social networking
5. Research
6. Entertainment
7. E-buying and selling
8. Online games
9. Online dating
10. Downloading educational files, movies, games and music.
Advantages of using the internet
1. Make different tasks easy to carry out
2. Facilitates internet banking
3. Makes communication easier
4. Reduces loads to carry around, for example, carrying around a newspaper when you
can read it on the internet
5. It provides entertainment
6. You can download educational files
Disadvantages of using the internet
1. Cyber bullying
2. Phishing
3. People may get your personal information
4. Minors can get information not suitable for their age
5. Education time may be wasted accessing content not important to course
6. Internet promotes laziness
7. Physical ties are broken since people hardly talk to each other
Cyber bullying
Is sending text, images or video to hurt another person. It is bullying in the form of e-mail,
text messages and the internet.
Effects of cyber bullying
1. Anger
2. Shame
3. Fear
4. Poor performance in school work sadness

Questions- Exercise 4
1. Name two ways of protection.
2. A password is basically used to protect -----.
(devices/everything/nothing/something)
3. A -----, ----- and ----- can be used to protect our devise.
(PIN/passcode/pattern/phone)
4. A password must include -----, ----- and ----- to make it strong.
5. Physical protection is the use of burglar bars, screens, security guards and CCTV to
protect your assets. (True/False)
6. What is a virus?
7. What is an antivirus?
8. A computer virus can spread through -----. (e-mail/typing)
9. Give three examples of computer viruses.
10. Give four examples of antivirus software
11. ----- is the transfer of information from sender to receiver.
(internet/communication/cyber bullying)
12. ----- is the use of the internet to make life unpleasant for another person.
(Internet/Communication/Cyber bullying)
13. Cyber awareness is getting people educated on the dangers of using the ----.
(internet/communication/cyber bullying)
14. Cyber bullying will affect you by ----. (developing fear in you/being
expensive/danger)
15. Good use of the internet is for -----. (cyber bullying/visiting pornographic
sites/downloading educational files)

The World Wide Web and collaboration

The WWW refers to all the web pages that are found on the internet. It is basically the
text and pictures that you can see using your Web browser, such as Microsoft Internet
Explorer, Chrome, Opera and Firefox.
Components of a webpage
1. Navigation – helps users to easily navigate the complete site.
2. Web hosting – a set of files and folders which make the site to be accessed
3. Headline – are a part of marketing and should be attractive
4. About us – one of the most visited pages
5. Visuals – a website has many visuals like logos, images and graphics.
Search engines
A search engine is a program that searches information over the internet (web). When
viewing a web page, the search results are called hits.

Types of search engines

1. Google
2. Yahoo
3. Bing
4. Ask.com
5. Amazon
6. DuckDuckGo
7. Wikipedia
Web browsers
Web browsers are computer applications that are used to show web pages on a computer
Examples
1. Internet explorer
2. Opera Web browser
3. Mozilla Firefox
4. Google Chrome
5. Safari
Links
Links give us access to other data and web pages on the world wide web. Links allow
users to move from one page to another.
Address bar
This is where a web address can be typed. A web address always begins with https://
Bookmarking webpages
Bookmarking is a method of saving a web page’s address. It makes browsing your
favourite sites much quicker. A bookmark placed in “bookmarks bar” is easily and
quickly accessed.
Questions – Exercise 5
1. A basic website is made up of ----- (components/about us/home/links)
2. Good hosting considers smooth ----- (webpage/friendlies/about us/functioning)
3. ----- is the most visited part of the page. (home/about us/contact us)
4. What is a search engine?
5. A search engine is used to ----- information on web. (search/delete/keep/save)
6. ----- is an example of a search engine.
7. ----- and ---- are web browsers. (Microsoft Edge/Mozilla Firefox/Google search)
8. The World Wide Web provides us with ---- (network/information)
9. Search results are also called ----- (hits/internet)
10. Every ----- should begin with https:// (web page/web address)
11. You can move from one page to another using ----- (mouse/links)
12. A ----- is a page of information on the internet about a particular subject, that forms
(a part of) a website. (webpage/bookmark)
13. ------ is to make a record of the address of a web page on your computer so that you
can find it again easily. (bookmarking/typing)
14. ----- is a computer software used to locate a user specified word, image or file located
on the World Wide Web. (search engine/Gmail)
15. Which of the following is not an example of a search engine? (AOL/redlof)

E-messaging
E-messaging is a way of sending and receiving messages using electronic means.
Information sent or received is called a message. E-messaging is the fastest way of
sending and receiving messages. There are ways that are used to send messages which
are:
1. Letters – written or printed communication
2. Telephone – is a device used for two-way talking with another person
3. E-mail (Electronic mail) – a system for sending and receiving messages between
computers connected to a network
4. Text or SMS (Short Message Service) – a service through which text travels from one
phone to another.
5. Instant messaging (IM) - a form of communication where two or more people
exchange messages using devices which are able to communicate.
6. Social networking – use of different platforms to connect with friends near or far, to
share news, experiences and chat. For example, WhatsApp, Skype, Twitter.
7. Voice over Internet Protocol (VOIP) – it is technology that helps us talk other people
via internet
8. Chatrooms – communication is in real time meaning you send and receive messages
at the same time.
Downloading and uploading files to the internet
Downloading means receiving data or a file from the internet on your computer.
Uploading means sending data or a file from your computer to somewhere on the
internet. Many internet sites have an upload button that opens a dialog box. For example,
Facebook has a camera icon that begins the upload process.

Forms of information
Information can be presented using various forms; text, images, sound or multimodal.
1. Text
These are letters, symbols, numbers and characters which have some meaning.
2. Images
These can be drawn or taken by a camera. They give us a view of real or imaginary
objects.
3. Sound
Sound is heard through the ear. Information in sound form can be listened to through
speakers.
4. Multimodal
Information presented using a combination of various forms (text, images, videos and
sound).
Questions – Exercise 6
1. People can send and receive messages using -----, ----- and -----. (letters/ internet/ e-
mails/ telephone)
2. ----- is an instant messaging application. (e-mail/ twitter)
3. Text messages are -----. (short/long)
4. To send e-mails the communicating devices should be connected to the -----.
(internet/service)
5. A letter is delivered through the -----. (network/Post Office)
6. Sound can be seen. (True/False)
7. An image is used to take pictures. (True/False)
8. Text are letters, symbols, numbers and characters which have some meaning.
(True/False)
9. What is to download?
10. Uploading is ------.

ICT Enterprise
ICT enterprise involves undertaking business ventures and jobs in ICT.
1. Data capture clerk
-Use a keyboard to enter information into computer systems.
- They deal with text and numerical data.
- Transfer data from paper formats into computer files or database systems
- Create spreadsheets with large numbers of figures
2. Sound technicians
Sound technician’s setup, maintain and operate equipment for radio and television
productions, concerts, movies and other sound recordings.
- Keeps audio equipment in a safe and secure way
- Setting up of audio and mixing board equipment for certain events
- Operating audio equipment to record and reproduce sound
- Maintenance of recording and broadcasting equipment

3. Computer operator
A computer operator controls and monitors computer systems. He or she must work
together and communicate with others, work freely, and have good skills. A computer
operator can work in a server room or data center. Roles of computer operators include:
- Handling maintenance and operation of computer systems
- Set controls on computers
- Analyses common issues and how to reduce them
- Carries out preventative maintenance on hardware and software
- Maintain equipment inventories
- Ensure the security and privacy of the system

4. Copyist

A copyist is someone who makes copies. He or she can work in different industries. A
copyist is responsible for:
- Producing many copies of original text or document
- Produces paper documents from data or other paper documents

5. Digital photographer

Photographers take pictures for the purpose of art, entertainment, business or news.
They use technology to create more accurate and colourful images. Duties of a digital
photographer include:
- makes adverts to attract people
- analyses and decides how to compose a picture
- capture quality photographs
- improves the photographs appearance with natural or artificial light
- use a photo editing software
- set and adjusts equipment
- prints photos
Public Address System (PA System)
Public address systems are sound systems that are used to address the public and hold
events such as weddings, parties and any other event. The main components of a PA
System are speakers, microphones, amplifiers, mixers, cables and audio playback devices.
Mixing board lets you take a number of sound sources and combine them into a smaller
number of outputs.
Speakers are responsible for producing quality sound. They are the most visible
components of a PA system. Speakers are put at the front.
Amplifiers increase the level of sound. Correct any echo or howling sound that may result
when turning up the volume.
The microphone is used to record sound. They can be wired or wireless.
Connections are done using cables.
Photocopying, Scanning and Printing documents
Photocopying is producing a paper document from an original paper document. It can be
used to produce correct and durable copies of the original document on paper.
Benefits of photocopying
- Allows production of many copies to use for many people
- Reduces work in reproducing the same work
- Helps to keep documents safe by storing original documents and using copies
Scanning is using the scanner to convert paper documents into digital images. Is is done
using a scanner connected to a computer.
Benefits of scanning
- Scanned documents can be shared using e-messaging
- Scanning makes people have information easily at the same time
- It is easy to share scanned information to many people
- Scanning keeps the environment clean
Printing is producing text and image using the original template. It is done using a printer
connected to a computer or not connected to a computer.
Benefits of printing
- Printing helps make information available to many people
Questions – Exercise 7
1. Data capture clerks type data from ----- into a computer. (paper/excel)
2. A data capture clerk should be ----- in typing. (fast/ready)
3. Computer operator maintains supplies. (True/False)
4. Computer operator works in a -----. (classroom/server room/school)
5. A copyist is someone who makes ----- of data. (copies/computer/typist)
6. Paper documents are produced from ----- by a copyist. (typist/data/program)
7. In Excel information is organized into ---- and -----. (boxes/rows/columns)
8. ------ go from top to bottom. (Rows/Columns)
9. Columns in Excel are labelled using ----. (letters/numbers)
10. Sound technicians use -----. (mixing boards/harrows)
11. The sound technician ----- audio equipment. (creates/operates)
12. Sound technicians keep sound equipment safe and ----. (great/secure)
13. A sound technician can work in a -----. (salon/recording studio)
14. Computers reduce -----. (space/paperwork)
15. Speakers ----- sound. (play/make)
16. Speakers are put ----- microphones. (behind/in front of)
17. ----- and ----- are PA system components. (data/amplifiers/microphones)
18. The most visible components of a sound system are -----. (speakers/mixers)
19. Speakers are put ----- microphones. (behind/in front of)
20. PA system sound should be free from ----- and -----. (dirt/echoes/howling sounds)
21. ----- allows to produce many copies. (Photocopying/Durable/Storing)
22. Photocopying produces ----- copy of original document. (correct/three/methods)
23. Scanning is ----- paper document into digital image. (converting/digital/clean)
24. Scanner is connected to a computer. (True/False)
25. A printer is always connected to a computer. (True/False)
26. Pictures are ----- into a computer or phone for editing. (uploaded/downloaded)
27. ----- is an example of a photo editing software. (Paint/PowerPoint)
28. Resizing and cropping are the same. (True/False)
29. Photo editing is ----- of images to improve their quality.
(cropping/resizing/modifying)
30. State any two roles of a digital photographer.

PROGRAMMING
Computer programming is writing instructions that are used by a computer to perform tasks.
Programming languages are used to make computer instructions.
Programming languages
1. Logo or turtle – is a programming language that helps kids and adults learn
programming quickly and easily
2. Scratch – is a programming language that lets you create your own communicating
stories, animations, games, music and art. Scratch projects are made up of objects
called sprites.
Other programming languages
3. Java
4. C-Sharp
5. C
6. C++
7. BASIC
8. Python
9. Perl
Creating sequence of instruction
Before a computer can read data, change it and produce it, the computer needs a set of
instructions to follow. These set of instructions are called a program.
Questions – Exercise 8
1. Computer instructions -----. (tell a computer what to do/work outside the
computer)
2. ----- is a programming language. (Word processor/Perl)
3. Programming is writing instructions that are used by computers. (True/False)
4. Instructions are also called -----. (sentences/commands)
5. ----- is a programming language. (Scratch/Windows)
6. What is Scratch programming?
7. Scratch projects are made up of objects called -----.
8. ----- languages are languages that are understood by a computer.
(home/programming)
9. A programmer is a person who creates -----. (data/software)
10. We use ----- to learn programming. (word processors/Scratch 2)

ANSWERS
Exercise 1
1. An electronic device that performs tasks or calculations according to set instructions
or programs.
2. Keyboard, mouse, monitor, CPU
3. Hardware are the parts of a computer that you can see and touch.
4. Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft PowerPoint
5. Desktop, laptop, PDA
6. PDA – Personal Digital Assistant
7. Television, calculator, desktop, laptop, microphone
8. Super computers are specialised and task specific large and powerful computers.
9. Laptop
10. ICT – Information and Communication Technology.
11. Any device that allows you to send or enter data into a computer.
12. Keyboard, mouse, scanner…
13. Devices which allow you to see or read results given out.
14. Peripheral devices
15. Monitor, projector, speakers…
16. Port
17. True
18. Parallel and serial
19. VGA cable
20. True
21. 3
22. Estimation
23. Fault
24. Malware
25. Drivers
26. It is a way of keeping computer hardware and software in good health.
27. Dust, dirt, food
28. A tool used to keep electronic equipment in good health.
29. Screw drivers, can of compressed air, high powered blower, disk fragmentation, disk
clean-up etc
30. Hardware – screw drivers, cotton swabs, safety glasses
Software – disk fragmentation, disk clean-up, malware scanning

Exercise 2
1. Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet program used for setting up a budget, creating graphs
and financial calculations.
2. Pie charts, column charts, line charts
3. Digital camera/smartphone
4. Flash, memory card or USB
5. WhatsApp, Facebook, Twitter
6. Microsoft PowerPoint
7. Microsoft
8. Wizard
9. Inserted
10. SD card
11. Presentation program
12. Launch the PowerPoint program
13. Program
14. Microsoft publisher
15. Brochures, business cards, greeting cards, posters
16. Text
17. TV
18. PowerPoint
19. Columns
20. Row
21. Key fields
22. Short text/date
23. Microsoft Office Access
 24. Datasheet
25. Text
26. Animation
27. Continuous
28. Movement
29. Light box
30. True
31. Light box
32. True
33. Is an electronic document in which data is arranged in the rows and columns of a grid
and can be manipulated and used in calculations.
34. Ascending and descending
35. It is the selection of a small subset of the data to meet some certain criteria.
36. Wizard

Exercise 3
1. Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet program used for setting up a budget, creating graphs
and financial calculations.
2. Pie charts, column charts, line charts
3. Digital camera/smartphone
4. Flash, memory card or USB
5. WhatsApp, Facebook, Twitter
6. Microsoft PowerPoint
7. Microsoft
8. Wizard
9. Inserted
10. SD card
11. Presentation program
12. Launch the PowerPoint program
13. Program
14. Microsoft publisher
15. Brochures, business cards, greeting cards, posters
16. Text
17. Computer
18. PowerPoint
19. A database is a collection of information that is organized so that it can be easily
accessed, managed and updated.
20. Columns
21. Row
22. Tables
23. Short text / date
24. Microsoft Access
25. Datasheet
26. Number
27. Animation
 28. Continuous
29. Real
30. Movement
31. Light box
32. True

Exercise 4
1. physical security and passwords
2. devices
3. PIN, passcode, pattern
4. Letters, numbers and special keys
5. True
6. A virus is a program that can spread across computers causing interferences to the
computer programs.
7. An antivirus is a program that is used to prevent, detect and remove viruses from a
computer.
8. E-mail
9. Wannacry Ransomware; Trojan horses; Resident virus
10. Avast; Norton 360; AVG; Avira
11. communication
12. cyber bullying
13. internet
14. developing fear in you
15. downloading educational files

Exercise 5
1. components
2. functioning
3. about us
4. a search engine is a program that searches information on the internet.
5. Search
6. Google/ yahoo/ Facebook/Bing
7. Microsoft Edge and Mozilla Firefox
8. Information
9. Hits
10. Web address
11. Links
12. Webpage
13. Bookmarking
14. Search engine
15. Redlof

Exercise 6
 1. Letters, e-mail and telephone
2. E-mail
3. Short
4. Internet
5. Post Office
6. False
7. False
8. True
9. Downloading is receiving data or a file from the internet on your computer.
10. Uploading is sending data or a file from your computer to somewhere on the internet.

Exercise 7
1. Paper
2. Fast
3. True
4. Server room
5. Copies
6. Data
7. Rows and columns
8. Rows
9. Letters
10. Mixing boards
11. Operates
12. Secure
13. Recording studio
14. Paperwork
15. Make
16. In front of
17. Amplifier/microphones
18. Speakers
19. In front of
20. Echoes/howling sounds
21. Photocopying
22. Correct
23. Converting
24. True
25. False
26. Uploading
27. Paint
28. False
29. Modifying
30. Captures quality photographs/prints photos

Exercise 8
1. Tell a computer what to do.
2. Perl
3. True
4. Commands
5. Scratch
6. Scratch programming is creating your own communication stories, animations,
games, music and art.
7. Sprites
8. Programming
9. Software
10. Scratch 2