9-Marine Biology and Ecology - ADMANLICLIC-compressed

Lecture Notes in
AQUATIC RESOURCES AND ECOLOGY

Mentor: ADRIAN DEIL C. MANLICLIC
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
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AQUATIC RESOURCES
AND ECOLOGY
MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY

ADRIAN DEIL C. MANLICLIC
Lecture 7-8
11 September 2021
ONLINE MENTORING PROGRAM

Licensure Examination for 1
FISHERIES TECHNOLOGISTS 2021
MARINE BIOLOGY
AND ECOLOGY
Fisheries Development Network

Licensure Exam for Fisheries Technologists 1
Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT
1. It is big; the major oceans (Antartic, Artic, Atlantic, Indian,

and Pacific)cover 70% of the earth’s surface.
THE MARINE
ENVIRONMENT
2. It is deep, and life

extends to all its depths.
There are no abiotic
zones in ocean. Life is
much denser around the
margins of continents
and islands.

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
3. It is continuous, not separated as land and freshwater

habitats.
• Temperature, salinity, and depth are the chief barriers to
the free movement of marine organisms.
4. It is in continuous circulation;
• air temperature differences between poles and
equator set up strong winds such as the trade
winds which, together with the rotation of the
earth, create definite currents.
• Deeper currents results form variations in
temperature and salinity, which create
differences in density.

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
MARINE ENVIRONMENT
Upwelling
Upwelling
• Upwelling occurs where winds consistently
move surface water away form coastal
slopes, bringing to the surface cold water
rich in nutrients which have been
accumulating in the depths.
• The most productive marine areas are

located in the regions of upwelling, which
occur largely on western coasts.
• Ex. Peru Current – one of the richest
fisheries in the world

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
Upwelling
• If not for these currents, upwelling and deep currents resulting

from temperature and salinity differences, bodies and
materials would pass permanently into the depths, carrying
nutrients beyond the reach of producers in the photic surface
regions.
• Outwelling – occurs when nutrient-rich estuarine waters move

out to sea
5. It is dominated by waves of many kind and by tides

produced by the pull of moon and sun;
• Tides are chiefly responsible for the marked periodicities in
these communities and entrain the “lunar-day” biological clocks.
Types of Tides (based on range variation)

1. Spring tides
• When high tides are very high and low tides are very low
2. Neap tides
• When the difference between high tides and low tides is small

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021

6. It is salty.
• The average salinity or salt content is 35 parts of salts by weight per 1000
parts of water, or 3.5%
• This usually written as 35 ppt
• Marine bony fish have lower concentration of salts in blood and tissues but
regulate by ingestion of water and active excretion of salt through the gills.
THE MARINE
ENVIRONMENT
7. The concentration of
dissolved nutrients is low and
constitutes an important
limiting factor in determining
the size of marine population.
• Nitrates, phosphates,
and other nutrients are
so diluted that they are
measured in parts per
billion.

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021

8. Paradoxically, the ocean and some groups of
organisms that live in it are older than the ocean
floor.
• The ocean floor is constantly being altered and renewed
by tectonic and sedimentary processes.
ZONATION OF THE SEA

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
Horizontal zonation
1. Intertidal/littoral zone
• zone between high and low tides
2. Neritic zone (near shore)
• shallow water zone on the continental shelf
3. Oceanic zone
• region of the open ocean beyond the continental shelf
Vertical zonation
1. Bathyal zone – region of the continental slope and rise
2. Abyssal zone – area of ocean deep formed by abyssal plain (2000
to 5000 meters down)
3. Hadal zone – zones formed by trenches
4. Euphotic zone – zone where photosynthesis is greater than
respiration
5. Aphotic zone – zone where total darkness prevails

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
Factors affecting
Biological Communities in
Marine Environment
1. Waves
2. Tides
3. Current
4. Salinity
5. Temperature
6. Pressure
7. Light intensity
1. Waves
• Wave action exerts

more influence on
organisms and
communities
• The continual splashing

allows the marine
organisms to live higher
in exposed waveswept
areas

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
2. Tides
• The most important
environmental factor
influencing life in the
intertidal zone
• Changes in tides over time

have direct effect on
intertidal communities
1. Exposure to air – results to
desiccation (water loss)
2. Induces certain rhythms in
activities – feeding, spawning
3. Current
Ocean currents carry warm water poleward on the western
side of ocean basins and cooler water equatorward on the
eastern side of the ocean
Current affects:
• the retention and dispersal patterns of larval fishes
• production and distribution of plankton (productivity)
If productivity is affected, current/circulation could influence:

• growth and survival of larval fishes
• growth and distribution of pelagic fishes
• growth and reproductive success of reef fishes

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
4. Salinity
• Salinity is one of the major
factors that affects the
distribution of marine
organisms
• Ex. Corals are intolerant to low
salinities. Wherever inshore
waters are subject to continuing
influxes of freshwater from river
discharge, salinity is lowered,
and reefs will be absent.
• Mangrove areas do well under

moderate salinity (25 ppt)
• Sea grasses tolerate a wide

range of salinity
5. Temperature
• Temperature affects metabolism,
growth, reproduction, and distribution
of organisms.
• All species have thermal optima where
physiological processes are maximised
or operate most effectively
• Changes of a few degrees Celsius in
ambient temperature can influence
physiological condition, developmental
rate, growth rate, swimming ability,
reproductive performance, and
behaviour
• Intertidal communities experience more
extreme temperatures (and salinity)
than other marine environments
• Temperature varies more from place to
place in the subtidal zone than on the
deeper bottom beyond the shelf
because bottom is shallow

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
6. Pressure (and Depth)

• The pressure of the sea increases in every increase in depth (1 atm for every 10 m increase
• Pressure and depth influences the distribution of organisms in the marine environment.
• Some species can tolerate high water pressure; usually thriving at deeper parts of
lakes/seas
7. Light
Intensity
• Photosynthesis is only
possible when the light
reaching an autotrophic
cell is above a certain
intensity
• Because of light
absorption by water
(and other factors),
photosynthesis is
restricted to the thin
uppermost lighted layer
(in the clearest ocean,
this may be up to 150-
200 m)

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
Primary Production
• Photosynthesis is the basis for
nearly all life in the sea
• Light and nutrient supply (N & P)

are the most significant factors
limiting productivity in the
ocean
Photosynthetic
Communities
1. Phytoplankton
2. Seaweeds
3. Seagrass
4. Mangroves
5. Coral Reefs
(photosynthetic
symbioses)

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
1. Phytoplankton
a. Planktonic of free floating
• Main phytoplankton groups are
diatoms, dinoflagellates,
coccolithphores, and prochlorophyes
(photosynthetic bacteria)
• Responsible for about 95% of all

marine primary productivity
1. Phytoplankton
b. Microphytobenthic
communities
• Microscopic algae growing on
shallow-water sediments and rock
surfaces
• Epiphytic communities on sea

grasses
• Algal turf community on coral reefs

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
2. Seaweeds
• Seaweed beds can be extremely

productive per unit area and are
believed to be amongst the
most productive autotrophs in
the world.
• Red and brown algae are almost

exclusively marine, green algae
are also common in freshwater
and on land
3. Seagrass
• Flowering plants that can derive
their nutrients form the substrate
• Need more sunlight than algae for

photosynthesis (need more 10%
light falling at the water surface)
• Abundance, growth and

distribution of seagrass are
extremely sensitive to light
availability.

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
4. Mangroves
• Trees and shrubs adapted to live along tropical
and subtropical shores around the world.
• Often forms a zone form open water to the
upper intertidal zone
• Extensive prop roots penetrate deeply into the
anaerobic mud, bringing oxygen to its depts,
and providing attachments for organisms.
• They also serve as spawning and nursing
grounds for aquatic organisms.
• About 34-40 of the estimated 74 mangrove
species in the world can be found in the
Philippines (Haribon, 2006) belonging to 15
families
5. Coral Reefs (photosynthetic

symbioses)
• Coral polyps produce carbon dioxide and water
as byproducts of cellular respiration.
• The zooxanthellae cells use carbon dioxide and

water to carry out photosynthesis.
• 90 percent of the organic material

photosynthetically produced by the
zooxanthellae is transferred to the host coral
tissue. This is the driving force behind the
growth and productivity of coral reefs.
• Coral reefs are among the most productive and

diverse of biotic communities

Lecture Notes in
11 SEPTEMBER 2021
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Licensure Examination for
FISHERIES TECHNOLOGISTS 2021 37


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Lecture Notes in

AQUATIC RESOURCES AND ECOLOGY

Click to edit Master title style

MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY

ONLINE MENTORING PROGRAM

FISHERIES TECHNOLOGISTS 2021

ADRIAN DEIL C. MANLICLIC

Fisheries Development Network

THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT

1. It is big; the major oceans (Antartic, Artic, Atlantic, Indian,

2. It is deep, and life

Fisheries Development Network

THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT

3. It is continuous, not separated as land and freshwater

THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT

Fisheries Development Network

Fisheries Development Network

• The most productive marine areas are

Fisheries Development Network

• If not for these currents, upwelling and deep currents resulting

• Outwelling – occurs when nutrient-rich estuarine waters move

THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT

5. It is dominated by waves of many kind and by tides

Types of Tides (based on range variation)

Fisheries Development Network

Fisheries Development Network

THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT

• This usually written as 35 ppt

Fisheries Development Network

THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT

ZONATION OF THE SEA

Fisheries Development Network

Fisheries Development Network

• Wave action exerts

• The continual splashing

Fisheries Development Network

• Changes in tides over time

If productivity is affected, current/circulation could influence:

Fisheries Development Network

• Mangrove areas do well under

• Sea grasses tolerate a wide

Fisheries Development Network

6. Pressure (and Depth)

Fisheries Development Network

• Light and nutrient supply (N & P)

Fisheries Development Network

• Responsible for about 95% of all

• Epiphytic communities on sea

• Algal turf community on coral reefs

Fisheries Development Network

• Seaweed beds can be extremely

• Red and brown algae are almost

• Need more sunlight than algae for

• Abundance, growth and

Fisheries Development Network

5. Coral Reefs (photosynthetic

• The zooxanthellae cells use carbon dioxide and

• 90 percent of the organic material

• Coral reefs are among the most productive and