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Introducing Translation Studies Chapter 5

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91 views4 pages

Introducing Translation Studies Chapter 5

Introducing_translation_studies_chapter_5

Uploaded by

Nazanin Naderi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 5

‫ ﺑﺮای زﺑﺎن ﺳﻪ ﻧﻮع‬. ‫در زﺑﺎﻧﺸﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﻧﻘﺶ ﮔﺮا در واﻗﻊ ﺑﺮ ﻧﻘﺶﻫﺎی اﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯽ و ﺑﺎﻓﺘﯽ زﺑﺎن و ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ آن در ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺗﺄﮐﯿﺪ ﻣﯽﺷﻮد‬
.‫ﻧﻘﺶ را ﻣﯿﺘﻮان در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‬
three functions of language by German psychologist and linguist Karl Bühler :
(1) informative function (Darstellungsfunktion);
(2) expressive function (Ausdrucksfunktion);
(3) appellative function (Appellfunktion)
Reiss
Text type :
Informative text type : ‘Plain communication of facts’: information, knowledge, opinions, etc.
‫ ﻣﺜﻞ ﮐﺘﺎب ﻫﺎی درﺳﯽ و ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﻫﺎی ﻋﻠﻤﯽ‬. ‫اﯾﻦ ﻧﻮع ﻣﺘﻦ ﻧﺜﺮ ﺻﺮﯾﺤﯽ دارد و ﻣﻌﻨﺎی ارﺟﺎﻋﯽ را ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﯿﮑﻨﺪ‬
Expressive text type : ‘Creative composition’: the author uses the aesthetic dimension of
language.
‫ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺘﻮن ادﺑﯽ‬. ‫اﯾﻦ ﻧﻮع ﻣﺘﻦ ﺑﺮ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﺘﻦ و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﺑﺮ ﻃﺮز ﻧﮕﺮش و دﯾﺪﮔﺎه ﻧﻮﯾﺴﻨﺪه ﺗﺎﮐﯿﺪ دارد‬
Operative text type : ‘Inducing behavioural responses’: the aim of the appellative function is
to appeal to or persuade the reader or ‘receiver’ of the text to act in a certain way. The form of
language is dialogic and the focus is appellative.
‫ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﺘﻮن دﯾﻨﯽ و ﯾﺎ‬. ‫ ﻫﺪف اﯾﻦ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺘﻦ را ﺟﺬاب ﮐﺮده و واﮐﻨﺶ دﻟﺨﻮاه را از ﺧﻮاﻧﻨﺪه ﺑﮕﯿﺮﻧﺪ‬، ‫در اﯾﻦ ﻧﻮع ﻣﺘﻦ‬
‫ﺗﺒﻠﯿﻐﺎت‬
Audio-medial texts : such as films and visual and spoken advertisements which supplement
the other three functions with visual images, music, etc. Theses are now commonly called
multimodal texts.
. ‫ ﻣﻮﺳﯿﻘﯽ ﺑﺎ ﯾﮑﯽ از اﻧﻮاع ﻣﺘﻦ ﻫﺎی ﺑﺎﻻ ﺗﺮﮐﯿﺐ ﻣﯿﺸﻮد‬، ‫در اﯾﻦ ﻧﻮع ﻣﺘﻦ‬
text varieties : Reiss examples of these text types calls text varieties , now more commonly
known as genres, that are typically associated with them.
.‫ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد‬genre ‫ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﯾﮏ از اﯾﻦ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻫﺎی زﺑﺎﻧﯽ ﯾﮏ‬
Hybrid : genres that have information about 2 or 3 tex types.
‘the transmission of the predominant function of the ST is the determining factor by which
the TT is judged’.
‫ ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ در‬. ‫ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻌﯿﯿﻦ ﮐﻨﻨﺪه ای اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺘﻦ ﻣﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﺎ آن ﻣﻮرد داوری ﻗﺮار ﻣﯽ ﮔﯿﺮد‬، ‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻧﻘﺶ ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻣﺘﻦ ﻣﺒﺪا‬
. ‫ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﺘﻦ ﻣﺒﺪا در ﻣﺘﻦ ﻣﻘﺼﺪ رﻋﺎﯾﺖ ﺷﻮد‬
(1) The TT of an informative text should transmit the full referential or conceptual content
of the ST. The translation should be in ‘plain prose’, without redundancy and with the use of
explicitation when required.
. ‫ﻣﺘﻦ ﻣﻘﺼﺪ ﻫﻢ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﮐﺎﻣﻞ را در ﺑﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
(2) The TT of an expressive text should transmit the aesthetic and artistic form of the ST, in
addition ensuring the accuracy of information. The translation should use the ‘identifying’
method, with the translator adopting the standpoint of the ST author.
‫ﻣﺘﻦ ﻣﻘﺼﺪ ﻋﻼوه ﺑﺮ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻣﻌﻨﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺻﻮرت زﯾﺒﺎﯾﯽ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ را ﻫﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮاﻧﻨﺪه ﻣﻨﻨﻘﻞ ﮐﻨﺪ و ﺳﺒﮏ ﻧﻮﯾﺴﻨﺪه در اوﻟﻮﯾﺖ ﻗﺮار‬
. ‫داده ﺷﻮد‬
(3) The TT of an operative text should produce the desired response in the TT receiver. The
translation should employ the ‘adaptive’ method, creating an equivalent effect among TT
readers.
.‫ﻣﺘﻦ ﻣﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻈﺮ و دﻟﺨﻮاه را روی ﺧﻮاﻧﻨﺪه ﺑﮕﺬارد‬
(4) Audio-medial texts require what Reiss calls the ‘supplementary’ method, supplementing
written words with visual images and music.
‫ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻣﻮﺳﯿﻘﯽ ﻣﻮرد ﭘﺴﻨﺪ ﺧﻮاﻧﻨﺪه ﺷﻤﺎ ﻣﻮﺳﯿﻘﯽ‬. ‫در ﻣﺘﻦ ﻣﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ ﮐﻠﻤﺎت ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﺳﯿﻘﯽ و ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮ ﺗﮑﻤﯿﻞ ﺷﻮد‬
. ‫ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده در ﻣﺘﻦ ﻧﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬
Series of instruction criteria :
1 _ linguistic components:
semantic equivalence , lexical equivalence , grammatical and stylistic features;
2 _ non-linguistic determinants:
situation , subject field or domain , time , place , receiver , sender , affective implications

There are 3 criticisms of thevtext type model :


‫ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻫﻤﻪ ی ﻣﺘﻦ ﻫﺎ را ﻧﻤﯿﺘﻮاﻧﺪ در‬۳ ‫ اﯾﻦ‬، ‫ ﻫﻢ‬Nord ‫از ﻧﻈﺮ‬. ‫ ﻧﻘﺶ زﺑﺎﻧﯽ وﺟﻮد داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬۳ ‫ _ اﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﭼﺮا ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ‬۱
‫ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﯽ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ ﮐﻪ واﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺨﻦ ﯾﺎ ﺻﺪاﯾﯽ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﺗﻌﺎرﻓﯽ داﺷﺘﻪ و‬phatic ‫ ﻧﻮرد ﻧﻮﻋﯽ ﻧﻘﺶ را ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎم‬. ‫ﺑﺮﺑﮕﯿﺮد‬
‫ ﺧﻮﺑﯽ ﻫﺎی اﺑﺘﺪای ﮐﻼم ﯾﺎ َاﻟﻮ در اﺑﺘﺪای ﻣﮑﺎﻟﻤﻪ ﻫﺎی ﺗﻠﻔﻨﯽ‬، ‫ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺳﻼم‬. ‫ﺣﺎوی ﻣﻌﻨﯽ و ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺧﺎص ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‬
‫ ﺗﺠﺎرت و اﻣﻮر ﻣﺎﻟﯽ ﭘﺮ از اﺳﺘﻌﺎره اﺳﺖ اﻣﺎ در دﯾﮕﺮ‬، ‫ ﻣﺜﻼ در زﺑﺎن اﻧﮕﻠﯿﺴﯽ‬. ‫ _ ﻧﻮع ﻣﺘﻦ ﻫﻤﯿﺸﻪ در دو زﺑﺎن ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‬۲
. ‫زﺑﺎن ﻫﺎ اﯾﻦ ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‬
. ‫ _ ﯾﮏ ﻣﺘﻦ ﻣﯽ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﺮای ﺧﻮاﻧﻨﺪه ﻫﺎی ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت ﻧﻘﺶ ﻫﺎی ﻣﺘﻔﺎوﺗﯽ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬۳
Mary Snell-Hornby’s ‘integrated approach’
Roles and pkayers of Process of Translatorial action :
• The initiator : the company or individual who needs the translation;
• The commissioner : the individual or agency who contacts the translator
• The ST producer : the individual(s) within the company who write(s) the ST, and who are not
necessarily involved in the TT production
• The TT producer :the translator(s) and the translation agency or department
• The TT user : the person who uses the TT
• The TT receiver : the final recipient of the TT
Translatorial action focuses very much on producing a TT that is functionally communicative
for the receiver.
Skopos theory
Skopos is the Greek word for ‘aim’ or ‘purpose’ .
The theory was introduced by J.Vereer.
The rules of the teory is :
• (1) A translational action is determined by its skopos.
• (2) It's an offer of information in a target culture and TL concerning an offer of information in
a source culture and SL.
• (3) A TT does not initiate an offer of information in a clearly reversible way.
• (4) A TT must be internally coherent.
• (5) A TT must be coherent with the ST.
• (6) The five rules above stand in hierarchical order, with the skopos rule predominating
Functional adequacy : A) the coherence rule B) the fidelity rule
‫ ﻫﺪف ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ اﮔﺮﭼﻪ ﻣﻬﻢ اﺳﺖ وﻟﯽ ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ اﻣﺎﻧﺖ دار‬Nord ‫ ﻃﺒﻖ ﻧﻈﺮ‬. ‫ﻧﻘﺶ ﮔﺮاﯾﯽ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﻼک ﺑﺮای ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ اﺳﺖ‬
.‫ﻫﻢ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺗﻌﻬﺪ دو ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻪ ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺘﻦ ﻣﺒﺪا و ﻣﻘﺼﺪ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺷﻮد‬
This functionality plus loyalty principle underpins Nord's model .
Two basic types of translation product by Nord :
Documentary translation : ‘serves as a document of a source culture communication between
the author and the ST recipient’
‫ﻣﺘﻦ ﻣﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﯿﺮﻧﺪه اﺟﺎزه درﺳﺘﺮﺳﯽ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺘﻦ ﻣﺒﺪا را ﻣﯽ دﻫﺪ اﻣﺎ ﺑﺎ اﯾﻦ ﺣﺎل ﺧﻮاﻧﻨﺪه ﻣﯽ داﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ ﯾﮏ ﻣﺘﻦ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺷﺪه‬
‫ﺳﺮو ﮐﺎر دارد ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻔﻈﯽ‬
Instrummental translation: serves as an independent message transmitting instrument
in a new communicative action in the target culture, Nord calls these ‘function preserving
translations’.
. ‫ﻣﺘﻦ ﻣﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻧﻤﯽ رﺳﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺘﻨﯽ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬

‫ ﺳﻪ‬، ‫ﻧﻮرد ﺳﻌﯽ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ اﻟﮕﻮﯾﯽ از ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻣﺘﻦ اراﺋﻪ دﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺮای ﻫﻤﻪ اﻧﻮاع ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺑﺎﺷﺪ و ﺑﺮای اﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر‬
‫ﺟﻨﺒﻪ از روﯾﮑﺮد ﻫﺎی ﻧﻘﺶ ﮔﺮا را ﻣﻄﺮح ﻣﯿﮑﻨﺪ‬
Tree aspects of functionalist approaches
1. The importance of the translation commission ‫اﻫﻤﯿﺖ ﺳﻔﺎرش دﻫﻨﺪه ی ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ‬
the intended text functions;
the addressees (sender and recipient);
the time and place of text reception;
the medium (speech or writing, and, we might now add, digital or hard copy);
the motive (why the ST was written and why it is being translated).
‫اﯾﻦ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﺑﻪ ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﮐﻤﮏ ﻣﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻔﻬﻤﺪ ﭼﻪ اﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﯽ را ﻻزم اﺳﺖ در ﻣﺘﻦ ﻣﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﯿﺎن ﮐﻨﺪ‬
2. The role of ST analysis‫آﯾﺎ اﯾﻦ ﻣﺘﻦ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻫﺴﺖ و اﮔﺮ ﻫﺴﺖ ﭼﻪ ﮐﺎرﻫﺎﯾﯽ ﺑﺮای ﻧﻘﺶ ﮔﺮا ﺑﻮدن ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم‬
‫دﻫﯿﻢ‬
subject matter: including how culture-bound it is to the SL or TL context;
content: the ‘meaning’ of the text, including connotation and cohesion;
presuppositions: this has to do with the relative background knowledge of ST and TT
text composition: including microstructure and macrostructure
non-verbal elements: illustrations, italics, font, etc.;
lexis: including dialect, register and subject-specific terminology;
sentence structure: including rhetorical features such as parenthesis and ellipsis;
suprasegmental features: including stress, intonation, rhythm and ‘stylistic punctuation’

3. The functional hierarchy of translation problems ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﻪ ﻣﺮاﺗﺐ ﻧﻘﺸﯽ ﻣﺸﮑﻼت ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ‬
Comparison of the functions of the ST and the TT ‫ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﻪ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻫﺎی ﻣﺘﻦ ﻣﺒﺪا و ﻣﻘﺼﺪ‬
Analysis of the translation commission ‫اﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﭼﻪ ﮐﺴﯽ ﯾﺎ ﭼﻪ ارﮔﺎﻧﯽ ﺳﻔﺎرش ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ را داده اﺳﺖ‬
The translation type helps to decide the translation style
‫اﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮع ﻣﺘﻦ ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ ﺑﮕﯿﺮﯾﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻣﺘﻦ را ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﮐﻨﯿﺪ ﯾﺎ اﯾﻨﮑﻪ از آن ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﯾﮏ اﺑﺰار ﺑﺮای وارد‬
‫ﮐﺮدن اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﻣﺘﻦ ﻣﻘﺼﺪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‬
The problems of the text ‫اﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﮑﻼت ﻣﺘﻦ ﻣﯿﺘﻮاﻧﯿﺪ ﻣﺘﻦ را ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﮐﻨﯿﺪﯾﺎ ﺧﯿﺮ‬

‫ﻣﺮﯾﻢ روﺣﺒﺨﺶ ارﻓﻌﯽ‬


‫ﮔﺮوه ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻤﯽ زﺑﺎن داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﭘﯿﺎم ﻧﻮر‬
Last modified: 8 56 AM

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