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Basics of Statistics

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28 views3 pages

Basics of Statistics

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hamidshahbulk
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Basics of Statistics

SPSS Basics

Data Collection:
There are different types of data collections

Qualitative
Its Non-numerical data like interviews, observations open-ended survey responses.

Qualitative data analysis:


Coding: Assigning labels or categories to data to identify themes and patterns.
Thematic Analysis: Identifying, analyzing, and reporting patterns (themes) within the data.
Content Analysis: Quantifying and analyzing the presence of certain words, themes, or concepts
in qualitative data.

Quantitative:
Its Numerical data like test scores, ratings, or survey responses. It Used for statistical analysis
and identifying different patterns.

Quantitative Analysis:
Descriptive Statistics: Summarizing data (e.g., mean, median, mode, standard deviation).
Inferential Statistics: Making inferences about a population based on a sample (e.g., t-tests,
ANOVA).
Regression Analysis: Examining the relationship between variables like how learning time
predicts test scores).

Data Sampling:

 Random Sampling: Every individual in the population has an equal chance of being
selected.
 Stratified Sampling: Dividing the population into groups (e.g., by age, gender) and
sampling from each group.
 Convenience Sampling: Selecting individuals who are readily available.
Measures of Central Tendency
 Mean (Average): The central value of a dataset.
 Median: The middle value when data are ordered.
 Mode: The most frequently occurring value.
 Standard Deviation (SD): Measures the spread of data around the mean.
 Variance: The square of the standard deviation.
Reliabliltiy: it shows the impact of scales on samples of data
Note:
High mean or mode in a dataset might indicate a impact.
If the standard deviation is too high, the data may be too dispersed, making the mean less
representative of the dataset.

Regression Analysis
 It is used understand the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent
variables
 p-value (typically <0.05) indicates a significant relationship between the variables in regression
analysis.

Anova:
 ANOVA tests are for statistically significant differences between the means of three or more
groups.
 If the p-value is less than the significance level (e.g., 0.05),t the null hypothesis will be rejected, it
will conclude that not all group means are equal.

Independent T-Test
 t-test compares the means of two groups if they are significantly different from each other.
 the t-value and p-value are important. A p-value <0.05 typically indicates a significant difference.

Effect size
Effect size is a way to measure the strength or size of a relationship or difference in a study.unlike
Unlike p-values, which only tell if an effect exist
Correlation:
It measures the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables.
The correlation coefficient (r) ranges from -1 to 1
An r close to 1 or -1 indicates a strong relationship, while an r near 0 indicates a weak relationship of
correlation

Confidence Interval (CI) 95%


It contains the true mean of the population of data ,it makes sure the of the population you are
studying is 95% correct .

Diagnostics:

Formative Assessment:

 It Provides ongoing feedback to adjust instruction and improve student learning.


 It can be time-consuming to implement and may not be standardized.

Summative Assessment

 It Evaluates student learning at the end of a unit or course.


 It May not capture the full range of student learning or provide detailed feedback.

Norm-Referenced Tests:

 It compares an individual's performance to that of a larger group.


 It May not reflect individual strengths or weaknesses or the specific curriculum.

Criterion-Referenced Tests

 Assesses whether an individual has met specific learning objectives.


 May not provide information about relative performance compared to others.

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