Scribd
Upload
8 views

Topic2 Lecture Handout

Uploaded by

khansakhangcu19
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
8 views

Topic2 Lecture Handout

Uploaded by

khansakhangcu19
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 22

Describing g Data:

Frequency Tables, Frequency


Distributions, and Graphic Presentation

Chapter 2

McGraw-Hill/Irwin ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2008


GOALS

•Organize qualitative data into a frequency table.


•Present
P t a frequency
f table
t bl as a bar
b chart
h t or a piei chart.
h t
•Organize quantitative data into a frequency distribution.
•Present
Present a frequency distribution for quantitative data
using histograms, frequency polygons, and cumulative
frequency polygons.

2
B Ch
Bar Charts
t

3
Pi Charts
Pie Ch t

4
Pi Chart
Pie Ch t Using
U i Excel
E l

5
Freq enc Distribution
Frequency Distrib tion

A Frequencyy distribution
is a grouping of data
into mutually exclusive
categories showing the
number of observations
in each class.

6
F
Frequency Table
T bl

7
R l ti Class
Relative Cl Frequencies
F i

z Class frequencies can be converted to relative class


frequencies to show the fraction of the total number
of observations in each class.
z A relative frequency
q y captures
p the relationship
p between
a class total and the total number of observations.

8
Frequency Distribution

Class midpoint: A point that divides a class


into two equal parts
parts. This is the average of
the upper and lower class limits.
Class frequency: The number of
observations in each class.
Class interval: The class interval is obtained
by subtracting the lower limit of a class
from the lower limit of the next class
class.

9
EXAMPLE – Creating g a Frequency
q y
Distribution Table

Ms. Kathryn Ball of AutoUSA wants to develop tables,


charts, and graphs to show the typical selling price on
various dealer lots. The table on the right reports only the
price of the 80 vehicles sold last month at Whitner Autoplex.

10
Constructing a Frequency Table -
Example

z Step 1: Decide on the number of


classes.
classes
A useful recipe to determine the
number of classes (k) is the “2
2 to the
k rule.” such that 2k > n.
sold. So n = 80.
There were 80 vehicles sold 80 If
we try k = 6, which means we would use
6 classes, then 26 = 64, somewhat less
than 80. Hence, 6 is not enough classes.
If we let k = 7, then 27 128, which is
greater than 80.
80 So the recommended
number of classes is 7.
11
Constructing a Frequency Table -
Example

z Step 2: Determine the class


interval or width.
width
The formula is: i ≥ (H-L)/k where i is
interval, H is the highest
the class interval
observed value, L is the lowest
observed value, and k is the number
of classes.
($ ,
($35,925 -$
$15,546)/7
, ) =$$2,911
,
Round up to some convenient number,
such as a multiple of 10 or 100. Use a
class
l width
idth off $3
$3,000
000
12
Constructing a Frequency Table -
Example

z Step 3: Set the individual class limits

13
Constructing a Frequency Table

z Step 4:
St 4 Tally
T ll the
th
vehicle selling
prices
i into
i t the
th
classes.

z Step
p 5: Count the
number of items in
each class.

14
R l ti Frequency
Relative F Distribution
Di t ib ti

To convert a frequency distribution to a


relative frequency distribution
distribution, each of the
class frequencies is divided by the total
number of observations.
observations

15
Graphic
p Presentation of a
Frequency Distribution

The three commonly used graphic forms


are:
z Histograms
z Frequency polygons
z Cumulative frequency distributions

16
Hi t
Histogram

Histogram for a frequency distribution based on quantitative


data is very similar to the bar chart showing the distribution of
qualitative data. The classes are marked on the horizontal
axis and the class frequencies on the vertical axis. The class
frequencies are represented by the heights of the bars.

17
Hi t
Histogram U
Using
i Excel
E l

18
F
Frequency Polygon
P l

z A frequency polygon
also shows the shape
of a distribution and is
similar to a histogram.
z It consists of line
segments connecting
the points formed by
the intersections of the
class midpoints and
the class frequencies.

19
C
Cumulative
l ti Frequency
F Distribution
Di t ib ti

20
C
Cumulative
l ti Frequency
F Distribution
Di t ib ti

21
End of Chapter 2

22

You might also like