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Chapter 2 Accuracy and Errors

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22 views9 pages

Chapter 2 Accuracy and Errors

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rs03244922
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Engineering Survey I, CIEG 202

Chapter 2
Accuracy and Errors

Raju Bhele
Lecturer 3/7/2024 1
Department of Civil Engineering
March 7, 2024
• ACCURACY???
• PRECISION??

RajuBHELE 3/7/2024 2
Example

• Rifle shots on Bull’s eye

3/7/2024 3

RajuBHELE
Accuracy and precision

• Many people use the terms “accuracy” and “precision” as same .


• However, for those in the surveying profession (as well as other technical and
scientific fields), these words have different meanings.
• To surveyors, “accuracy” refers to how closely a measurement or observation
comes to measuring a "true value,“
• Accuracy is related to error.
• Error is the difference between measured and true value of same quantity.
• So, accuracy is the degree of perfection obtained.
• Accuracy depends upon precise instruments, method and good planning.
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RajuBHELE
• “Precision” refers to how closely repeated measurements or observations
come to .
• Precision is related to discrepancy.
• Discrepancy is the difference between two measured values of the same
quantity.
• So, precision is the degree of perfection used in instruments, methods and
observations.

True error:
• The difference between a measurement and the true value of the quantity
measured is true error.

RajuBHELE 3/7/2024 5
Discrepancy

• The difference between two measured values of the same quantity


• It may be small, yet the error may be great if each of the two measurement
contains an error that may be large.

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Sources of error
a. Instrumental error
b. Personal error
c. Natural error

Instrumental error:
• Error due to imperfection or faulty adjustment of the instrument with which measurement
is being taken
• A tape may be too long or an angle measuring instrument may be out of adjustment

Personal error:
• Error due to manual error while taking observation or recording the data obtained during
survey
• E.g error during the level reading or reading an angle in theodolite

Natural error:
• Error due to variation in natural phenomena such temperature, humidity, gravity, wind,
refraction and magnetic declination
• E.g a tape may be 20 m at 20 degree Celsius but its length will be change if the field
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temperature is different. RajuBHELE


Kinds of error
a. Mistakes
b. Systematic error (cumulative error)
c. Accidental error (compensating error)
Mistakes:
• Error arises from inattention, inexperience, carelessness and poor judgement
• If error is undetected, it produces a serious effect in final result
• So every observation need to be checked by some independent field observation
Systematic errors:
• Caused by the surveying equipment, observation methods, and certain environmental
factors
• Under the same measurement conditions, these errors will have the same magnitude and
direction (positive or negative)
• Since systematic errors are repetitive and tend to accumulate in a series of measurements,
they are also referred to as cumulative errors
Accidental error or compensating error:
• Error which remain even though mistakes and systematic error have been corrected and
they occur by a combination of reasons of beyond the ability of the observer to control. 8
RajuBHELE 3/7/2024
Accuracy in surveying

Permissible error:
• It is maximum allowable limit that a measurement may vary from the true
value or from a value previously adopted as correct.
• It depends upon scale, purpose of the survey, instrument available, class of
works

RajuBHELE 3/7/2024 9

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