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    CEM1008F - 4. Molecules, Moles and Chemical Equations - Stochiometry 2024 Lecture - Notes Part 2 Answers To Selected Problems

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    CEM1008F - 4. Molecules, Moles and Chemical Equations - Stochiometry 2024 Lecture - Notes Part 2 Answers To Selected Problems

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    CEM1008F - 4. Molecules, Moles and Chemical Equations - Stochiometry 2024 Lecture - Notes Part 2 Answers To Selected Problems

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    of 12

    CEM1008F

    CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERS

    Lecture Notes Part 2:


    Molecules, Moles and Chemical Equations
    Stoichiometry
    Using Chemical Equations in
    Calculations
    • When aluminium metal reacts with HCl, aluminium chloride
    and hydrogen gas are produced. If 4.288 g of Al undergo
    this reaction with HCl, how many grams of hydrogen gas
    should be produced?

    2 Al + 6 HCl → 2 AlCl3 + 3 H2

    Amt of Al = 4.288 g / 26.98 g mol-1 = 0.1589 mol


    Al : H2 is 2:3, therefore amt of H2 = 3/2 x 0.1589 mol = 0.2384 mol
    Mass of H2 = 0.2384 mol x (2 x 1.008 g mol-1) = 0.4806 g

    2
    Calculating Amounts of Reactant and Product in
    Reactions Involving a Limiting Reactant
    PROBLEM: A fuel mixture used in the early days of rocketry is composed of
    two liquids, hydrazine (N2H4) and dinitrogen tetroxide (N2O4),
    which ignite on contact to form nitrogen gas and water vapour.
    How many grams of nitrogen gas form when 1.00x102 g of N2H4
    and 2.00x102 g of N2O4 are mixed?

    PLAN: We always start with a balanced chemical equation and find the number
    of mols of reactants and products which have been given.
    In this case one of the reactants is in molar excess and the other will
    limit the extent of the reaction.

    mass of N2H4 mass of N2O4 limiting mol N2


    divide by Mm multiply by Mm

    mol of N2H4 mol of N2O4 g N2


    molar ratio
    mol of N2 mol of N2
    3
    Calculating Amounts of Reactant and Product in
    Reactions Involving a Limiting Reactant
    continued

    SOLUTION: 2 N2H4 (l) + N2O4 (l) 3 N2 (g) + 4 H2O (g)

    1.00 x 102 g N2H4


    = 3.12 mol N2H4 N2H4 is the limiting reactant
    32.05 g mol-1 N2H4 because it produces less
    product, N2, than does N2O4.
    3 mol N2
    3.12 mol N2H4 = 4.68 mol N2
    28.02 g N2
    2 mol N2H4 4.68 mol N2 x
    mol N2
    2.00 x 102 g N2O4
    = 2.17 mol N2O4
    92.02 g mol-1 N = 131 g N2
    2O4

    3 mol N2
    2.17 mol N2O4 = 6.51 mol N2
    mol N2O4

    4
    Calculating Percent Yield

    PROBLEM: Silicon carbide (SiC) is an important ceramic material that is


    made by allowing sand (silicon dioxide, SiO2) to react with
    powdered carbon at high temperature. Carbon monoxide is also
    formed. When 100.0 kg of sand are processed, 51.4 kg of SiC
    are recovered. What is the percent yield of SiC in this process?

    PLAN: SOLUTION:

    write balanced equation SiO2 (s) + 3 C (s) SiC (s) + 2 CO (g)

    103 g SiO2 mol SiO2


    100.0 kg SiO2 = 1664 mol SiO2
    find mol reactant & product kg SiO2 60.09 g SiO2

    mol SiO2 = mol SiC = 1664


    find g product predicted 40.10 g SiC kg
    1664 mol SiC = 66.73 kg
    actual yield/theoretical yield x 100 mol SiC 103 g
    51.4 kg
    percent yield x 100 =77.0%
    66.73 kg
    5
    Calculating the Molarity of a Solution

    PROBLEM: Hydrobromic acid (HBr) is a solution of hydrogen bromide gas in


    water. Calculate the molarity of hydrobromic acid solution if 455 mL
    contains 1.80 mol of hydrogen bromide.

    PLAN: Molarity is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.

    mol of HBr
    divide by volume SOLUTION: 1.80 mol HBr 1000 mL
    = 3.96 M
    concentration(mol/mL) HBr 455 mL soln 1L
    103mL = 1L

    molarity(mol/L) HBr

    6
    Calculating Mass of Solute in a Given
    Volume of Solution
    PROBLEM: How many grams of solute are in 1.75 L of 0.460 M sodium
    hydrogen phosphate?

    PLAN: Molarity is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.


    Knowing the molarity and volume leaves us to find the # moles
    and then the # of grams of solute. The formula for the solute is
    Na2HPO4.
    volume of soln
    SOLUTION:
    multiply by M
    moles of solute 1.75 L 0.460 mol
    = 0.805 mol Na2HPO4
    multiply by M 1L
    0.805 mol Na2HPO4 142.0 g Na2HPO4
    grams of solute
    mol Na2HPO4

    = 114 g Na2HPO4

    7
    Preparing a Dilute Solution from a
    Concentrated Solution
    PROBLEM: “Isotonic saline” is a 0.15 M aqueous solution of NaCl that
    simulates the total concentration of ions found in many cellular
    fluids. Its uses range from a cleaning rinse for contact lenses to
    a washing medium for red blood cells. How would you prepare
    0.80 L of isotonic saline from a 6.0 M stock solution?
    PLAN: It is important to realize the number of moles of solute does not
    change during the dilution but the volume does.

    MdilxVdil = #mol solute = MconcxVconc


    volume of dilute soln
    multiply by M of dilute solution SOLUTION:

    moles of NaCl in dilute soln = mol NaCl 0.80 L soln 0.15 mol NaCl = 0.12 mol NaCl
    in concentrated soln L soln
    divide by M of concentrated soln 0.12 mol NaCl L solnconc = 0.020 L soln
    L of concentrated soln 6.0 mol

    8
    Calculating Amounts of Reactants and
    Products for a Reaction in Solution

    PROBLEM: Specialized cells in the stomach release HCl to aid digestion. If


    they release too much, the excess can be neutralized with
    antacids. A common antacid contains magnesium hydroxide,
    which reacts with the acid to form water and magnesium
    chloride solution. As a government chemist testing commercial
    antacids, you use 0.10 M HCl to simulate the acid concentration
    in the stomach. How many liters of “stomach acid” react with a
    tablet containing 0.10 g of magnesium hydroxide?
    PLAN: Write a balanced equation for the reaction; find the mol of
    Mg(OH)2; determine the mol ratio of reactants and products;
    use mols to convert to molarity.

    mass Mg(OH)2 L HCl

    divide by Mm divide by M

    mol Mg(OH)2 mol HCl

    mol ratio
    9
    Calculating Amounts of Reactants and
    Products for a Reaction in Solution
    continued

    SOLUTION: Mg(OH)2 (s) + 2 HCl (aq) MgCl2 (aq) + 2 H2O (l)

    mol Mg(OH)2
    0.10 g Mg(OH)2 = 1.7x10-3 mol Mg(OH)2
    58.33 g Mg(OH)2

    2 mol HCl
    1.7x10-3 mol Mg(OH)2 = 3.4x10-3 mol HCl
    1 mol Mg(OH)2

    1L
    3.4x10-3 mol HCl = 3.4x10-2 L HCl
    0.10 mol HCl

    10
    Solving Limiting-Reactant Problems
    for Reactions in Solution

    PROBLEM: Mercury and its compounds have many uses, from filling teeth
    (as an alloy with silver, copper, and tin) to the industrial
    production of chlorine. Because of their toxicity, however,
    soluble mercury compounds, such mercury(II) nitrate, must be
    removed from industrial wastewater. One removal method
    reacts the wastewater with sodium sulfide solution to produce
    solid mercury(II) sulfide and sodium nitrate solution. In a
    laboratory simulation, 0.050 L of 0.010 M mercury(II) nitrate
    reacts with 0.020 L of 0.10 M sodium sulfide. How many grams
    of mercury(II) sulfide form?

    PLAN: As usual, write a balanced chemical reaction. Since this is a problem


    concerning a limiting reactant, we find the amount of product which
    would be made from each reactant. We then choose the reactant
    which gives the lesser amount of product.

    11
    Solving Limiting-Reactant Problems
    for Reactions in Solution
    continued
    SOLUTION: Hg(NO3)2 (aq) + Na2S (aq) HgS (s) + 2 NaNO3 (aq)

    L of Hg(NO3)2 0.050 L Hg(NO3)2 0.020 L Na2S L of Na2S

    multiply by M x 0.010 mol/L x 0. 10 mol/L multiply by M

    mol Hg(NO3)2 x 1 mol HgS x 1 mol HgS mol Na2S

    mol ratio 1mol Hg(NO3)2 1 mol Na2S mol ratio

    mol HgS = 5.0x10-4 mol HgS = 2.0x10-3 mol HgS mol HgS

    Hg(NO3)2 is the limiting reagent.

    232.7 g HgS
    5.0x10-4 mol HgS = 0.12 g HgS
    1 mol HgS

    12

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