FUNDAMENTAL OF VIBRATIONS

INTRODUCTION
DR ANIL KUMAR
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

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 VIBRATION

• It is a mechanical phenomenon where oscillations occur about an equilibrium point

• Any motion that repeats itself after an interval of time
• Theory of vibration deals with oscillatory motions of bodies and associated forces
• Oscillations can be periodic or random
• Periodic oscillations: motion of a pendulum, oscillation of a machine shaft due to
mass unbalance
• Random oscillations: oscillation of a vehicle on a typical roadway, oscillation of an
airplane wing in turbulent air flow

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PERIODIC RANDOM

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 CAUSES OF VIBRATION

• All bodies having mass and elasticity (or stiffness) are prone to vibration
• However, mechanical systems vibrate as they are usually subjected to external
forces or internal unbalanced forces
• For example: A car running on a typical road profile can vibrate due to two main
reasons (i) external excitations coming from irregular road profile
(ii) internal unbalanced forces generated in engine
• Looseness or clearance between two force transmitting components or members
• Several external excitations exist in the nature: wind load, earthquake, water
waves, etc. When a structure (building, ships, etc.) is subjected to these loads, it
starts vibrating.

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 Looseness can cause excessive vibration in both
rotating and non-rotating machinery. Looseness is
often due to excessive bearing clearances, loose
mounting bolts, mismatched parts, corrosion, and
Vibration of some mechanical systems cracked structures.

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 EFFECT OF VIBRATION

• Vibration in automobiles or in a train can cause discomfort to passengers

• In turbines, vibrations cause mechanical failures
• The structures designed to support heavy centrifugal machines, like motors and
turbines, or reciprocating machines, like steam and gas engines and reciprocating
pumps, are also subjected to vibration
• The structure or machine component subjected to vibration can fail due to material
fatigue resulting from the cyclic variation of the induced stress
• Moreover, vibration causes more rapid wear of machine parts such as bearings and
gears and also creates excessive noise

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 EFFECT OF VIBRATION
• In machines, vibration causes fasteners such as nuts to become loose
• In metal cutting processes, vibration can cause chatter, which leads to a poor
surface finish

Failure of bridge due to wind excitations Failure of turbine blades

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 WHY TO STUDY VIBRATION

• Generally, vibration is undesirable in a mechanical system

• Whenever the natural frequency of vibration of a machine or structure coincides
with the frequency of the external excitation, resonance occurs leading to excessive
deflections and failures
• Remove the causes of vibration at design stage
• For an existing machine or structure, reduce the effect of vibration by designing
proper vibration mitigation strategies, such as viscous damper or tuned mass
damper, etc.

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 VIBRATION IN INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS

• In spite of detrimental effects, constructive use of vibration has been made in

consumer and industrial applications
• For example: vibratory conveyors, hoppers, sieves, compactors, washing
machines, electric toothbrushes, dentist’s drills, clocks, and electric massaging
units
• Vibration has been found to improve the efficiency of certain machining, casting,
forging, and welding processes

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 PERIODIC MOTION

• Periodic Motion: a motion which repeats itself after equal interval of time
• Time Period: time taken to complete one cycle
• Frequency: number of cycles per unit time

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 SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION (SHM)

• A periodic motion of a particle whose acceleration is always directed towards the

mean position and is proportional to its distance from the mean position
• The motion of the projection of a particle moving round a circle with uniform angular
velocity, on a diameter
• Amplitude: the maximum displacement of a vibrating body from the mean position

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Harmonic motion as the projection of the end of a
rotating vector

Projection on the horizontal axis: x = A cos t

Projection on the vertical axis: y = A sin t

Time period =2/

Frequency f=1/=/2

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 DEGREE OF FREEDOM

• A system is said to be n-degrees of freedom (DoF) system if it needs n independent

coordinates to specify completely the configuration of the system at any instant

Two DoF system

Single DoF Systems

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 ELEMENTS OF A VIBRATING SYSTEM

• A vibratory system, in general, includes a means for storing potential energy (spring
or elasticity), a means for storing kinetic energy (mass or inertia), and a means by
which energy is gradually lost (damper).
• The vibration of a system involves the transfer of its potential energy to kinetic
energy and of kinetic energy to potential energy, alternately. If the system is
damped, some energy is dissipated in each cycle of vibration and must be replaced
by an external source if a state of steady vibration is to be maintained.
• Damping: resistance to the motion of the vibrating body. Energy is dissipated in the
system due to damping.

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 CLASSIFICATION OF VIBRATION

• FREE VIBRATION: the vibration of a system because of its own elastic properties.
No external exciting force acts in this case. A small disturbance of the system from
its rest position can initiate the free vibration. The system vibrates with its own
natural frequency.
• FORCED VIBRATION: the vibrations which the system executes under an external
force (often, a repeating type of force). The frequency of vibration in this case is the
same as that of excitation.

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Vibration of a taut string

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• Natural Frequency: frequency of free vibration of the system. It is a constant for a
given system
• Resonance: the vibration of the system when the frequency of the external force is
equal to the natural frequency of the system. The amplitude of vibration at
resonance becomes excessive
• Phase Difference: It is the angle between two rotating vectors representing SHMs
of the same frequency

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 CLASSIFICATION OF VIBRATION

• UNDAMPED AND DAMPED VIBRATION: If no energy is lost or dissipated in

friction or other resistance during oscillation, the vibration is known as
undamped vibration. If any energy is lost in this way, however, it is called
damped vibration.
• In many physical systems, the amount of damping is so small that it can be
disregarded for most engineering purposes. However, consideration of
damping becomes extremely important in analyzing vibratory systems near
resonance.

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 CLASSIFICATION OF VIBRATION

• LINEAR AND NONLINEAR VIBRATION: If all the basic components of a

vibratory system the spring, the mass, and the damper behave linearly, the
resulting vibration is known as linear vibration. If, however, any of the basic
components behave nonlinearly, the vibration is called nonlinear vibration.
• The differential equations that govern the behavior of linear and nonlinear
vibratory systems are linear and nonlinear, respectively.
• If the vibration is linear, the principle of superposition holds, and the
mathematical techniques of analysis are well developed.

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