Unit IlYou What is the role of an interpreter? Give a detailed note on python interpreter and interactive mode of operation. (or) Sketch the structures of interpreter and compiler. Detail the differences between them. Explain how Python works in interactive mode and script made with examples ChataPT Role of an Interpreter An interpret is a program that translates and executes source code line by line. It reads the source code, Interprets it, and immediately executes the machine code. This isin contr respond ct t to a compiler, whi translates the entire s machin fore execution, Python Interpreter: Python uses an interpreter for its execution. The Python interpreter reads and executes Python code directly, translating it into machine code on-the-fly. The standard Python interpreter is known as CPython, written in C. Other implementations include Jython (Java), IronPython (NET), and PyPy (Python). Interactive Mode of Operation: Python provides an interactive mode, allowing users to enter commands directly and see the results immediately. When yourun the Python interpreter without providing a script file, it enters the interactive mode. You can access this by opening a terminal or command prompt and typing * python” or “python3 In interactive mode, you can execute Python statements one at atime, and the interpreter responds immediately. This mode is excellent for testing small snippets of code, experimenting with langu: features, and learning Python interactively. Example of Python Inte Ive Mode: © Copy code ( Hello, World! Interpreter vs. Compiler: Interpret r Execution: Interpreters execute code line by line, n the code. Immediate Feedback: Errors are reported as soon as they are encounte! Portability: Code needs the interpreter to run, making it less portable. Examples: Pyt n, Ruby, JavaScript. Compiler: Execution: Compilers translate the entire source code into ma Immediate Feedback: Errors are reported after the entire code is compiled Portability: Compl is typically more portable as it does not rely on the original source. Examples: C, C++, Java. Python in Interactive Mode vs. Script Mode: Interactive Mode: Usage: Testing code snippets, experimenting, quick calculations. How to Start: Open a terminal/command prompt and type “python” or “pythons. * Pros: Immediate feedback, great for learning and exploration. * Cons: Not suitable for large programs or scripts. Mode: = Writing and e ograms or scripts. How to Start: Create a Python script file (e.., “seript.py")andrunitusing ‘python script.py Pros: Sul le for larger easily shared and reused, Cons: Slightly slower feedback compared to interactive mode. Mode: Example of Python Sc Create a file named “myseript.py": (aoe oer) Open a terminal/command prompt and run the script: cee (uRoe mou ASU st tS Output: (ao) Sd Open aterminal/command prompt and run the script: crea [eRe Pees Ta Sd Output: Hello from Python script! In summary, Python's interpreter allows for both interactive mode, providing immediate feedback for small tasks, and script mode, enabling the execution of complete programs or script 's. The choice between them depends on the nature and size of the task at hand.[hae] yk 2. Float ("float"): ume faecrsge a See erech ste 3. String (‘str’): faKeen gerd name = Cred 4. Boolean (“bool "): fae ygecr pct SET BAe WT We List (“list*): mutable collection of elements. fulecr omen numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] aan 6. Tuple (“tuple’): fueenzen Terra colors = ( Dictionary (“dict ~): + Represents a collection of k + Example fae geer Pyro student = { 8. Set ("set"): + Example Pea fae geer beatae we & Example of Using Different Data Types: Pa [ules ogen name = Fee a numbers = [i, 2, 3, 4, 5] coordinates = (3, 4) Cuan 5 ‘ On Pru! unique_numbers = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} ( fae) ( a) ( » name) ( ee) Agee LD) ( Pa UeL eb) Ce , coordinates) ( s Student) i » unique_numbers) types in Py tuples, d derstanding t inPythonariables. List down the rul ChatGPT Variables in Python: ame that represents a value in a program. It sa container for storing d: during the execution of a program. In Python, y Rules for Naming Variables in Python: Valid Characters: me ntain lett and unde annot ha digit. [Reno d “myvar’ are treated as differen fae ‘else’, “for”, while’, fale od Meaningful Names: * Che ariable ni code readability python laste ce wl eee) EN re ee eo Snake Case: ention in Pytho s, where eparated by underscores. rue) fee ore coe OL Vee Avoid Single Letters (Except in Short Loops): riable names unles Lt = range(5): print(i) No Spaces: lee Avoid Starting with Double Underscore: friable names st e ed for special puri avoid them for regular (aero Example of Variable Usage: (alone Pea Cee total_score = 95.5 Pre Cen ae counter_1 = 10 mentione id. Foldown the different rs and their function with suitable example. ) ChataPT In Python Her ome of the di 1. Arithmetic Operators: + Perform basic mathe fae result_addition = a + b result_subtraction = a - b result_multiplication co baa ae result_floor_division result_modulus = a % b . Comparison Operators: faeces peeve? is_not_equal = x != y is_greater_than = x > y Fe Ue ey PEM era Ye ea is_less_equal = x <= y 3. Logical Operators: + Perform logical operatio fae pee Rar een result_or = result_not = Assignment Operators: (is erro 9 5. Membership Operators: * Test wh memk fia ots NTs 9 my_list = [1, is_in_list = is_not_in_list 6. Identity Operators: eee PUR tod Rea Ms a) 7. Bitwise Operators: + Perform bit fe esieey result_and result_or result_xor pa Ramo in Python. Under: sin your PyYou What are the two modes of operation in python? Analyze the differences between them. ) ChataPT In Python, there are two primary modes of operation: Interactive Mode and Script Mode. Let's analyze the differences between these two modes: 1. Interactive Mode: + Definition: Interactive Mode allows users to interactively enter Python commands and see the results immediately. It provides a prompt where users can type and execute Python statements one at atime. * How to Start: Open a terminal or command prompt and type “python” or “python3”. + Prompt: You'll seea *>>>" prompt indicating that you are in interactive mode. Usage: * Testing code snippets « Experimenting with language features. * Quick calculations. * Pros: + Immediate feedback, * Great for learning and exploration Cons: + Not suitable for writing and running large programs or scripts. Example: © Copy code ( Hello, World! 2. Script Mode: * Definition: Script Mode involves writing Python code in a script file (a plain text file with a *.py* extension) and then executing the entire script. » Howto Start: Create a Python script file (e.g., “mysexipt.py") and runit using the command “python myscript.py” Usage: * Writing and executing complete programs or scripts. * Developin; larger projects. * Pros: * Suitable for larger codebases. + Can be easily shared and reused. Cons: * Slightly slower feedback compared to interactive mode. Example: Create a file named *myscript.py* wes aoe) eRe aa Posto Output: Deel ae Cee ecm eum erty Differences: Execution Style: + Interactive Mode: Executes code line by line immediately after itis entered + Script Mode: Requires the entire script to be written before execution Feedback: * Interactive Mode: Immediate feedback after each command. + Script Mode: Feedback provided after the entire script is executed. Usage: + Interactive Mode: Testing, experimenting, and quick calculations. * Script Mode: Writing and running complete programs or scripts. Prompts. Script File: * Interactive Mode: Uses the *>>>~ prompt for input. * Script Mode: Requires code to be saved in a seri Interactivity: + Interactive Mode: Highly interactive, suitable for exploratory work * Script Mode: Less interactive, better for structured development. Both modes serve different purposes, and the choice between them depends on the nature of the task at hand. Interactive mode is great for quick experimentation, while script mode is essential for developing larger, more organized projects.You What do you mean by rule of precedence? List out the order of precedence and demonstrate in detail with example, ChatGPT The rule of precedence, also known as operator precedence, defines the order in which operators are evaluated in an expression. It determines the grouping of operands and operators in an expression, ensuring that the correct operations are performed in the correct order. In Python, as in many programming languages, operators have different levels of precedence. Operators with higher precedence are evaluated before operators with lower precedence. Parentheses can be used to override the default precedence and force a specific order of evaluation Here is the general order of precedence from highest to lowest: Parentheses *()~ Exponentiation **** Positive “+, Negative * - (Unary operators) Multiplication “+, Division °°, Floor Division */*, Modulus *%~ Addition +", Subtraction *-~ Bitwise Shifts "<<", “>>* Bitwise AND “&* Bitwise XOR “*~ Bitwise OR Comparison operators (*<", ), Membership operators ("in*, “not in”), Identity operators (“as*, “is not’) Logical NOT ‘not Logical AND “ana~ Logical OR ‘or* Now, let's demonstrate the rule of precedence with an example: Pi} [eee result =a+b*c ** Inthis example, the expression “a + b * e ** 2 / 2 - (a % 2) + 4° involves multiple operators with different precedence levels. Let's break it down: Exponentiation (****): + *e ** 2° is evaluated first, resulting in “4>. Multiplication (-* * "b * (c ** 2)" isthen evaluated, resulting in-3 * 4 = 12° Division (- /*): * "(b * ¢ ** 2) / 2° isnext,resultingin’12 / 2 = 6.0°. Modulus (-%~): * *(a % 2)” is then evaluated, resulting in "5 % 2 = 1°. Addition (“+"): © a+ (b* oc ** 2 / 2) = (a % 2) + 1° is evaluated, resultingin "5 + 6.0 - 1 +1 = 11.0° So, the final result of the expression is ~11.0°. The rule of precedence ensures that the operations are performed in the correct order according to their precedence levels. If you want to change the order of evaluation, you can use parentheses to explicitly specify the grouping. You More explanation ChatGPT Certainly! Let's go into more detail on the example to further illustrate the rule of precedence in Python. Consider the expression: Ear fis ere hoet result =a+b*c ** Now, let's break it down step by step according to the order of precedence: Exponentiation (“*** * *e ** 2° is evaluated first. “c* is2,so "ce ** 2° results in -4* Multiplication (~* * "b * (c ** 2)" isevaluated next. ‘b* is 8, and the result from the previous stepis *4",s0 "3 * 4° results in ~12°. Division (* /"): + “(b * © ** 2) / 2 isthen evaluated. The result from the previous stepis “42°,so 42 / 2° results in 6.0" Modulus (-%"): + “(a % 2)" isevaluated, ‘a’ is 5,and °s % 2° results in “1> Addition (-+"): + a+ (b* 6 ** 2 / 2)" is evaluated next. The result from step 3 is “6.0°,s0 “8 + 6.0" results in 41.0" Subtraction ( + (a+b *e** 2/2) - (a % 2) isevaluated, The result from the previous step is 44.0", so “11.0 + 1° resultsin *10.07 Addition (*+"): *"(atb*e*# 2/2 - (a %2)) + 4 isthefinal evaluation. The result from the previous step is “40.0°,s0 "40.0 + 4° results nthe final answer, which is “12.07 So, the value of ‘xesult* is "14.0", and the order of precedence ensured that the operations were performed correctly. Understanding the rule of precedence is essential for writing expressions that produce the intended results in Python.ChatGPT pl yntax fe [ae ee lel, variable2, ..., variableN = expressioni, expression2, ..., expressionN Example 1: Unpacking a Tuple coordinates = (3, 4) So MTS Fed (3, 4) to “coordinates, and then the va ing tuple assignment. Example wapping Values Example 3: Returning Multiple Values from a Function fia eno een erate Riel O} > ®) tuple *(7, 8)*, andtuple assignments u into "x" and Example 4: Unpacking Lists colors = [ first, second, third = colors ti", fixst) Paes soi): Example 5; Extended Unpacking numbers = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) cote eee tae CCL oe ti", first) , rest) ; last) The **xest maining values into a multi ariables an n jo # ng values from fun ping variYou What is the use of function? Explain the role of function call and function definition with example ChatGPT Function: ‘A function in programming is a self-contained block of code designed to perform a specific task. Functio are used to break down a program into smaller, modular components, making the cocle more readable, reusable, and maintainable. Function Definition: A function definition specifies the name of the function, the parameters it takes (if any), and the code to be executed when the function is called. Syntax: een (parameters) : return result Ler ar (name) : Pate (cree cae eo) In this example, “greet "is a function that takes a parameter “name” and returns a greeting message. *add_numbers‘ is a function that takes two parameters *a* and ‘b* and returns their sum. Function Call: A function call is the act of invoking a function after it has been defined. It involves providing the required arguments (if any) and receiving the result (if the function returns a value), Syntax: Lar result = function_name(arguments) ee faker Peecaru Beae r ssa ) Ele ee (greeting) (sum_result) Inthis example, ‘greet ("Alice") is a function call to “greet, passing the argument "Alice." The result stored in the variable ‘greeting’. Similarly, “add_numbers(5, 3) * is afunction call to *add_numbers* with the arguments 5 and 3, and the result is stored in “sum_resuit* Role of Function Call and Function Definition: Function Definition: + Defines Logic: The function definition contains the logic or code that needs to be execut hen the tion is called + Names and Parameters It specifies the name of the function, the parameters it accepts, and the return value (if any). + Reusable Unit: It encapsulates a specific functionality, creating a reusable unit of code Function Call: + Trigger Execution: The function call triggers the execution of the code defined within the function + Passes Arguments: It passes arguments to the function if required by the function definition. + Returns Result: If the function has a return statement, the result is returned to the caller. Example (Combining Definition and Call): Laer nes result = calculate_square(4) (result) Inthis example, ‘calculate. square’ is defined to calculate the square of a number. The function is then called with the argument *4°, and the result is printed, Insummary, the function definition provides a blueprint for the logic, and the function call invokes the execution of that logic with specific arguments, producing a result or effect. This separation of concerns enhances code organization and readability while promoting reusabilityOutline about function definition and call with example. Why are function needed? Function Definition: Syntax feet) (Crete papa sl ad Components: * “det” keyword: |t signifies the start of a function definition. tunction_name: * The name of the function, which is used to call and reference it parameters: * Input values that the function pts (if any). Function Body: The indented block of code that specifies what the function does. ctions can return a result to the caller return result: * Optionally, fi Example: eT (Or is Satara (a, b): ce a) Function Call: Syntax aren eee FRE st UMUC teal) Components: result =" Assigns the result of the function call to a varial (optional). * “function_name: * The name of the function to be called. arguments: Values passed to the function's parameters. Example: ae ele coat Skil eer ) sum_result = add_numbers(5, 3) (greeting) (sum_result) Why Functions are Needed: 4. Modularity: * Functions allow breaking down a program into smaller, self-contained modules, making code more organized and manageable. 2. Reusability: * Once defined, functions can be reused in various parts of a program or even in different programs, reducing redundancy, 3. Readability: * Functions er ant de readability by encapsul ting specific functionalities and providing a clear, descriptive name. 4, Abstraction: + Functions allow developers to focus on what a piece ay the implementation f code does, abstracting details. 5, Debugging and Maintenance: * Functions simplify debugging and maintenance by is or fixes can be mad within the scope of a function. lating speci 6. Parameterization: * Functions accept parameters, enabling customization for different scenarios or inputs. Encapsulation: + Functions encapsulate variables within their scope, eventing unintend nteractions with other parts of the program 8 Organization: * Functions help in org se and contributing to the overall structu nizing code logically, with each function serving a specific purpo: Example (Continued): lee NT return x ** result = calculate_square(4) (result) In this example, ‘calculate_square* demonstrates how a function can be used to perform a specific mathematical operation, promoting code organization and reusability. Functions, in essence, play a pivotal role in structuring progra promoting good coding practices, and cilitating the development of scalable and maintainable software. They are a fundamental concept in s contexts and languages. gramming and are employed extensively in vai ouYou 9. Describe flow of execution of function with an example. ChatGPT The flow of execution in a function refers to the order in which statements inside the function are executed when the function is called. Let's walk through the flow of execution in a function using an example: Example: Flow of Execution in a Function [is Reryogos sum_result = calculate_sum(3, FT ees Bae Explanation: Before Function Call: + The main program starts executing from the first line and prints "Before function call." Function Call: « The program encounters the function call *calculate_sum(3, 5)° * The flow of execution moves to the function definition. Inside the Function: +T junction *calculate_sum” is executed. It prints "Start of the function.” Calculates the sum of *3° and *5*, which is “8 « Prints "End of the function.” Returns the result ~8* to the caller. After Function Call: * The flow of execution returns to the main program after the function call « It prints "After function call” « Prints the sum result, which is °8 Output: (eRe Flow of Execution Summary: + The program begins executis rom the top of the main program. 10 the function definition. When the function is called, the flow of execution mov fe the function a1 ecuted in order. The statements ins After the function completes its execution, the flow of execution returns to the point immediately after t function call. The main program continues its execution. debugging and comprehending the order in which Understanding the flow of execution is cruc statements are executed, especially in programs with multiple functions or complex logic. Each function call creates its own scope of execution, and the flow moves in and out of these scopes as functions are called and return values.thon program to circ ChatGPT eee (*args): values = list(args) first_value = values[0] for i in (len(values) - values[i] = values[i + i] values[-1] = first_value aaa PRE} circulate_valu ny numb ents (~ them cular mani OV st value of the list. Here's an exam eee a, b, ¢ = circulate_values(a, b, c) in mind that this approach ramic approach where the number of ta structures like ists or tuples to hold the vp two variables. n task and ih Method 1: Using a Temporary Variable [eee Aco) ee an) b = temp Pactra ae) x, y = swap_variables_temporary(x, y) Method 2: Using Tuple Unpacking Say fuerte def a, b=b, a BL aaa ay P, q = swap_variables_tuple_unpacking(p, q) first meth: ond method,You 11. Write a python program to swap ChatGPT Certainly! H thon program t! fakecter cs def (a, b): Peary Cn) eed Peretaaewa') x, y = swap_variables_temporary(x, y) print("x after swapping:", x) print("y after swapping:", y) fe Rot}You 12. Write a python program to check whether a given ChatGPT tainly! Here's the output for the Python p a sien Tbe GSO (year % 4 == 0): Orr a wee year % 400 != 0): year_to_check = 2024 is_leap_year(year_to_check): yamine famine Output: Coy 2024 is a leap year. it indicat or adi fuer [ee aoeYou 18, Write a python program to convert celsius to fahrenheit. (Formula: celsius * 1.8 = fahrenheit 32). ChatGPT Certainly! Here's a simple Python prograi Celsius to Fahrenheit using the provided formula python Cia (cosmo pas SSC ad saa USS CONS ee ce cecal pact converted_temperature = celsius_to_fahrenheit(celsius_temperature) In this program, we define a function “celsius_to_fahrenheit™ that takes a temperature in Celsius as an argument and returns the equivalent temperature in Fahrenheit using the given formula. The example usa the function to convert a temperature (30 degrees Celsius in this case) and print Output: Ss Ce a oes We Co ear Ure ae Feel free to change the “celsius_temperature’ variable to any other Celsius temperature you want to cor and the program will provide the corresponding temperature in Fahrenheit,You 13. Write a python program to convert celsius to fahrenheit (Formula: celsius * 18 = fahrenheit -32). ChatGPT Certainly! He asimple Pyth werts Celsius program that ‘ahrenheit using the provi: formula: (wen Ngo) (ecu aac SSM Letra D) In this program, we define afunction *ce1sius_to_fahrenheit” that takes a temperature in Celsius as an argument and rns the equivalent temperature in hrenhelt using t ven formula. The example usage then demonstrates how to use the function to convert mi prints the ure (30 degrees Celsius in this case) ant result Output: eee Cre oes Ta Cee cee aCe Feel free to cha the “celsius temperature™ variable to any 0 nC Jus temperature you want to conve and the pi ram will pro\ the correspon ahrenhelt.‘You 14, a) What Is a numeric literal? Give examples ChatGPT Anumeric literal is a constant value used directly within the code, representing a specific numeric value. Numeric literals can be integers, floating-point numbers, or other numeric representations in a programming language. They are not variables or expressions; instead, they are fixed values written directly in the source code. Examples of numeric literals in Python: Integer Literal: ua fa Reo roue Plc eens Floating-Point Literal: Daal eon Sake Vea ha ca Binary Literal (Python 3.6 and above) ea (Reon binary_literal = Octal Literal (Python 3.6 and above): Pau fae od (loc vane et Hexadecimal Literal: Daal Rory hex_literal = ‘These examples illustrate different types of numeric literals in Python. Numeric literals provide a straightforward way to represent fixed numeric values in the code without the need for variables or complex expressions.imple example in Pythor Fla awn cect cst tamenc cra DUC tage ens Cover crag oseeecrc eee PU ae ens ¥e) para CaS Eee sD) (binary _literal)) (octal_literal)) (hex_literal) ) Cd fee ne values of different numeric lit matting might vary based ontYou 14) Appraise the arithmetic operators in Python with an example. ChatGPT Arithmetic operators in Python are used to perform mathematical operations on numeric values. Here are the main arithmetic operators in Python along with examples: Addition *+*: * Adds two operands. Duel Per ee GLC C rest Ee TTS) Subtraction °->: * Subtracts the right operand from the left operand. ara) Ben retinas cece) Multiplication * Multiplies two operands. url Batten Peccrse Division */*: * Divides the left operand by the right operand, always returning a float. Pay Berd eeure a Pe ee) Floor Division *//*: * Divides the left operand by the right operand and returns the floor value (integer result). Piura) Bean WY Sette attra: » Tesult) Modulus *%*: * Returns the remainder of the division of the left operand by the right operand. ura) Bae print ("Modul result) Exponentiation "**>: * Raises the left operand to the power of the right operand. yur) Bead Seana st Th Perse) These operators allow you to perform various mathematical operations in Python. You can combine these operators in more complex expressions to achieve different calculations. For example: na Peers tory pal ed print("Complex EST Pane) This example showcases the use of multiple arithmetic operators in a single expressionYou 15. a) Outline the operator precedence of arithmetic operators in Python. ChatGPT Operator precedence defines the order in which operators are evaluated in an expression. In Python, arithmetic operators follow a specific precedence order, and parentheses can be used to override this, order. Here's the general operator precedence for arithmetic operators in Python, listed from highest to lowest precedence Parentheses °()° - Highest precedence **Exponentiation **** Multiplication ***, Division «/ +, Floor Division * //*,Modulus °%* Addition *+", Subtraction *-* - Lowest precedence This means that operations inside parentheses are performed first, followed by exponentiation, then multiplication, division, floor division, and modulus, and finally addition and subtraction. For example: aro pct "gt ( aes ene) In this expression, the order of evaluation follows the operator precedence +3 *# 2° is evaluated first (exponentiation), resulting in 9, *2 * 9° is evaluated next (multiplication), resulting in 18. “7 = 2° isevaluated next, resulting in 5. “18 / 5° is evaluated next (division), resulting in 36. Finally, “5 + 3.6" is evaluated (addition), resulting in the final output of ‘8.6 Remember that parentheses can be used to explicitly specify the order of evaluation, overriding the default precedence. For example: Pe pCi i pene) Here, the addition inside the parentheses is evaluated first, and then the multiplication is performed, resulting in “21°ChatGPT Cee Ey ry a eva) y = exchange_values(x, hange mto exchang va) a function “exchange _values* th using arithmetic op ofty Output: NT ations. The exam ion ates h @) and then prints the [eRe ces hange: function feel elYou 15. c) Write a Python program using function to find a sum of first ‘N’even numbers and print the esult ChatGPT ertainly! Her t > find the sum of th ven num ferro VLPs iPad r i in range(1, Tee Fees a Patel esl Ba result = sum_of_even_numbers(N) et eae ae nt *N* and PTF ©) Copy code The sum of the first even o find thYou 16. a) Mention the list of keywords available in Python. Compare it with variable name ) ChatGPT In Python, keywords are reserved words that have special meanings and cannot be used as variable names. These keywords are an integral part of the language's syntax and serve specific purposes. Here is a list of Python keywords: © Copy code Pte fi from cad Pras ore These keywords are case-sensitive, meaning that ‘True’ and “true are treated differently. Also, it's important to note that variable name: nnot be the same as any of the: se keywords. Attempting to use a keyword as a variable name will result in a syntax error. Here's an example illustrating the difference between using a keyword and a valid variable name: CR ETeC Lyn Inthe example above, “4f* is a keyword, and attempting to use it as a vai le name results in a syntax error. Variable names should be chosen such that they do not conflict with Python keywords to avoid confusion and errors in your code.You b) What are Statement? How are they constructed from variable and expression in Python ChatGPT In Python, a statement is a unit of code that performs an action. It represents a complete instruction that the Python interpreter can execute. Statements can take various forms, and they are the building blocks of a Python program. Common types of statements incl loop statements, and function calls. 4e assignment statements, conditional statements, Let's break down how statements are constructed using variables and expressions: 1. Assignment Statements: An assignment statement is used to assign a value to a variable. oe eee variable_name = expression Example: [Reel zeLy In this case, the variable *x* is assigned the value “40°. The right side of the assignment statement is an expression, which can be a constant, another variable, or a more complex mathematical expression. 2. Conditional Statements (if-else): Conditional statements allow the program to make decisions based on conditions. ee ©) copy code hanes el: Example: fea eer Here, “x > 5° isan expression that evaluates to either “True or “False, and the appropriate code block is executed based on the result. 3. Loop Statements (for and while): Loop statements allow the program to repeat a block of cade. For Loop: python feet coe ba RES et soya Example: fale ee Here, “xange(5)° is an iterable, and the loop iterates over each value of ~4~ from Oto 4. While Loop: Lionas Coder an) Example: TU Leeroy Lo count = while count < 5: (Crt) read The ‘while* loop continues executing as long as the “count < 5° expression is ‘True’. 4. Expression Statements: Expression statements are standalone expressions that are valid as statements. Example: Leto Lo Here tothe variable *result* In summary, statements in Python are constructed using variables and expressions to perform various actions, make decisions, or control the flow of a program. The combination of variables, expressions, and control flow constructs forms the structure of Python programs.b) What are Statement? Ho' ChatGPT In Pyth or compoun Assignment Statement: “A Expression Statemer * Evaluates an Print Statement (Python 2): * Prints the specified valu Print Funetion (Python 3): * Prints the specified valu yy Peet they constructed fron onin Python igns a value to a variable. Re Mer d in some way. Peete [aero using the “print () ° function. [ia ey hore Conditional Statement (if, elif, else): * Ex Peete Ur ed print(i) caer print(x) ae Function Definition Statemen' utes different code bi don the evaluation of a (Reo Peete * Defines a function that can be called later in the program Ee emer a+b b) from vi multip! d meaningful instr feet pr er. For examp riable is feet ult of this expression i nle “result ind contr gram.7. (a) Writs m to rotate y Fight n tim slicing technique ChatGPT Certainly! Here's a Python program that rotates a list to the right "n° tim chni Rotate Right Without Slicing: en Cord ere Fc a (On last_element = Ist.pop(-1) pS ae Ue ade CCS) pared original_list = [i, 2, 3, 4, 5] Selec ts md rotated_list_without_slicing = rotate_xright_without_slicing(original_list ( ) ( Le eel Neeley Clog (ist, n): rotated_list = lst[-n:] + lst[:-n] return rotated_list original_list = [1, 2, 8, 4, 5] poe Forte EET cet Rec cte eek eCUm ets Co stra waste) y7 ) In the above prog * ‘rotate _right_without_slicing the list to the right wi + ‘rotate right with, slicing’ rotates the list to the right using ith the elements ro’ nt “nm times Ur teee 0) Copy code You can change of ‘original_list* and ‘rotate_count’ to te: tion coYou 1T.(a) Write a python program to rotate t with and with technique ChatGPT ertainly vython program that rotat ttotheright “n° t iau Rotate Right Without Slicing: Pray fee mess 3 out_slicing(1st, n): Sapa t1eeD) eee) slicing = rotate_right_without_slicing(original_list.copy(), rotate_count) ) Rotate Right Using Slicing: a (eRe Ton Can eaten. a es it ie haa = rotate_right_with_slicing(original_list.copy(), rotate_count) ) program + ‘rotate right_without_slicing® rotates the | he right without u: otate_right_with_slicing’ rotates the list to the right iginal list and return a new list with the elemer the right “n° tin6:24 %& ne Fs 6a © fas te Ail (1) 2 chatopenai.com/ + & You ) (b) Discuss about keyword arguments and default arguments in python with example. ChatGPT in Python, function arguments can be specified in tw ways: as keyword arguments and as default arguments. Keyword Arguments: Keyword arguments allow you to pass values to a function by explicitly specifying the parameter names along with their corresponding values. This provides clarity and flexibility in function calls, especially when dealing with functions that have multiple parameters Example eer ce Cra ( Prec feed Uo inthis example, “name* and ‘age are keyword arguments. When calling the “greet function, we explicitly ich arg mention the parameter names, making it clea ment corresponds to which parameter. Default Arguments: Default arguments allow you to specify default values for parameters in a function. Ifa value is not provided for a arameter during the function call, the default value is used. Example: felon ten OUP) Peete Cre TRG eee cee eG in this example, the “age* parameter has a default value of “48°. If no value is provided for ‘age during the function call, it defaults to “18°. However, you can still override the default value by explicitly providing a value for “age” Combining Keyword and Default Arguments: You can also combine keyword and default arguments in a function. Example: © Copy code (name, age=i8, greeting: Cece ee SCO Creer ae Od ) Pree greeting: greeting” hal age’ a g default values. in this example, *name*, “age *, and “greeting” are parameters ination of these parameters during the function call You can provide values for any comt These features make Python functions more flexible and readable, allowing you to call functions with a variety of argument configurations.(a) Write a py program to print the maximum among ‘n’ randomly themina ChatGPT Here's a Python n that generates 'n' random nun s the maximum among them b themin alls oer (numbers) : Seam oo eam max_number = numbers[0] for number in numbers: at) ae Pam LL Ls ad max_numbexr = number cea U AML —3 random_numbers = [random.randint(0, d-1) Pee mt) max_number = find_maximum(random_numbers) eth Geet eee ato) n this program The “random.randint(0, d-4)" functio m numbers between Q and “d-4 mprehension is used to generat 'n’ random numbers and store them in the *random_numbers * lis The “£ind_maximum’ function is to find the maximum number among the elements of a utput: Dray fae ao) fe a different number of random nu bers and set the range ofSs You 19, (b) Evaluate the following expressions in python ) 24 6%3 ChatGPT Let's evaluate the expression 7033 in Python: python ae pa aa 4/1 6% Pranic. 059) Now, let's run this code and see the output: PrtUy (oreo pan con) print(result) The expression involves two operators: °//* for floor division and “%" for the modulus. Here's the step-by-step evaluation: 24 is equal to 4 (result of floor division) 3 is equal to 1 (remainder when 4 is divided by 3). Therefore, the output of the given expression is: fae fons So, 24 / 6% evaluates to 1in Python.You 19. (b) Evaluate the following expressions in python Ii) float(4 + int(2.39) % 2) ‘ChatGPT Let's evaluate the expression “float(4 + int(2.39) % 2)° in Python! Pry cCoB as print(result) Now, let's run this code and see the output: Cnr result = float(4 + in print(zesult) Here's the step-by-step evaluation: int (2.39)” converts the floating-point number 2.39 to an integer, resulting in 2 (Integer conversion truncates the decimal part) 2 % 2° Is equal to 0 (remainder when 2s divided by 2). 4 + 0° equals 4. float(4) * converts the integer 4 to a floating-point number, which is already in float form. Therefore, the output of the given expression is: fueled cme) So, ‘float(4 + int(2.39) % 2) evaluates to "4.0" in Python,‘You 19. (b) Evaluate the following expressions in python ill) 2**2** 3 ChatGPT Let's evaluate the expression 2” in Python: PUL result = 2 ** print(xesult) Now, let's run this code and see the output: ELT a Re So peak print(zesult) Here's the step-by-step evaluation 23 is equal to 8 2° is equal to 256 ‘Therefore, the output of the given expression Is: two] Pit) 10, 2° evaluates to 256 in Python. The exponentiation operator -** is right-associative, meaning it 9 evaluates from right to left in cases where there are multiple exponentiation operators.Unit IIIYou 1. Explain in detail various types of operators. ChatGPT In Python, operators are special symbols or keywords that perform operations on operands. Operands can be values or variables, and the result of an oper ion is often anew value. Here are various types of operators in Python: 1. Arithmetic Operators: Arithmetic operators perform basic mathematical operations. Addition (-+*): Adds two operands. fet To perand from the left operand. g g 8 $ 2 acts the right eR eo Multiplication (-*"): Multiplies two operands. Pane Division (*/~ ): Divides the left operand by the right operand (always returns a flo (ie Loe + Floor Division (*//*): Divides the left operand by the right operand and returns the floor value (integer result). ie tone + Modulus (*%:): Returns the remainder of the division of the left operand by the right operand. (eno s + Exponentiation (-**"): Raises the left operand to the power of the right operand fae toe 2. Comparison Operators: Comparison operators compare two values and return a Boolean result (‘Txue* or “False’). + Equal to ("=="): Checks if two operands are equal + Not equal to(* !="): Checks if two operands are not equal * Greater than (*>~):Checl s if the left operand is greater than the right operand, + Less than(~ Checks if the left operand is less than the right operand, * Greater than or equal to (+>="): Checks if the left operand is greater than or equal to the right operand. + Less than or equal to (<="}: Checks if the left operand is less than or equal to the right operand. aero ner 3. Logical Operators: Logical operators perform logical operations and return Boolean results. + Logical AND (“and"):Returns “True* if both operands are ‘True* + Logical OR (-or"): Returns "True" if at least one operand is “True® + Logical NOT (not): Returns the opposite Boolean value of the operand. (en no resulti = a and b Bart a) result3 4. Assignment Operators: Assignment operators assign values to variables. Assignment (~="): Assigns the value of the right operand to the left operand + Addition Assignment (~ operand, + Subtraction Assignment (“-="): Subtracts the right operand from the left operand and assigns the result tothe left operand, + Multiplication Assignment (** to the left operand * Division Assignment (- /="): Divides the left operand by the right operand and assigns the result to the left operand +): Adds the right operand to the left operand and assigns the result to the left ): Multiplies the left operand by the right operand and assigns the result + Modulus Assignment the result to the left operand, *): Performs modulus on the left operand with the right operand and assigns + Floor Division Assignment (* /7="): Performs floor division on the left operand with the right operand and assigns the result to the left operand. + Exponentiation Assignment (***="): Raises the left operan {to the power of the right operand and assigns the result to the left operand, (eens 5. Membership Operators: Membership operators test whether a value is a member of a sequence. + In(-in*):Returns ‘True’ if value is found in the sequence. + Notin (‘not in’): Returns “True” if a value is not found in the sequence. nue) (at enna Ess a} p< oaan sin numbers batt) not in numbers 6. Identity Operators: Identity operators com re the memory location of two objects. + Is(“is"}:Returns ‘True* if both operands refer to the same object. * IsNot(“is not’): Returns ‘True’ if both operands refer to different objects. errno 7. Bitwise Operators: Bitwise operators perform bit-level operations on integers. Bitwise AND (8°): Performs a bitwise AND operation. Bitwise OR ("| *): Performs a bitwise OR operation. Bitwise XOR (~*~): Performs a bitwise XOR (exclusive OR) operation. **Bitwise NOT (*~conditi ChatGPT In programm Teneo Example: ing that the pe 2. Chained Conditionals: Sey conditioni: condition2: condition3: Example: score >= 90: pean score >= 80: pean Ell) <-eeieH print( Rete roe | [Sema Inthi differer execut Both conditional alterna m based on different Peso ner (Ree oo ith the “else” (ee eT ToYou 3. Explain in detail about iterations. ChatGPT 1. ‘for® Loops: A “for loop is used to le for each element in th ta Ct [Rel aore variable in sequence: Example: Soy (ae Tee fruits Saath ad fruits: print (fruit) Output: [ia Rell oreL 3 Er oat Pru Ury sea Range-based "for Loop: Pru) eos Peete print(i) Copy code Qo 4 ys 3 os 2. ‘while Loops: A ‘while* loop is used to rep: xecute a block of syntax: fae Ue SKE Example: python D) copy code count = 0 count < 5: [eee Ue) count + Output: fae foots fo) 1 ys ci rs Loop Control Statements: 1. break The “break True* imple: © Copy code Ure Ken print(i) fees 2. “continue ment: The ‘continue ent is used to skip the r proceed to the next iteration. Example fae Re Peto 2 print(i) Output: [alec derrt Infinite Loops: n infinite loo (weer rt cific actior or continuing untila a met. The n the specific requirements of ndYou 5. Describe in detail about Recursion. ChatGPT Recursion is.a programming concept where a function s itself directly or indirectly in order to solve a ‘ursive function is a function that solv problem. In other words, a re a problem by solving smaller ins ces of the same problem. Recursion involves breaking down a problem into simpler, smaller sub- protslems until a base case is reached, and then combining the results of the sub-problems to solve the original problem Key components of recursive functions: 1. Base Case: Aba dition that specifies when the recur: ld stop, presents the smallest caseisa ce of the problem that can be selved directly without further insta ursion. Without a base case, the recursive function would continue indefinitely, leading to a stack overflow. 2. Recursive Case: The recursive case defines how the problem can be divided into smaller sub-problems. The function calls itself with modified arguments, making progress towards the ba: case, Structure of a Recursive Function: (Reo ee Cree e if base_case_condition: cao CCC re oe result = recursive_function(modified_parameters) return result Example: Factorial Calculation Using Recursion fae urn n * factorial(n - 1) tes the factorial of anumber *n*. The b lis itself with the In this example, “factorial isa recursive function that calcul case is when ‘n° is 0 or 1, where the result is 1. In the recursive case, the function argument ‘n - 1°,and the results are combined by multiplying them with *n* Example: Fibonacci Sequence Using Recursion fae turn fibonacci(n - 1) + fibonacci(n - 2) ith Fibonacci number. The base Inthis example, “fibonaced’ isa recursive function that calculates t cases are when *n* is 0 or 1, where the result is 0 or 1, respectively. In the recursive case, the function calls itself twice with the arguments “n - 1° and ‘n - 2°, and the results are combined by addition Advantages of Recursion: Simplifies Code Structure: Recursive solutions often have a more concise and elegant structure compared to iterative solutions, especially for problems that exhibit a recursive nature. well-suited for problems that can be naturally broken down Addresses Complex Problems: Recursion into smaller, similar sub-problems Disadvantages of Recursion: nal function calls and memory usa Performance Overhead: Recursive solutions may involve add s efficient than their leading to potential performance overhead. Some recursive algorithms can be iterative counterparts, ‘Stack Overflow Risk: Without proper termination conditions (base cases), recursion can lead toa stack essive function c: overflow error due to e Important Considerations: base case is crucial to ensure that the recursion stops and does Base Case Design: Designing a pro not lead to infinite loops, Memory Usage: Recursive solutions may consume more memory due to the function call stack. S problems may benefit from tail recursion optimization (not natively supported in Python). ul technique used in various algorithms and programming paradigms. While it may kills and Recursi nis a po not be the best choice for every problem, understanding recursion enhances problem-solvi standing of programming concepts contributes to a deeper urYou 6.a). Discuss in detail about string slices and string immutability ChatGPT String Slices in Python: In Python, string slices to the ability to extract a portion of a string by specifying a range of indices. This allows you to create a new string that consists of a substring of the original string, String slices use the syntax *string[start: stop:step]’, where: * ‘start’: The index where the slice begins (inclusive). * *stop”: The index where the slice ends (exclusive). + “step: (optional): The step size to determine how the indi traversed, Here's an overview of string slicing: © Copy code text = Pts Ree hed t (substring) Output: eee Psat) Paar) fia er het Pe Pies tt naar al (substring) Output: © Copy code ecu rua) fat ere Pe substring1 = text[:3] substring2 = text[2:] substring3 = text[::2] (substring1, substring2, substring3) Output: fia Reels Pyt hon Pyon String slices are useful for various ta s, such as extracting substrings, reversing strings, or obtaining specific patterns from a larger string, String Immutability: String immutability in Python means that once a string is created, its content cannot be changed. Any operation that appears to modify a str ! implications: ctually creates anew string. This immutability has se\ Creating New Strings: * Instead of modifying an existing string, operations like concatenation or slicing create a new string. Lac fea es ace Cetra Ct mcs stim Pees Re eC V esa) ie Memory Efficiency: + Immutability allows for more efficient memory management. Multiple references to the same string content can coexist without worrying about unintended modifications. ru (et els Te Erol tere Rest Meesttsl Hashability: + Strings are hashable in Python due to their immutability. This makes them suitable for use as ki dictionaries or elements in sets. Pray ©) Copy code Coren Cae Safety in Multithreading: + Immutable strings are thread-safe. Since the content cannot be modified, there are no concerns about data corruption when multiple threads access the same string. faker (s): result = s.upper() cata ad Understanding string immutability isimportant when w king with strings in Python, especially in scenarios whete memory efficiency, hashability, and safety in concurrent programming are crucial considerations. While immutability can lead to the creation of r strings when modifications are needed, it also provides certain advantages in terms of predictability and robustness.ate how it is done in python with e) ChatGPT Certain a 9 ind string immutab h examples in Pythor 1. String Slices: feet) Doe Norld Pies aad ee print(substring) Output eee a ToS ae) String Slicing with fae eo Cr text = "Python F substring = text[0:15:2] eat eare sta) Output fae ae Omitting Paes ocr Ce Etirrec): eae esd es Etisal Pa etd ee substring3 = text[::2] substringi, substring2, substring3) Output: [eee ec ase ume 2. String Immutability: ru) faeces original_string = "He Termes fee ret LVM to st amen print (original_string) print(new_string) Output aoe) Hello Hello, World! , uu) fae So Piet Fe Beau eemesa re print(string1, string2) estas eesti) RiGee 72) Output: ete eam aan e) ar) objects rather than modifying the original string, Understanding these or eff aligns with the principles of immutability in Python.You 6). b). Write a python code to ing in the g ChatGPT Certainly! Het Tu ee ee search _string_in_list(search_string, string_list): found_indices = [] index, string in enumerate(string_list): Er eo m sate RRS found_indices.append(index) found_indices eras Eero eT result = search_string_in_list(search_word, my_list) ce print( saat This function “search_string_in_list” that tak input. Iti hrough the list and tring in* operator. It retur 0 a ing is founc string is fo of the e list, it prints the indic disp und in the list.You 7. Explain string functions and methods in detail. ChatGPT String functions and methods in Python provide a wide range of operations to manipulate and work with strings. These functions and methods enable you to perf modifying, and analyzing strings. Below, ll explain some commonly used strin detail m tasks such as formatting, searching, inctions and methods in String Functions: 1. “1en()* Function: * Returns the length (number of characters) of a strit Lou fee Rod Cys aE length = len(text) >rint (Length) 2. “stx()* Function: + Converts a value toa string Pr fu Reem ld ios text = str(number) pena S] 3. “ord()* Function: + Returns the Unicode code point of a character oe) fae Re rita unicode_code = ord(char) pesmi OULb Coles Mal B) 4. “ehr()* Function: + Returns the character represented by a Unicode code point. Pe Tae ee US Rete\s aot char = chr(unicode_code) peta ColL bo) String Methods: 1. “capitalize()* Method: + Returns a copy of the string with its first character capitalized. python faker Ds eon Creat. eae eat ne ver 10) Pema Tec vEe meso) 2. ‘upper()* and “lower()* Methods: * “upper () °: Returns a copy of the string with all characters in uppercase, + “lower () +: Returns a copy of the string with all characters in lowercase python fee a a af upper_text = text.upper() lower_text = text. lower() Pema) 2 asa) >rint(lower_text) 3. *count()" Method: * Returns the number of occurrences of a substring in the string Do feet eee eer >rint(count_apple) 4, “‘find() * and “index()* Methods: + ‘find()‘: Returns the lowest index of a substring, or -1 if the substring is not found. * “andex() °: Returns the lowest index of a substring, of raises a “ValueError” if the substring is not found Pjur fee Rod cs ae index_world = text.find("World") Sema e Rls ale KD) Pee Ur en eee oles an YU oso eS ie aioes 1) 5, “replace() * Method: + Returns a copy of the string with occurrences of a substring replaced. Poe) fee Seer A se: EU eae replaced text = text.replace( Pama Ct eo) 6. “split()* Method: * Splits the string into a list of substrings based on a specified delimiter. (Rea words = text.split( pesmi OS +3) 7. “strip()", “1strip()~,and *rstrip()~ Methods: + ‘strip() ":Returns a copy of the string with leading and trailing whitespace removed. * “strip()": Returns a copy of the string with leading whitespace removed, + *xstrip()”: Returns a copy of the string with trailing whitespace removed. Pe fae aaa cre rld stripped_text = text.strip() pena Chest) eae) These are just a few examples of the many functions and methods available for string manipulation in Python. Understanding and utilizing these functions and methods empower you to efficiently work strings in various scenarios,You 8.Write a Python program to find the square root of a number ) ChatGPT Certainly! You can find the built example using both methods: square root of a number in Python using different approaches, including tl ponentiation operator (****) or the ‘math sqrt ()* nection from the *math* ule. Here's an Method 1: Using Exponentiation Operator (*** Pee raed Ce ele saa eT elon user_input = ( ( result = find_square root (user_input) iG Method 2: Using ‘math. sqrt() * Function: eo Teste ay a eto RC eRe CU aaa) Seabee TT Me ala reeset ae ( ( Popeater eae TS) iG Both methods ieve the same result: The user is prompted to enter a number. The program (8) orth Itprints the calculat ulates the square root of the input numb “math .sqrt() ° function. ing either the exponentia ator square root. Choose the method that best fits your preference or requirement. Both methods a fe valid and give the square root of the input number in Python.S You 9. Explain about string modules in detail 5) ChatGPT In Python, the string module provides a collection of useful functions and constants for working with strings. While many string operations can be p erformed using built-in string methods, the string module offers additional functionality and can be particularly useful in certain scenarios. Let's explore the key components of th module: String Constants: “string. ascii_letters * Concatenation of the “ascid_lowercase’ and “ascii_uppercase * constants. * Contains all ASCII letters. “string. ascii_lowercase* * String containing all ASGII lowercase letters. “string. ascii uppercase" * String containing all ASCII uppercase letters. “string. digits + String containing all ASCII digits (0-9). “string. hexdigits” © String containing all ASCII hexadecimal digits (0-9, a-f, A-F). “string. octdigits* * String containing all ASCII octal digits (0-7) “string. punctuation * String containing ASCII characters considered punctuation “string. printable’ + String containing all ASCII characters considered printable, String Functions: “string.capwords(s, sep=None) * = cap talizes the first letter of each word in the input string "s*, where words are separated by the specified separator “sep* (default Is whitespace). eee capitalized text = string.capwords( text) (capitalized_text) “string. Formatter’ Class * Provides a way to perform string formatting using the “format() hod. “string. Template* Class + Provides simpler string substitution syntax using placeholders. python Leer cens aa SU) Sc Se es su Seay ) pCO ER emer aod Par Core nena t(result) Example: Using String Constants fekectet Pi csed crane ser hdO ny ( See c UL Peco Rote ech eee a eee UCR Eos Peete Ue UMC G eno Monte tac Ms iG ) In this example, *string.digits’ Is used to check ifa string contains only digits, and “string .ascii_letters and “string.digits * are used to generate a random password containing letters and digits, The string module provides a versatile set of constants and fun ns for string manipulation and formatting, While many tasks can be accomplished using built-in string methods, the string module becomes handy in situations where specif ts or advanced formatting options are neededYou 10. a) Write a Python program to find GCD of two numbers. ChatGPT Certainly! You can find the Greatest Common Divisor (GCD) of two numbers in Python using the Eucl algorithm. Here's a simple Python program to calculate the GCD: fae coy numt = int(aing ieee beat num2 = int(ing Fahd lols a] gcd_result = find_gcd(numi, num2) print(£"The GCD of {num1} and {r Inthis program: The is prompted to enter two numbers. The “find_ged” function uses the Euclidean algorithm to calculate the GCD of the two numbers. The result is printed. The Euclidean algorithm repeatedly applies t formula: “ged(a, b) = ged(b, a % b) “until the second iCD. number becomes zero. The last non-zero jainder is t For example, ifthe user inputs ‘numa = 48° and ‘num2 = 48°, the program would output: sharp (1 copy code The GCD of5 You 10). b) Write a Python program to find the exponentiation of a number. ChatGPT Certainly! To perform exponentiation of a number in Python, you orthe “pow()” function. Here's an example usin use the exponentiation operator -*** both methods: Method 1: Using Exponentiation Operator (*** *): ere (base, exponent): pce MRSS Tonu urn result base_num = float(input( "Ent exp_num Seema Pee ule Ciena (rc mes mL) print(£"{base_nt Method 2: Using * pow() * Function: fae cea (base, exponent): cee eC CCRT Cro) fa nad Po ee eeu id aloha exp_num = float(input ("Er Pee ule Cl etulCrc mT es MD) eet eae CMaT cr Both methods achieve the same result: The user is prompted to enter a base number and an exponent. The program calculates the result of raising the base number to the given exponent using either the exponentiation operator **** or the “pow()” function. It prints the calcula’ result, Choose the method that suits your preference or require ent. Both methods provide a way to perform exponentiation in Python. < 2/2You 10). c) Write a Python program to sum an array of numbers. ChatGPT Certainly! You can create a Python program to sum an array (or a list) of numbers using a simple loop or by utilizing the “sum()* function, Here are examples using both methods: Method 1: Using a Loop: farmers (numbers) = ace eed Pam Re oe Ace Ue Peas te array = [i, 2, 3, 4, 5] result = sum_array(array) Petr ean Method 2: Using “sum()* Function: ee Toa array = [i, 2, 3, Feet e eee rst) print (f"The Both methods achieve the same result: The program takes an array of numbers as input. It calculates the sum of all the numbers in the array using either a loop or the built-in “sum()* fu It prints the calculated sum. ith your list of numbers to find the sum of those num! Replace the “arzay* variable in the examp! Both methods are valid and will provide the sum of the numbers in the given array or listQ ChataPT In programming, a list and an array are terms often used interchangeably, but the implementation and characteristics can vary depending on the programming language. I'l provide an explanation using Python, where a list is commonly used to represent an array-like structure. Lists in Python as Arrays: In Python, a list is a dynamic array, meaning it can dynamically grow or shrink in size. It is a versatile and mutable data structure that can hold elements of different data types. Here's a detailed explanation: 1. Declaration and Initialization: You can create a list in Python using square brackets °[]” and initialize it with elements. Dur) aeEtSS 2. Indexing and Accessing Elements: List elements are accessed using zero-based indexing. ia) Prete ee 4 Kes) print(my_list[2]) 3. Mutable: Lists are mutable, which means you can modify their elements. ura) my_list[i] = 10 ataC eee t sa) 4, Dynamic Size: Lists in Python can grow or shrink dynamically. ua) my_list. append(6) Prete et 9) my_list.pop(2) ret C eee 9) 5, Mixed Data Types: Alist can hold elements of different data types. Purl Che MeSS 6. Functions and Methods: Python provides various functions and methods for working with lists, such as “Len()*, “sum()*, “min()*, “max()", “sort() °,and “reverse()”. Piura) print(len(my_list)) print(sum(my_list)) my_list.sort() Pret ae ets 9) 7.Slicing: You can extract a portion of the list using slicing, Piura) subset = my_list[i:4] print (subset) In summary, a list in Python serves as a dynamic array, allowing you to store and manipulate elements efficiently. t provides flexibility and a range of operations to work with the data it containsYou ) Write a Py gram to perform linear ChatGPT alinear searcl fia Resets y linear_search(arr, target): Peete ercuicrs 3) arr[i] == target: or my_list = [4, pees wR PECL CE MeeVee cS aces aC HTT) pc ha issn arr’ anda “target s if each element matches the target se this func target_value’).|tthen prints whether the i ound and at which ind in the list.) ChatGPT on program that p Dna ee ce binary_search(arx, target): low, high = 0, lenfarr) - i ae mid = (low + high) // 2 arr[mid] == target: mid Pred ar M MEA ewes a pre Lk eee high = mid - i “1 sorted_list = [i, 2, pers result = binary_search(sorted_list, target_value) result != estat eats This program defines a function ‘binary. search’ th ‘arr’ anda ‘target value paramete in half until th found or the functi how sorted list “target_value’). It th and at which iniYou 18. a) Appraise with an example nested if and elif header in Python ChatGPT Certainly! Nested “1° and ‘e11z° statements allow for conditional branching within oth conditional statements. Here's an exampl fa era eae ate Hi print( ean: print( lif y ana Pana Prema In this example: The ot 10” "at" statement checks if *x" is equal to 10, If true, it enters this block and prints Inside this block, there's a nested “it* statement checking if “y* is equal to 20. If true, it prints "y is 20". If *y* is not equal to 20, the nested “e1it” checks if *y* is equal to 30. If true, it prints "y is 30", Ifneither condition (ty == 20° or *y == 30°)is true, it executes the ‘else’ block within the nested “if- elif-else’ structure and prints "y is neither 20 nor 30" This structure allows for multiple levels of conditional checks based on different scenarios or conditions. The sted structure provides flexibility in handling various cases based on different combinati nditions being met or not met.You 13). b) Explain with an ex hile loop, break statement and continue statement in ChatGPT nly! The “wha: thon is used t dition is true. The “break “continue” ple that u [ia eo ets Cl ae number <= 10: OU s print( Cn ae ae print( Ct print( Cs at number <= 10° is if th the number n and mov If neither of tl rements the “number * variable at the end of each iteration. demonstra touse “break* to exit a loop prematurely and “contanue* to skip the r iteration.ith Python pr finan n with and w Without Recursion: Pe olen Fa Con et UR RC ee oles) coe i range(i, n+ 1): cae ae result number = 5 PRM rea ett est Ree toc SC UMR Laer ct Gril.) rane With Recursion: cu Leelee factorial_with_recursion(n): n * factorial_with_recursion(n - number = 5 result_with_recursion = factorial_with_recursion(number) * Without Recursion: The ‘factorial_without_ recursion” functio ulate the factorial of a number. It initializes the result to 1and multiplies it by each inte; ‘the given nume * With Recursion: The “factor ial_with_recursion® fun defined recursively. The t number is 0 or 1, in which case it returns 1. Othe jes the number by the facte can change the “numbex® variable in ora different number.non progran finding t! nd without Without Recursion: Poraral fa Rem 'ial_without_recursion(n cee One SOc aoaen Peta lhout_recursion = factorial_without_recursion(number) With Recursion: Li Lee aos factorial_with_recursion(n): ee Cotes st A ade ate al (it_with_recursion = factorial_with_recursion(number) Explanat! * Without Recursion: The ‘factorial_without_recursion” fur er, It init It ad multiplies it by each inte * With Recursion: The “factorial_with recursion’ function | qT ) or 1, In which case it returns 1. Otherwise, it the number by the “number var e thi ora