EICODING BUGS ©)NOTES GALLERY # Compute « Nehwork, >A compubes melworle is a het An pimele derma Compuberk connected Jeplner aevicen connected Snreugh Jaks. Mm Network A nelwork is a- set of devices Shak ane connected with ao phayical media Mak. In a nelwork Jno or more nodey ong tonnecked by prscical Sink. or dwo ek reore neluorksy ant cennedel by ene er move waden, A node can be any devic wd is capohle ob sending or receiving the dota the Links carne Bre nodea ene Known as communication channels, Bn sige deam, network is a collecHon of devices conneded 30 CoA ethes Jo allows sharing, a; dala | Ht Bob Widdory ee 2dr 1969 , ARPANET (Advanced Research Project Agency Nelwork) becomes Me piri connectecl compures Welwork + Tr implemented tne TCP/IP protecad whith Jaber become the Intemeh PABPANET wo developed by Rivanced Reger iney (MRP), a fubsek ob US Beporkmant af defence (Dol) ores : 7 Whyy dick Hoe Ded need to develop nebworle Compudert ? — Becomoe of re Cold War bel US 2 Usse(Uns a ialtt p dhe goal oh APPANET X00 Jo Keep bine A pistaeyireiliy ins USA ond the USSR deciedl 40 echony nucleon devicer : 2 ARPANET vevelhonizedd communication, by woing Packeh-Awild! instead of diveck connection. Daka Habis commuchabed throush of Packet -Zuilehi. bydkem is formated Into packels with an adar ert of destination madre. and rent onto Hre nehwork oncl Pickup by Hoe Reet machine. jhe addvens in prolacal: tells tre methine where Rend he pares This wt she into. wilt reach ibs ony 2 dexinakar, oven hinete irk a divecee . svowide & changed be need {Oe these JD be ott stanpord | ine Ueruectily of Utah, UCLA (vetversiby offalifowie LA) ara UCSB Cunivertilyy Of Califosrnia, Santer Ronbena) foml- CODING BUGS NOTES GALLERY=H Baric Tesors in Compuder neboorh:. Chienk' 2 dient 1s 0 computer Rardwone oevice ox felfwcone hoe OCEmeM arenvice made -avediable by a Acuver..The sewer § offer Clark net always) Jecated ono seponake physical ump Ey Sewers. a seever is 0 physical compuber dedicated to wun é Aemiced to serve the needs: obrer computes Deena on G The -servicto Haak ts winning .U could be a fe pervert, al dalabore Kemer, rome _media sewer, paint cower, wer herve 4 TY Mork :- A host is a compuker, tomnichedl Je other cempubers fpr wchidyd U Provides dala ov sewvices over He nelwork antheory, every 4 compuker connected Jo a nelwork at on a her to other 4 peers on She network 3 By Peer. A Peex ts a nobe thal provides sre same lunckionality gi OS Cree . Bx two computer, In nehwork. one peers, er computer ana or herver are not peers 02 thers Perform 4 dillerert eperahe> i A peer Ss someting or Aemeone Hhak ts on equal member OUP -ewhese Hreseh Some Kind 4 meloharchip bel He ' members b He group. | 5] Bomdwidhhy eluork benduity is a meaanemert indlcobeg Te mavimunr capac) of wited ow wirelers communication | Dink By frawomit olatg aver a network. connector ina gluen awrormt of Here TYPICAly shandwidHy “is wepreseded dntne numbers of bik, Kilobils, megabits or gigabits. tnal-con be « trowaried in b beconal, eae witty capacity handwidhh decceibes daha Hanger rate, : Xd doder wonnittedl WSpeed , Speed refers 40 robe ot ean canbe ia TIE Hae bandurtl is Hne capadiy forlnab see. L@bes = 102 bits /s simlops = 1090000 abs Jibps = 1900 bis/g SICODING BUGS NOTES GALLERYNw 5G | Ainjovmdbion ts jranoported from oor dala packels acrons nek, They ane usually gor ok igqulon JWewols and sake vr Mee tate ; a 8c amount ef Hine. Tittey is when Shese by o Sime Delon im She yendiag, of thene dala packets ower yout neko. connetion, Andy iy ofEn camsed by Wework congetion ond & HOKE clramged - er dda pls lake toannive, the moore jitew con ai Ahe nao) fmgat ine video ond audio quality + eH Packels' (\ packel fra rmelll begirens of doowe menerre Doda ’ went ate compubes wehwente Cudre Themed, is divided ito dren necombined ‘x ~vwwwuuey tre bers padeeks Tnege eackels ane ae : ox device Arar viecieven hem ' @ Packer Headey :- A packet nendes isa *lobkk of, nort, wid dlitecomiasle asia : Provides information cbeud-We packel} corkents, ongin , deatinahio~ Packels conrict of bno portione: tne Heades & the pojtoad . : , ThE Meader Contodws info cont Ane packel; pub os origin dealinaben i IP addrers ete. while ane paysoad ws actual gala. By Seamenty ety Bre Tranpork povlecal is TCP He unt of, dade pend ' from TCP to nehwovk layin 1s called segments, Dy Frame :- A prame |s ogo a unit of lala, uk 1s & rotocal Dako Unit a Daka Lak lowes ‘ ore oThe PDU of Tramtper: dosjer i> carleck a9 Keaprments othe PDU of Nekwork Layes bs collec oo Packels othe PDU of Dala Unk dower Ss cabled 00 Framer. Ear Local Hort + twcal wart *s Your aur compude, Local hovt can be Acer of Aedver Hah ' uoedl am yor awn compufers borat Hart Lao Me UW Add + 127,0,9,4, GI Pik Rate: Une cauleg .q ire procen oh teanieg binary dale jolo a Hac mene gral is kdown as Lane cod ‘take »- ork. ConnecHows con Senc ils very feu. we maraune Hak speed wring git-vad ‘ ae ees ae ¢. The Kueoerr of hits of date Mele u + Gel Lotency :. Lobenery menounos howstobke sHhe bils anntve, Lodenca ts Hae Dy, e between : : an the Sendine ah doda gq and) veclautng Op BrAE mg , metrownred Yn mis ao gTRY Noise :- nerse ts ans endesined toual in communicator viseuih | Noise is a unwarted ctidurbancé superimposed av a cxsehs. Alpena wshéch ends 40 ascunc Us informabion eonbe nd. f a Byper + theswaal, Intesmodutation , Crofstoll. cmd lonpulse vaige LG) Drtenmation '. Prennction means L026 oh apgual srenolin in nelwortlag cables ov Connechons, Anis 1s measured in clecibels er voltagz.and can ocowy due te vorily of doctors qb mo. oe eo bo become atitlorted o* oui ts wifi 4 Maral Gdeengh «i weaken Khan fhe rouker . Dislorhon'. inteswughon of Frananwithing ay ee undleon necegton. CODING BUGS C)NOTES GALLERYind eee ie = ao eel a Inna %s WEB and whakt tne Difference bel” webd interneh? Eo The Taleanet ts a globol network of nebworts usbile Ihe welo or World Wide Welr(uww) isa collector of injormadion Srab is atcerseo| via Mae inteanck, @Ahke infemed is inprerdeuchme while Lhe Web Is servecl on bop of, “thot infrowtruchure, @ Web apelicahons voek UTTP profucal void is a Loner over TCP mp Proce wheres frlernet applications can eitrer use TCPOr UP protocal CUTTY bb ~ ott Ranemivsion Media . > Atrenamirrion media a path pefueen Hanamitter2 Receiver. » the. de BS the crannel Wrrongn whic, date 1S Aert fpram one ploce » +0 anothers : Tranamivvion Medial [cReneemetion Mesa] 2 er ts Pp Guided 5 Media Cowie! |[GpHca} Ine) Micro | cable | Hote cobte Ohipline ee : 2B IGuided Media '- wired ox Rounded Godhansmirtlgn Medin, > - Riguals belng trawemitied via physical tink. ; Fealured—* High dpeed > © £eoune : * Used tox ehorter aielene &. > Ress > E) Beidled Pedr lhe» const oh 2 ceporably innutaled corductorwines ’ wound about each ober, geveral pucr pairs ane wundieck 5 dogehver ia protective theoth. Twodyped # Ondhielded TIwirledl Poi (ure)| @ Sh elded dwivted Pair ; —rcowristel trp inouladed copper wite., Cowret of pecial jackel (Copper boaid Bae orcund eour other gevead or feil yhild)’ 5 kboue eoternad ability LO plode intes e lnkerpeGence ee en pocypteol mck deer Doi Vn folat olota gate heme, 3 Used: in rhes-tbelephonic Appbiahe More Empenave # Bully edlilf, tofadall Leow Brpenive + Emory $0 inatolle High "Better peoherranc © hor chivtonce A rewvemiction dus be fttcnmakion |ea : ——_____— BU) Conical Cable + It han ar utes plactic texering condaining on oinsulolion Sayer evade of PYC or Teflon ond 2 povaltel cond whors cack roving Aegerated maalated proleckion coven, ~dTromomid twwahion in Ho modes: O Roseband mode! decticated cable Rand uslhr © Road bard mode? cable bondwith is splikiato Seoonade rege. PCOLLES Ts and en TW nelworle. work con etl cables x Outer acho: Haake func Condectoy ss Cres) Oneslaher Anotadoy Pave. ‘ : ' sa Diseduides f !- Rowd voit « Retrer Neige Aremunil sy «ingle cab foilere con oll * fosy te forte onc fypand elnerpewnue | WrePentare network. iF) Oplical Fiber Cable ! C - Te ures dhe concept oh sefledon of Light Ineo a core made UP af Qos or plaakc ame core is sumouncled by 0 Jess clenne lant ox plarke cated Uadding. *This te aoedd ae Araromirvion af, 0 volumes af acta # Me athie can be untdnecteral oy piliveconat. Eby : faphp Cove Relvo scien Ae veiw range | DAC Be anton Bmelnbeuy © Les Karel OtenuaHon “High cot Pee detiremopache seber{erence] Fegi te + Perittance fo covmomve coabe cial ° UY) Safeline) akin a Jronavens Electroma SrommimonQine Mediuay — lavewbed toy Dvbert- I. Bennett in tos, *Saviptine & Mae eantitot formes ghonen dranemiedon Line oh + Unes & conduc material Jo drenamit high frequency wone, P Tara Me corduding whfeviat is tanclidned be” tog Jauer od plone vdnicdhy WS) _MicroBlrighin ee” ones Wovaliy Horted jo Sol 4 EM immu +n WIS) AKO Cond veh, watered is Aeponated prom Ine wround alone tay @ Lager abide SCODING BUGS ©) NOTES GALLERY© Q Unguided Meadiq + aro wmehewed Oo Wirelens Or Un bounded dscwarivtey eredicn No. Prrywicat meclium is vaequived. Fealunen-+ tne gual 18 Broadecal eck “ova als oleae hecme © Udeck for dove Airlences, Tepes + U2 Radio Waved '. ean fogenerake 8 can penchobe Hrrouy{h buildings # Sending & Recieving antennas need vist te aligned. : ePoreve F 2¥te ~ 16H, eAME LM wodies and corddens Phones user Rodie woues wuwe Sitlero wanes. « gemdina amet Recleving orlennas necth $0 be Property Aigue wilh ead oMAeg *Dirlance coveneel bey hgvals i leectly gvoportionall 0 Wleisbof , onkenra ) Fe. Range’ 1 GHy~ 20062. cpa at 2 Moinly used Jor mobile phone communicshem & TeevitdonDirtsibeHe Gi Anvaved » + Useot for Krk dirtance communrahor : * Comnel penrekrote Hero ugh olavtateD © Cre. Range : 300 GYe~4O0TH , * Uneok In AV Remote, wireless mouse eke. Hf Compater Nebunrke Devices ! Ty Hub |. ewores ab sical Doerr awd hence connect devicen Phupticalty oT woes Titled poly colahes to connect dewicea. ethey ome clerwignred 40 aranomil the packeks $v okher appended devices witha seine oa re rowamitted patkebs recieved, oth Vramernite re Who of Hae four i, doter perczet 3s devhines forthe device connected or n8t Two Cakegorsen te Ci) Active Hub(Repeoters]:. emabter Wren tre paodive Hub, they provide pedh dor aignils olso dhey sregennrate concent rate anal dl en the befere Bending, 4 deakinnkitn. Ur ii alto cated as "Repeaters ’ CiPPasiive Hub!- they move Like apalah contact fortne wires te tou in Hoe Heol Network hers hove nating Jodo wilh eroding “ee Argnats. S|CODING BUGS E|)NOTES GALLERYa eces Yr ee wa wadliple Eemnd devices + aL te a clemiee. Canned: J , Y athemer Hubs oar ecm pethawndsied ae ftrckiona ao 0. jlegte vel pacHnew ed § Na Sears of fepecd. = altepten mode udhere claonce of, yf of Sar Hine, sare Yooty © communréaden 19 col\idon one inevitelote ™e TEM Surttchon + sustehes ane aie Nilknge poidls-olom eBerrneh reals eBevicen in swichen one conneded Vesrougis Susicl cok pois cobhen *Swilcheo tronater atala peukOls only to Wal po wshid {iy conneded Jo A deonakon derices. A gwidre does AO or having A uli r in Seong A MAC addvers: of, ctevcen connected to uh *Since transmission of date wares ane weiidehined jn or aw! lens hence tha ed. dase aces ee nedusort : , Ses one heen dugter qnede . udnene desiced penddreerived 4 dala pimublanesvralsy, a cons - BY Modern. 1. modulator “Demodulcdor (modem) is device a 4 TT cemtuter -gennaled disial thyale $0 ovstog gras, ansk oto capable of dgain coruedia onakag riguath.to avigitod erigrals ok necsltas d, Common Aypen Wehus Pi ally deapler modem, ust-duptey modern, 2 wire madern, # Hewiae modem, Syndrrandna ome Asyndwrannis mudem, Modem stands for Mod wlatos-Demoduakor dexice ovrvirls compulerr in sranaherving tala and lajormahon aver telephone Lined. 3 tock a moddtatos when Dee a ulcen oak anignad come) uF od an clemadwlaloy exhor, U eanverts analog into aligled wegrd By Gosewans A Gatewny is neta tardwane deuce Used, ihisa ‘a birmwone whids cave le setings of Hee device mordiy Hae geteweny addyeas in rouders is (92.16B.0.1 OF L92168, 1.4, a Ak acls 5 0 ‘pate! beween hoo nokrorks. A mary oe ‘roule », hirevaal), sewer or etree deviced Haak enables traffic bo blow in ond eu i dhe nekwork while ¢ aetewory Proteds Hre nudes willin neduodd, 7 tk algo » node chselby [Ed Wi Dowters:- Similan Jke modem is alto Madubator and Denodudalo er | 7 tre addiional Lealuore os wiretens connect uty whats codred anuiif, et parks ond ‘ts havi: ule 7 Ar has U-elvernel Po ay tel DUCE Ao thal conned WU9 pe ord FEVICL modem Labernel” with wimedl axwiveeng a | S\CODING BUGS E)NOTES GALLERY,pA} Routers: vonen a device ih LAN need 30 communteake exit o > device on anckhes PAR LAN Ur must pend traitic to 0 specialized device Connectecl to tre LAM colial a Paubes. whose Purpose is 0 Uied are beck path for dhe mensoge to fake to omive oF Hoe Anbended. woe device, ond to Rend de maniene along Os veeey followin, path. t + Renters ane Nevers Inner devices end ane particularly identified | Bd Layer~3 devices ob wre OS! Medel: . FAhers “proces Logical addrerrigg iAbpemation in the Neluode eats header: of Me Padkeh pun ao IP Addwens. reer TU Keo tre ability to connedk chiesintian LAM on Hae Mame OFe1(C". Funk aby | . : _ ee rreesives Sine data, of dekerminea Ie dewkinabion adie | bby eadiny are header ab tre packet: Oner Wneaddsens is delermined, UW peandneh In Us Rowling sate be geb knew Wows $0 weak Hoe dertnahen ond then fa & he packel bo te wyer op on the TRUE, Ane Wop cod be Hre tinal chertinahon or another reuters, Rouklos lalrte : vb plays a very Pivotal vole in letliag Hne rouber makes decision, Thus 0 routing Sable Is 0 to be updated arc complete, Ane woos Through vdsidA o vouker Com vedieve tnpormahion ane !- O skedic Pouting The roubles IWpemalien & fed into Une roul! | Johle -mandly, Ur doeo pecamed a Rare~teuelng out gets prone bo ewraws a0 well. static Rowton iM qi rhe forHanient environment with minimum of one or Qouters, UY Dyrarnit Routing: Fox honges envivornert of Dynaonie Reubing prove xo be He prathical solution, The preven involves ws*o} pecutian routing protocals bo held communtiealion. tne pangpese af Frese protetal 7s to enable Hre other wouter, fo Srensfer “elprmetion olpeunt other outers. Ao Hat phe otrer noutess con ball thar ew soubrs bobles. & eos E'- Repeater Ty voed to eotend the range of radio Aj Ho Hak the Agnal can cover Longer distances, O repeale- Is an electronic device Hak weckelued opgnal and we~trangoits Uk, Repeaters Is voed for wited median wo well ao eviecless meokluwn, Typenot Repeadexs Dnate eee © Bini! Depeoter * MiXowoue Repeater # Sotciite Re paler © WG Reperter/LoLANn Repeoter @ LTE Repeater + Opticol Repeater. EICODING BUGS E)NOTES GALLERY pwue=>———_—__——_ — 1 Brigg. A beceumse hey cen potentially peed and cleq a Jonge nebwok, honky | 40 Waele ability te bevadcaat dala to all the nodex A Prey donk Inow Whe deakinahion voder mat Address A bridge is a type of, nefwork device Shak provide interconnection evitn eb bridge medrsosks Hrak used lac Same pretocal, Alordae 35 0 computes networlkdevice Hak builia the connection WI SAKE e badge networks Wak wo0ed He Kame probecal. 4 Tk works oF the Data Link Jayes ob Hee O81 modeh cinch connects 4 Aillevent nelworles fagelrer amd develops communication behveed rem, 4 Bridyes one Alorilon to repeater A Hubn Pa Hrakthey brnadcant colgg do every node, However Baidge maintain de Media Ace ens Cont CmAC) addvers Table ao poor as Ahey dittover: mew segments, go Subsequent tranamistions ane gent toenly Jo fhe clemzed veupiert, 4 briclge woes olatabase to ascertain where to p00 dranemit erdiscond On alate, rome 4 Ih Hee preime we ceived by tne bridge is meant tar agsenmed Wak neni io ee wos ate 1UF wil paos teed: g frat pode otal Re eceivivsys bridge will tren cbiscand of a Bk tre bridge aedetveo o prame wshose node MAC Madreos ischane connected networks, tk will porword she frame foward th, iH “ees Trawopenert Bride © Source Route Bridge Otrovolohion Geidge network loidge device 14 pPrmenily wed to Lang Lot Aan Ee [0] Broukens!. Browters one re combinabion of bern he bridge oma) vouters.they lake up Hre funckionality of tre beth etusertieg 7 devices sewvicg ana ‘oridge when ferwondirg daky behvees! | Nebworks awh Aewvirg) Oa router when bing dola HO | Nadividned sythems, 1 Browters qfunchans ov 9 filles hak allews fone cote inky wae | Local nebwork omch vediizecH UMEAGON daha Fo Hhe ahner nekecnk Broukers operate ab both dhe nehwork lay for woutable oro and ab Me alata fink, layer for non-routabte protocals Ar nehverk confinue JoWecome more compley O mixoh both wouteble ond non revtable protouls han led to Whe neeo Of He combined deabesves 4 Arde and routers a | Broutens KandleY 20th woubate ord nan vouteble feataren ley | ockya as vroules Yor Toutable protoals ome loriges hos —“? 4 protecal, CODING BUGS S)NOTES GALLERYPOD Nettle Card | alto Eneven aa nebwork Interface Card (16%) ore horduane deutces Har connetts a computer with Wee nebwore +k is fastallead on bre mather 'boond “they ore veaponsible Jor developigg > Pryeteal connection behueen Dre rrekwork. cna Hre computer, Computers clata is tranalded into electvical signals gerd to'the nebwok, Nia Nekwosk, luterfeice Cand ‘ eThey, also wrange Gore importonh dolar corsieviion Punchion, Network Profocd | Network protorals clefine o Jangumre of inabudion And convenHons for communication behween the nelwork devices, Ub is emenal Hat a nebworked computer must have one ox more Protocol ctrivers. Usually Jor uso Compuderd 0 jaberconneck on a network. hey must yoo ternal protecals, Aba Hmes Computers Ase clesiqned +o uso mulhiple pyotocsls, Wetwosk Protocols Like WT TP, TCP/IP ebjer @ bowl an yohich much of Pdesner pticlt . Integrated SewviccoDigilal Nebwoast(isON) ‘~ ISDN ane used bo Aend ever geophicel ex audio data filo, Ib is a WAN Technolagy hat can be woed in place of adial up Link. Uk gumely prodiveo Wigley Speed Kron a modem and nao tre capability Jo pick “Up the Line and okop Ub considerably ab faster role. GCECEE VU UUUUYEOUNUYUOGOE woe xX At Unicaok , Bxoadcaot & Mutticasf- ; Conk. cant Seem aignifies rome dala(stream of packets) t's being tremomitte, : ~ HHo He siecipien from chiont a Onicasty- *Qne - to- One sranomiscion emtnis type of, informedion thank{er is woeful when rere is pankcipober divghe sender avd Male recipient for tobe | a olevice cent) 1P Gdelvens 106142.0. fra nehwoord work by Stad the teabbic Mreomn( Paucets) to Ure device wilh \Paddsend BOntRoA 2 im olher network , Hien unicaot comes Inte pickne, TRS MRE mea common form of dake treamofer over he Mehwodd vu » ) > > > ) , —~ - eel oof , @ @ \ ' © eS = as soot ts eC ARy Broadcoot + Bovad casting transles Cone- fo-all) tedansq us ———__ . be Aaoai tient into hwo bypeo! COL med Broad cant beeen eth eshcenn ah eh Con ‘ Supeose you have So pend sAvcom of ceckels, A® A devices over She network. Sab you mekide, His Broad cavbicg BNE Wawedys, Cow Yds Jo odnieve, Ur vsill append 255.25525522¢. 9 Cres oti tne 32 its of IP oddvens Let tol) cated aa Limiled Sroadeost hd AWE heninadl, Meemed Jor \ Kenk (Lende lon addrers af, dalagramlpodkel) headers vckith is lormaten tranater to all Ihe wecipionts from a a eves a Wekwork), rH nie network This ts achieved by spanelating all Hie Hort ID pon bila ob destination Addsex Jo1, vefhered an Meck Broadcoohing Rodrexs as dlodegyrcin, Heoder #6 Informadhion Areas fea + catedsibuion, ce eer protocol of Ma's dows in epmpules Webwork is dd versie RerolubionProtocel (ARP) Hakts woed for Reoslving IP Addwen, {into physical Addweay which Is necerrony for underdylng vormmunicads BT Muiticant | Inmultieorat ane/more senders oma one/more neelpionks « ponkiclpade tn dake dranafer traffic ethts, musticaot Lely senver’s « divect Ainghe copied of date Hresm Srar-one ther simuloted enol roded! 40 ors Sak wequest Ur, < WP multcaok vequlses Auppurt of Gomeciner profocals hike Qing (vterner freup Managment Protecol) Multi cant rouking for Us work Also ta Uasshal 1P Addr earning, Coss D}s neoeavesl for malo geo a SICODING BUGS ©)NOTES GALLERYah oa rT Wey! —__Spokgaed | IF Nebworte lepalagres aeacribe Ihe methaals to whi all the elements oj Kelwork. ore wa Yppeok, Network. Yepolegysy epeciti¢a Me Now oul qo CampPUteY Aetwoorste. Ab Aouth holy devices ancl cables ane connected 40 cads eller EY Port to Porat-(p.2- P ) TZ In Was method Jae nelwork, consied of, ; W => Pagtes & Wighly oretliabte Han other Hadypes , Since Were IS DANO need or NekUOk Operaking Syrderr , NO need of an eHpenoive sorFer aa Individual vorkMahors on do cece ns qe diteo. Pou cant preceterp filer. > ded fow fermall areas ony where coupube > NO Reewiily, Ey Bus Topele “topele Wee oe one ecled a 7 A COMME CHE, > Reo Tepelogy ya achwork Sepolasyy) which al\ nodes Joa os iY cable Enoren ao centred cable ov buds > dF acts As ghared communication median te. Ip 0 send Mme olala bo other devices, then tb will Aend “athe dala avew nthe bus whidr inter +uin sends the data to all attached devices. PP? Vache for amokl wumbes deticnd, p> PAS Y she bus fs damaged rmhen the whole network fails, ae Bigg pola ar PP, Pins “O! nekworle Sopology Mn which nodes ane exactly eoelegy a ™ conkected 30 eee for communicab'on punpese. Tt , aigeck tik bel two computers, ANecteomed” ne uoed, sane én lose Prowinlhy, TUTTUTCLULUL CE device wanls to 2 avd Hus formiay a Aegle conlinvors palh 4px tranomitien, m2 THES collect a otha fopelagy a0 ts formakan iy Uke or aa. ma? Dees nek need o certxal Kerver to contro) dhe cont dane uhvil: ,, owner) Whe noden? : 4 th ash rode is clamroged, whol ¢nebwort. dele, a ere SONET nekvork , SDH nefiwork eb, — 2 > a) SICODING BUGS C)NOTES GALLERYTy ston Topology.» | ae < PAN UAS, OW nodes are connethed 30 A single device known uy q 4 Cenkyc clevice . % _ Sopelocien Tresehore Ub ts move robuxt 0.0 fadlune (ns one rmantiae and Hroulale shook: weck | BL Mesh Topoleay : > ly Wis voll) the nodes ane fadividtaally connecked to alrex codeni™ > Does nor need owt Centraal nub ox awileh pee. i a only disconect sre Seale computer, connecked 40 Hee colbhe, > Others oA Jevel of veclunclorey, , ho ever Uh one network. cable fall. SUL hor alternakive “podh For dda to veady He destination > two np eo te © Pestict meh topalaays Tr B's ot nodes one not connected Je each OlUt mest Topology “A bowne Lob « CL Meth “to ‘> OM noden one connected 39 end ener. Ponkel erty Gall merh Ey Tree wp - = > “ree topology nave areok mode, And oll He ahrey woder one conne 4 wold dorm a Wexanehicol twpeleny DANKs | Au the Aton networks are connected Su ovine bub « WH Mis Re whole network ts divided nto Aggmerrts nown as nekworks which canbe eaaily movrtalned T gre Beginners ir dlamap Mere ts no especk on ohhrer 4 DS iree Fopology depends on the main buy ama oh ib wreaks, Hien Aue vohale nekveork gels damegedt < & < « < « CODING BUGS E)NOTES GALLERYHy bd To aoa! SOD AHsbsd Topelagy, ta comblanhton of aittencs WO? fev erample oe Fepeleqy fs connected with aifterent hopolegy ten be p ~~ MED a Hybrd topole4y. wm OT provides entibity an eon be fmplemented ina diflerent nelucorl environment \ . fS she design of Hybed topalegy ts comple, mR drllerent te pelogies x atk Dib evenk Wpeo af Netuvorlad |. PS wetreorte, can be divided enrthe basis af ance of alirtibabion: pe LAN (Local Drea Network ) po Wis a Group ef network devices that allow communication behween P velour tonnected devices Private ovanertip hed consol over LAN walher Han pubb'c PLAN KAS how Khoak propagation delay Hon MIAN ome WAN. Po Ured for prea gen raphical Jucation Like opice , thooel etc, [EA Man! (ietrepotilah Aves Webwork) [PA covers a loger One® Fran LAN such ao small townk , cites ele, Po MAN cones 400 0% more Computers Hak reride within Ihe game De completdy difleront cities. PMA LL eppenaive ancl aloud or might not be vwned toy one. organiza!” BURN Cwide Aveo thelucort) I Covers Larger anea tron LAN amd MAN puch ov countsyy OTF PSTN on thetettibe mectiuen is aed for ide ona, network, a WAN aso wy IKE Rok be ured by ane ogniralion ‘pea ean ttety * Piva tran Heb] - 2 PAN (Pers onod Mr eoteteoork) ' - Panae is MenrJed upto (Onmbler, Created toy = POEL USE. Generally PrMORaL Devices ane connected Jo WIE net wOHK, TRACAN (Compra Aros Neboooik) 1 1k15 a commeckion ah devices wsitiin compusotea = voWidy Links HO GMROr depankmentt of ormanizal willin dome campus SAGAN Alobod fee Neto): woe rcdalbitey bo connech devices Over = Pre alebal anea. EICODING BUGS ENOTES GALLERYOol Model EICODING BUGS E)NOTES GALLE! OSI Medel :- OS\ ctands for Open Syern Tnhercornettion Model is a conceptual framework used $0 dercribe she forclions of, OW nekworkt syriem, developed by Tnlernaltenst Org arkrakion — ter Alordondiation (10S) in Hae yeou 1984. 1} is a4 Neyer andaitedbune will ead Jayes having, rpeciljc hunckionadits So penfpam. AN Vrexe 4 layers wort Collaborabively Jo sonore she cata from one person }o onother across Yne Gobe ? “Puayers Ave s- sender © Appreakion Lower | t © Presontaion layer ee petver @) Session Layer © Traweport layer q © Nehwoork Bowyer 2 © Doe, Link Layer eo < ® Physical Loyer: < < tl Bviel, Explanation of ll bayers 2 ee ne 3 tet Prugical Loyer [Loyer {] :. $ —Pthe ae of, O81 model ts phpicol soy < > aris ee wr rhe @ PHC pluyriced toyer contedns Tnformotern ta He down ah bibs. “Poh is seaponsibe for cranamilingy Indioicual us fyom See rode $0 ove SS woken receiving dala his Jota iil ger He signal secelved ancl OS converts of inkS’ Os ond US ena And BEM So The Dako take sayerst udhidn wil pak tae ‘yore bods Hogedier. > Canchen of Pryricod Jayer !- < Gy BAS ynuwrorzation Lathe phyrieal Layer ayn provides she syndhoonivadls ~ ah its. a providing, a dock Wis cove controls boy Sender » cand PECEVET Bw provielingy synchronieaien ak bik Jevel. 2 CODING BUGS &) NOTES GALLERYBw g sw . ~ ATR vate Conteal LIne physical Laser al90 AELWer srorvoeninsion ~ Fade Le. he mumbbes of bits sent per pecond. Ani) Physical Lopadogied | Playsicadl souyer aperibien Me woo in eshidh PS ze melon Noporoy ed i ~ Bre dlevices /nodea ore ormranged ot connected in a nebwor > Tes touk, Ato, or medh ele. topalog: PS OZ Tergerinton wade +: Phayead eer olto debinca he way Ys ~ whidh toga plows loekween dwo conneded dense, “ne various > Aramomirtion modes porsilale are Simpler ,Haltyclopler fell hupter, ~ INET bub Repeater, Modem Callen are Physical Layer Devices Pt Nekwork Layer Doda Linksayer, anal Physicod Sayer ore also ~ kmown as Lower Layes ov Hardware Loyers SB Dota Lpk layer ager? d~> Dada Link Layey i ible For Me node-fo-node delivers of Hoe E> Link Layer is veopons m pee AE uncon of Bris Layer isto make Aue dado teanxer > fs) error-free prom one node bo another, over the physical Lowes PoP hen A parkel is comived tao nelwort ik is Me vrepponsibilily ab Dako Mok lasyey to tramomik ik bo love aio Shy Mc Actelven). PP + Soke Unk, Layer is aivideat into two dubloyets, p> Bf Legical Link Contsol (LLC ) ie Bsc Acceas Control (mac, > ME packek neceived prom Hee wehwork Layer is Lubher alivided eae tako frames depending ontne aire of NIC CWetwork Infergper card) > oat alsg_encaps, dex4 and Receivers Mpc ax to Hoe He ant) € receivers MAC Addsens fs obtained by Racoon > Renolution Protocel ) wtegueat onto Che wire Stl ee 5 Addvem?" and Hre deonalon Hort will weply in US MAC Addseos > Funckans of DLL Are \~ 2 Framing? ae TS afunctono} DLL, I providen a way for a render —> do Pramamit oh: loike Haat one rreonndngy full do Hae vecelver. 3 “this can loe atcomplithed boy odtaching pedal wit pavers > phd Te bepioning amd end of Hre pram? (AkA neader & Footer ) a WD Pryrced AdMereihh \+ Alter creak francs, BB DLL adds pluytical) addvers (MAC Address) of Aerder ond/or receiver in Hae Heder =] COUN frenme , =) Ai) Error Condvoh 1 Dota Lae layer provides the medhanier of evres- 5 condvol TA which OF detedls anc arcrangmits damaged ox => ovr pramen, a CODING BUGS S)NOTES GALLERYGY) Fiow Conbyol ke dado: sale must be Conndank on woth fides clap © Ave clala emery get’ covrupled thus, \lous condo! Coordinates She amount of dala Wor con be Lenk behpre receiving c MW) Access Contvol when o Adele communication channel 'y whercel™ vay eudliple devices, Mee MAC pul Sayer of, dada Siek layer helps Av delesmine whidn device Koo corlyt) cuer Ine chonvet of a atuemn Hare. (SGTEY » Packed in Delo Link Layer is vielerred cr Frames, * Dada Link Layey is handied by Hoe NIC (Welwork Inberlace Couch) ond device cyivers, of Hork maurine ° Suite RB pridge ane Dake Link Layes deviced B Nework Loyey [Loyers) » . Network layes works for dey renonsiition a cade [ror One now H6 “he other Joraked in diferent nebwsode 3 “PU also Jokes cone oh packet vronking ie: selection o} éhatent path fron Qne Lost Jo other ote Jo franawit the pecker, jeorn Hae number af, route? avaijatle (Hop-By- Hop routing ) , Aine bende & Receiuens IP addvenses one Newel fo the header fay ng hE > Pandkions of Network Layer t+ lone wy Rowling) “the nekwork Joyer protocols chelesmine vshida rouk€ th er ustable from bounce Jo destination. Wis dondion af Webwork loyere Ts cotled Roukina. x itv Logical Addyenaing \ o ordex do identify exch device on \esnedun TT SRAGuel yy, Hae network Juyer aebines an oddrerting Auheme, “ae Ane Aendess & Receivers |P adressen ane placed in tne HeadsRG by Phe nefwork Layer, Sud anedd revs diving wishes each device uniquely ond universally, Nore}: Packets in Webwork layer is nepersed os Rocke, 2 Nekwork Sayer & Tinglemenked Jon, nehworking devilen suth oo nowerd, Foanaport Layer (Loyer4] Ba Tonaport eye ( aenices 40 He apalicadbion doves andl heeviledD prom dhe nekwort lower. —P Data im Tremoport Layo {sy weheredl ao . ; PIh iy mesponsible for end-o-Bnd Delivery rhe complebe racine athe dranapert layer old provideo Me wledaemental duccershad dota pronomisian and webransm\h Hre date {fon error 18 “fount ‘At Sender's Side \- " Tips sanjes wreceives devas from Upper Jayer ond perfor pearentolio and also teplementt iow Lessor tonteol. jo ensure proper deta travo ptr aso adds Sovnte b di ox number in Hre Header and Hen forword ok 0 ee Gremevally inde deakinakion porkno. 13 lomkiguned einer tay deloutrox monualy NOTE t-“The fender netdl bo know bre por-Ne. wvrr0siobedeaith Ihe geceluer’s requested Mppicohon,WS anspor Layer wiesids the peak Number from US Header ond Postaond ms the Data rhida U hag wecelueel to the meopective application, Also nS Perlores Sequencing and scarsemnling af He Segerenteck data. a> Fundions of Tranapart bayer" ee a Seamentation & Reassemply ! THis layer acrepls awe me no & a Sncee oe, 3 nee into amadler anits, Ea PRE KEMmION Jayer, bocaks dre Meo oeesbed wait iF, les: of Phe Segments produced nasa Wee 7 Trawaposh dayes ab clesHnation station weasserlole the mer cae. PMSewice Poet Radvaring (SPA): 4n ender Lo otelives SHE mentogye So fndudes a type TH eh awre avok- Correct process , the transport layer neades Of oddsers called Sewice poll Addaens or aay spe cifaiegn Hanis addveas tre trcanaport Scuyes weds _ Mae mendage rs delivered ro We correct Proerss. Services provided by Hae Tranopetk Layee | Cormettion = Ontentect Services “this a Hance- phase process (orBuny POOLS SENOS Omit Service ‘ OF B-ywoary Hand Ghake Wak VAduUdea t- — Connection Estatclicment — Dota Trantter — TerminaHen /Disconnecton, an ves ee mt ikevarcontme receiving device AendAan adknowlede ~ ment, wack to” the Aounce offer a packeh or group oy pockely fs wie cesved. This dupe 4tronamixtion My sreliable ancl “Ae cue. GI Conmechion ters Service 80 35 0 one-phase parceds and indudey Doda troneper. In Hats hype % tronomirsion , He deceluead does not nowledge receipk of 4 packet “wis approach lows fos donier Communitahen betweeh ceviced. > EE] wate in Trowperk Layer 4s called de > eT70K2 Pork Sayer is Operated by in Heels Byttem th " aparteh He Os and communicahes with Hee Appli nde hayes by makes she sytiom calls gd > sTrancport Lorer fs codlelas Heont 4 O51 Model. GGOGEGGGEGEEEELE > wenponaiie for she eptablibmenk of conneck'on ,menkaie: Venance of Sensions, owhentcahion ond also ensure secutity, Sersitn (oryer one t— St | Seation Exdeblishment maintenance pndtermi Mont D PNOCHAS ED 40 COlalaLirh tube and ae RQHOM s+ MWks Fayed aloud Ieee PTA) eB HO acd check peids 2 wna one comsidned 0% Synchowitahion points, iate ae dala. > Dit ene renenes points helps So denkily dine enacts go Haat He NOS beosynchronited propedtyy and endd of Hae monsagye are nor 3 CAT Premoatkunedy Po lank He dole, Joss *y ounided ey , CODING BUGS &)NOTES GALLERY——_— — wy) Dialog Controller’ Whe Seton Jayer cdlows Awo systems Jo » coramunicodion with gach ather in hall duplex om fut dugler, GBBTA amplementotion of Hreae 3 Losers (SON, Presentations Applicalon)g is clene by We network application sel}: These are tenawn as Eohtnene foyer. BB Presentation Layer [toyed] : —> Presentation ex also called oo Spanotation Layer. : Pre Data joowe dee application layer is ertrattec| here and manipwaled OD per ne xeqved, formate ko hansmie over the network, Pm Ranchons of tre Po Hon Layer. ca CO) Teanstahion t Poe Ev. Asct) bi EACIC [Ererde Binoy ladeDeciinatdnterhacge Cele] Ail) Encryphion/ Dec pion |. ecroaypls Ine data or decaypls the data, eae ial dole is Known as cipertert ond decsyPed date, Ts known an plain sent A keyvalue ts voed for encaypting ond . decmyphiny We daha Kil) Compreresion PReducen the number of bits Ynak need to be fanart an Me neko, ae BApplictionloyer [iayer3] = pm Depication Layer és \plemented lay Hre petuvosk Appticabieny. thene applica produce Me rwhich has bo be tranomitted /Tranatessed over He Neh bis app Layer olso served oo 9 window tor tre applteaton sesuces +o aa accean the network. anc for chit Play nay ane weceived inhormaton 46 Vserk Ey. Noplicolion Like Arovsers , mensenger te. fF WOE) : Application tayer Malo Enown an Desklop layer. — fancHeno Of Arplicoton Layer. Ty Nchwork Virtual Terminal GD FTAM ~ Bile Tramofer Access ane Management -Ma!) Services bY-Directory Sewiceo. ‘ ? “" OSI model cuts aso reference Medel and tts nok a fepl tect ee don (ntevack, TCP/IP Model % being SICODING BUGS ENOTES GALLERTCPAP Model TICODING BUGS ENOTES GALLERY TCP [IP Mode\ “The TCP/IP medal was designed ona devdope! tay Department of Dejense(Dod) Ta 19604 ancl is lbaoed on Skonadord: protocols. 1+ stands for Tranamitsion Gontsot Protecol/ internet Protocol, The TCP/IP model is & Concise version of OS model. Lb contra, NX Layers untike ma Thoyera tn OS! model the doyert one}. A Prrocens /Doplication layer DF vot “To -Hort Leer /Aranopor-Layer B Ivexnck Layer’ B Network Access [un layer — Whe Fest Layer Preceas Rayee is onthe oehaljah Sender ond Network Access Layer on Hre bepalp of Receiver. ~ = Epptanalion of Layeas |: 5 A OP > WB Nebwork Accom Layer ——<——— PTH Layer corresponds to Bhe combination of Doda Nob lewerd physical ! in Ost enodel ptt Tooke cub for Yordwone addecmring and Ine protecals ereaent fa dnig > foyer otlows for the phyticol jranomission of Dota, ? WB rlerret Laryer (Nework Layer ) > : ae TW Layer Ponallels sre dunchans of Osis Nelwork Las er tt defines _ GOOCGELGLEELECEEEEEE. protocels uonich ont neoponsihle Tet topical tranomntion o meee =] re nebwork..~ . SERIO Dob Dato ove, (ale Protocal weciding ab Habs Layer - TP (anternet Aiotoco])- Reoponabte for deliveries, POKES brom mounce rk tS deolinahion Work lay looking at He IP adda eases intne Header. Ase ETAIOND | IPTY RB IPYE , IPUK Me ANE Mrap mat ef re websites F ORE Udind Connently bab (Pye (amo wi IQY Is tinted. cAI CIE Cape ens Nenthy bat (Py 0 IR is hinted, an Gescine Corie eng Bae ith is Pacoptatabes cvillnin (P dabespem Gai) Jredodicn Pee erp ae hells voll Tafp. abenrnehwork: ereblem, = WARE (Addy ere Reactubon Protocol): alone ig A Arcee ane OH & ROME prom a ender Paddaees ARD has Severed Hyipeo! as Reverse ARP, Peowy BOP, GBrkuitoy ALP, Inverse ARP.—_— ———_____ 7 a i tert for hor Layer (Tinnepert tener) RIK Layer ts Gimiller to Tranepork Layer of OS Modal, HT is cteoporaibhe for End-to-End communication amd Exxor —_—_—_————Ss& face delivers +E shied s Me uppes Layer applications {xp ha main Revtoco| ee te \e Wee complies of clata, Utrenomizsion Contol Protea! Uisknown 40 provide velichbe ancl Exror —| x ond pe sermanation velveten end Sysent 3 pears sequen ue ates acknowledgement fealned ona convo). lake dhe flow Herrougyn plows control” mechanigm, fe Hee) cole This very efiective polo} wut mavalok al overhead due 4o Auch feakon aro Incvenoedl “overhead Jeado bo Weseone coed a AY User Dosoguem Protocol! ak does nek provides gud feabures Like TP th fy awe gevte ertoce| “4 He apetication does ang vegaire -relivblem “ranopovt an uris very cest etpe dive . Yolike TP ulatela is Connectio Oxierted Protecol UBP is connetRonters. FTnis lane performs Hee Lucctiono of tap Hasee Level’ ch OM sngdel ie. APaicollon ange , Presentation wh Serrion ao oes 3 HENS xeopensible for gode—wonade conmmuniaHOn ancl contyols “ es: whe rface specifications. — = < + Some tapodten Rees Applicable layer one: HTTP HTTPS, ETP, | oe TFTP , Telneb, SSH, SMTP, NTP, DNS, BHCP AIFS, % window, LPO, Sovne Vrem anet- LC_MTTE and HTTPs 1. gtands fox Hyper Tent Transfer Protocol. I ts woe! 3 wirkd wide Web fo ov ie nication belr web wrowrers _ and perverr. cvhife HTT vida for HTFP-Recune. is 4 Com bina Hon ot ATP with SSL (Secme Kockel layer). Utd eftident in Zp ushere Hre rower need Jo fill out forms, Faget, authernrHeate mal cersrtes loank dreamid Hrardachors. GSS | Sleds for SecuneShall Its a terminal emulations softcore Mile Telheb tne reason SH is more preberred Becavor of tk ability to roaintain enerypled, connection. th sels Up a secure Sermon over 4 ICP/ip connechon. (i) NTP! stands for Network. Tine Proincal ‘Iris woed to synchsoni ~~ en aur compufe? tp one Blandend Time Kource, Wd very vodfal 5a sAbAaHON Like bank transactions, Aun a sitwahlon without WTP, @ Suppose you com cuba Hewoactien where your Compuber xeady Phe Hme t00PrM while Serer records F & 30 PM The Rewer can Cragin very Badly th as OF h Sune, copia BUGS NOTES GALLERY