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    Note 14 Infinite Series - 220624 - 155056

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    Note 14 Infinite Series - 220624 - 155056

    Uploaded by

    2023878142
    3 views9 pages
    calculus

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    Note 14 Infinite Series_220624_155056

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    calculus

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    3 views9 pages

    Note 14 Infinite Series - 220624 - 155056

    Uploaded by

    2023878142
    calculus

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 9

    CHAPTER 5.

    INFINITE SERIES

    5.3 CONVERGENCE TEST


    There are seven important tests to determine the series whether converges or not.
    a. Divergent test
    b. Integral test
    c. Comparison test
    d. Limit comparison test
    e. Ratio test
    f. Root test
    g. Algebraic properties of infinite series

    5.3.1 Divergence Test


    Theorem: for a given ∑ 𝑎𝑛
    a. If lim 𝑎𝑛 ≠ 0, then the series ∑ 𝑎𝑛 diverges.
    𝑛→∞
    b. If lim 𝑎𝑛 = 0, then the series ∑ 𝑎𝑛 may diverge or converge (need to use other suitable test)
    𝑛→∞

    Example 1: Determine whether the series converges of diverges


    𝑛
    a. ∑∞
    𝑛=1 𝑛+1

    Solution:

    1
    b. ∑∞
    𝑛=1 2𝑛

    Solution:

    SITI NAZIFAH ZAINOL ABIDIN


    5.3.2 Integral Test
    Theorem: Let ∑ 𝑎𝑛 be a series with positive terms. If 𝑓 is a function that is decreasing and continuous
    ∞
    on an interval [𝑎, ∞) and such that 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑓(𝑛) for all 𝑛 ≥ 𝑎, then ∑∞ 𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 and ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 either both
    converge or both diverge.

    Example 2: Determine whether the series converges or diverges.


    1
    a. ∑∞
    𝑛=1 𝑛

    Solution:

    1
    b. ∑∞
    𝑛=1 𝑛2 +1

    Solution:

    SITI NAZIFAH ZAINOL ABIDIN


    5.3.3 Comparison Test
    Theorem: Let ∑∞ ∞
    𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 and ∑𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 be series with non-negative terms, then:

    a. If ∑∞ ∞
    𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 converges and 𝑎𝑛 ≤ 𝑏𝑛 for all 𝑛, then ∑𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 converges.
    ∞ ∞
    b. If ∑𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 diverges and 𝑎𝑛 ≥ 𝑏𝑛 for all 𝑛, then ∑𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 diverges.

    Constant terms in the denominator of 𝑢𝑛 can usually be deleted without affecting the convergence or
    divergence of the series.
    If a polynomial in 𝑛 appears as a factor in the numerator or denominator of 𝑢𝑛 , all but the leading terms
    in the polynomial can usually be discarded without affecting the convergence or divergence of the
    series.
    How to find ∑ 𝑏𝑛

    Function 𝒂𝒏 𝒃𝒏
    Polynomial 3𝑛 + 1 3𝑛
    𝑛2 + 3𝑛 − 2 𝑛2
    Logarithm ln 𝑛 1 𝑜𝑟 𝑛
    Exponential / index 𝑒 3𝑛 𝑒 3𝑛
    33𝑛+1 33𝑛+1
    2𝑒 3𝑛 2𝑒 3𝑛
    Trigonometry 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑛 1
    3𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑛 3(1)
    Multiple functions 𝑒 3𝑛 (2𝑛 + 1) 𝑒 3𝑛 (2𝑛)
    1 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑛 1 + 2(1)
    2𝑒 3𝑛 (3𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑛 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑛) 2𝑒 3𝑛 (3 + 1)

    Example 3: Determine whether the series converges or diverges


    1
    a. ∑∞
    𝑛=1 1
    √𝑛−3

    Solution:

    SITI NAZIFAH ZAINOL ABIDIN


    1
    b. ∑∞
    𝑛=1 2𝑛2 +𝑛

    Solution:

    5.3.4 Limit Comparison Test


    1
    It is not always easy to make a suitable comparison between two similar series such as ∑∞
    𝑛=2 and
    𝑛+1
    1 1
    ∑∞
    𝑛=2 𝑛−1. Using ∑∞
    𝑛=1 𝑛 for comparison,
    1 1 1 1
    > is definitely true, comparison test is a suitable test but, > is not true, so comparison test
    𝑛−1 𝑛 𝑛+1 𝑛
    is not a suitable test.
    As comparison test is a sensitive test, limit comparison test has proved to be a useful alternative to
    comparison test.
    𝑎𝑛
    Theorem: Let ∑ 𝑎𝑛 and ∑ 𝑏𝑛 be series with positive terms and suppose that 𝐿 = lim .
    𝑛→∞ 𝑏𝑛

    ∑∞ ∞
    𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 converges if ∑𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 converges and 𝐿 ≥ 0, ≠ ∞
    ∑∞ ∞
    𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 diverges if ∑𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 diverges and 𝐿 > 0

    Example 4: Determine whether the series converges or diverges


    1
    a. ∑∞
    𝑛=1 3𝑛−1

    Solution:

    SITI NAZIFAH ZAINOL ABIDIN


    2
    b. ∑∞
    𝑛=1 √3𝑛3 −𝑛2 +1

    Solution:

    𝑛 𝑙𝑛 𝑛
    c. ∑∞
    𝑛=2 √𝑛2 −1

    Solution:

    SITI NAZIFAH ZAINOL ABIDIN


    5.3.5 Ratio Test
    This test is suitable for series with factorial terms and power (exponential) terms. Ratio test is very
    suitable for series involving factorial or 𝑘th power or the multiplication of factorial, kth power with
    polynomial or 𝑙𝑛 function.
    Example:
    1. ∑∞𝑛=1 𝑘! 2
    𝑛

    2. ∑∞ 𝑛
    𝑛=1 𝑘! 2 (2𝑛 + 1)
    𝑘!
    3. ∑∞
    𝑛=1 𝑛 3 ln 𝑛
    𝑎𝑛+1
    Theorem: Let ∑ 𝑎𝑛 be a series with positive terms and suppose that 𝐿 = lim
    𝑛→∞ 𝑎𝑛

    a. If 𝐿 < 1, the series converges


    b. If 𝐿 > 1 or 𝐿 = +∞, the series diverges.
    c. If 𝐿 = 1, the series may converge or diverge, so another test need to use.
    Example 5: Determine whether the series converges or diverges
    1
    a. ∑∞
    𝑛=1 𝑛!

    Solution:

    SITI NAZIFAH ZAINOL ABIDIN


    (2𝑛)!
    b. ∑∞
    𝑛=3 4𝑛

    Solution:

    1
    c. ∑∞
    𝑛=1 2𝑛−1

    Solution:

    SITI NAZIFAH ZAINOL ABIDIN


    5.3.6 Root Test
    This test is suitable for series in the form of ∑(𝑎𝑛 )𝑛 .
    1
    Theorem: Let ∑ 𝑎𝑛 be a series with positive terms and suppose that 𝐿 = lim 𝑛√𝑎𝑛 = lim (𝑎𝑛 )𝑛
    𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞

    a. If 𝐿 < 1, the series converges


    b. If 𝐿 > 1 or 𝐿 = +∞, the series diverges.
    c. If 𝐿 = 1, the series may converge or diverge, so another test need to use.
    Example 6: Determine whether the series converges or diverges
    4𝑛−5
    a. ∑∞
    𝑛=2(2𝑛+1)
    𝑛

    Solution:

    𝑛
    b. ∑∞
    𝑛=1 5𝑛

    Solution:

    SITI NAZIFAH ZAINOL ABIDIN


    5.3.7 Algebraic Properties of Infinite Series
    a. If ∑ 𝑢𝑘 and ∑ 𝑣𝑘 both converge, then ∑(𝑢𝑘 + 𝑣𝑘 ) and ∑(𝑢𝑘 − 𝑣𝑘 ) also converge.

    ∑(𝑢𝑘 ± 𝑣𝑘 ) = ∑ 𝑢𝑘 ± ∑ 𝑢𝑘

    b. If 𝑐 is a nonzero constant, ∑ 𝑐𝑢𝑘 = 𝑐 ∑ 𝑢𝑘 . If ∑ 𝑢𝑘 converges, then ∑ 𝑐𝑢𝑘 also converges.

    c. Convergence and divergence is unaffected by deleting a finite numbers of terms

    SITI NAZIFAH ZAINOL ABIDIN

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