Introduction to SQL

Learning Objectives

By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

Explain database and its types

Differentiate between DBMS and RDBMS systems

Analyze the applications of SQL

List the different features of Table and Views

 What Is Data?

• Data is described as facts, numbers, or other forms of information that are

generally structured in a specific way and stored for a particular purpose.

• Data can be in several forms, including numbers, text, and bits or bytes.
 What Is a Database?

• A database is a structured collection of data that is generally stored in a computer

so that it can be accessed, managed, and updated easily.

• Databases are often created using formal design and modeling approaches, and
they are typically managed using a Database Management System (DBMS).

• The data, DBMS, and associated applications are referred to as a database system
or database.
Types of Databases

Relational database

NoSQL database

Graph database

Centralized database

Distributed database
 Relational Database

• A relational database is a collection of data objects that are linked together by pre-
defined relationships.

• A relational database's data is structured into tables, where the rows are records with
a unique ID in each row called the key.

• Also, the columns are data attributes, with each record generally having a value for
each attribute, making it easier to establish relationships among data points.

• Examples of relational databases:

Microsoft SQL Server PostgreSQL MySQL

 NoSQL Database

• NoSQL databases are nontabular databases that store data in JSON documents
instead of relational tables.

• They are classified into several categories based on their data model, such as
document, key-value, wide-column, and graph databases.

• NoSQL databases are designed to be flexible, scalable, and capable of responding

rapidly to the data management requirements of modern businesses.

• Examples of NoSQL databases:

 Graph Database

• The graph database (GDB) is a database that uses graph structures to describe and
store data for semantic queries with nodes, edges, and attributes.

• An edge contains a start node, an end node, a type, and a direction, and it may also be
used to describe parent-child relationships, actions, and ownership.

• Examples of graph databases:

 Centralized Database

• A centralized database is stored, located, changed, and maintained in a single location,

such as a mainframe computer.

• It is frequently accessed via an internet connection, such as a LAN or WAN.

• Examples of centralized databases:

Microsoft SQL Server MySQL

 Distributed Database

• A distributed database (DDB) is a unified collection of several linked databases that are
physically dispersed across multiple locations in a computer network.

• In order to form a distributed database system (DDBS), the files must be structured,
logically interconnected, and physically distributed over several sites.

• Examples of distributed databases:

Ghost DB Amazon SimpleDB

 Database Management System (DBMS)

• A database management system (DBMS) is a software

that stores and retrieves data for users while taking
necessary security precautions.

• It comprises a set of applications that manipulates the

database.

• The DBMS acts as an interface between the data and

software, allowing users and third-party applications to
store and retrieve data.
 Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)

• A relational database management system

(RDBMS) is an advanced version of a database
management system (DBMS).

• RDBMS is the most popular DBMS in the

market.

• Few examples of RDBMS are MySQL, Oracle,

and Microsoft SQL Server.
 DBMS vs. RDBMS

DBMS RDBMS

• It stores data as a file. • It stores data in the form of tables.

• It only supports a single user. • It supports multiple users.

• It stores data that is not related to each • Data stored in tables is related via foreign
other. keys.

• Data fetching is slower for complex and • Data fetching is rapid because of the
large volumes of data. relational approach.
 DBMS vs. RDBMS

DBMS RDBMS

• It does not support normalization. • It supports normalization.

• It has no security. • It has multiple levels of security.

• Examples: File System, XML, MS Access, and • Examples: MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle, and
Windows Registry SQL Server
Structured Query Language (SQL)

• SQL stands for Structured Query Language.

• SQL is the standard language used to operate,

manage, and access databases.

• SQL is the standard language for managing a

relational database management system, such
as MySQL.
 Applications of SQL

Is the most widely used query

language

Supports custom features Enables access to data in RDBMS

Supports multiple programming

languages
 Tables in MySQL

Column

Emp_Details

Table name

Row
 Tables in MySQL

• Tables are database objects with unique names which consist of a collection of data stored
in a database.

• Each table includes data points of an object which are logically structured in a row and
column format.

• A table can have any number of rows, but it must have a certain number of columns.

• In relational databases, a table is referred to as a relation and a row as a tuple

 Relationships in MySQL

Description: The database contains person records (since 1900). Each person can have a mother
and/or father. Women can have one husband, and men can have one wife. Persons work in companies,
which contain a name and one chairman. One person can work for one or more companies, mandatory
contract, or an employment contract.
 Relationships in MySQL

• A relationship is a condition that exists between two tables in a database when data from
one table reflects data from another table.

• Relationships enable relational databases to divide and store data in many tables while
connecting dissimilar data components.

• It connects or relates data from various tables.

• Two tables are required to form a table relationship at the same time, one of which is
called the primary or parent table and the other the related or child table.
 Views in MySQL

Table containing the names of shop owners with their BusinessEntityID:

 Views in MySQL

• Views are virtual tables in SQL that are built by choosing fields from one or more tables
present in the database.

• A view may contain database tables from single or multiple databases.

• Views do not contain any data and do not exist physically in the database.

• A view is a collection of preset SQL queries that are used to retrieve data from the
database.

• A view can represent all the data in a table or only specific rows based on certain criteria.
 Table vs. View

Table View

• Tables are database objects that comprise • Views are virtual tables in SQL that are built
a collection of data stored in a database. by choosing fields from one or more tables
present in the database.
• Tables contains data and exist physically
in the database. • Views do not contain any data and do not
exist physically in the database.
• A table is an independent data object.
• A view depends on tables.
 Key Takeaways

A database is a structured collection of data that is managed using

a database management system (DBMS).

DBMS allows third-party applications to store and retrieve data.

SQL is used to operate, manage, and access databases.

MySQL is the most popular open-source RDBMS used for

developing dynamic and robust web applications.

Tables are collections of data that exist physically in a database,

whereas views are virtual tables that do not include any data and
do not exist physically in the database.