Higgs Physics 2

Summer School UHH 2022

Particles, Strings, and

Cosmology

Sarah Heim, DESY

 2
Overview

Higgs theory
- Higgs mechanism
- Expected Higgs properties

Higgs discovery
- Situation before LHC
- Limits and discovery statistics
- Discovery

Imagine you found a new particle

- what would you want to know about it?

Higgs publications ATLAS: https://twiki.cern.ch/twiki/bin/view/AtlasPublic/HiggsPublicResults

Higgs publications CMS: http://cms-results.web.cern.ch/cms-results/public-results/publications/HIG/index.html
 3
Overview

Higgs theory
- Higgs mechanism
- Expected Higgs properties

Higgs discovery
- Situation before LHC
- Limits and discovery statistics
- Discovery

Imagine you found a new particle

Higgs property measurements
- Mass - what would you want to know about it?
- Width
- Couplings to other particles (and itself)
- Spin/CP - is it a scalar? Searching an answer to the question

- is this particle the Higgs boson predicted

Bonus - Higgs and new physics? by the SM?

Higgs publications ATLAS: https://twiki.cern.ch/twiki/bin/view/AtlasPublic/HiggsPublicResults

Higgs publications CMS: http://cms-results.web.cern.ch/cms-results/public-results/publications/HIG/index.html
 4
Higgs: Tool to answer big physics questions?

How does the Higgs boson couple to

Are there any Higgs -> DM decays?
lighter fermions?
=> dark matter puzzle
=> Standard Model mass generation?

How does the Higgs

boson couple to itself?

=> structure of the

vacuum
H CP properties of the Higgs boson

=> related to matter-antimatter

asymmetry in the universe

Are there one or many Higgs bosons?

=> SUSY or some other BSM?

 5
LHC Runs

Run 1
2010, 2011: 7 TeV, 5 fb-1
2012: 8 TeV, 20 fb-1

Run 2
2015-2018: 13 TeV, 140 fb-1
XS at 13 TeV/8 TeV
Future
Run 3: 2022 - 2025 [~150 fb-1]
HL-LHC: 2029 - 2038 (and possibly longer)
[3000 - 4000 fb-1]

Summer 2012 2018

LHC HIGGS XS WG 2016

102 M(H)= 125 GeV

σ(pp → H+X) [pb]

O EW)
O QC D + NL
pp → H (N3L

10
W )
+ NLO E
LO QCD
pp → qqH (NN
W)
+ NLO E
H (N N LO QCD
1 pp → W
NLO QC
D + NLO
EW)
D in 4FS
)
pp → Z H (N
5F S , NLO QC
in
QCD
O
bH (NNL
pp → b
W)
200 LO Q CD + NL
OE

10−1 pp →
ttH (
N
h+s
-ch)
, t-c
5 pp →
t H (N LO QCD

10−2
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
s [TeV]
 6
Property measurements - mass

Importance

- not predicted by the SM → input parameter for prediction

of XS and BR
- important for the stability of the Higgs potential (if SM
valid up to highest energies)
- Further reading:
https://doi.org/10.3389/fspas.2018.00040

Use the channels with the best mass resolution:

H → ZZ* →4l (l = e, μ), H → 𝛄𝛄

- calculate invariant mass from 4-vectors

- photons are massless:
minv = 2E1 E2 (1 cos ✓) << vertex position

Biggest challenge: precise lepton and photon calibration

Example electron calibration in ATLAS

1. Calorimeter cell calibration, using electronic test pulses

2. Dead material/layer corrections
3. Multivariate particle calibration using shower shapes
4. Z → ee resonance
 7
Property measurements - mass
arXiv: 1706.09936

4l measurements

- event categories: lepton types, S/B (use ME

info), resolution

- recalculate the on-shell Z boson mass after

kinematic fit to the expected mass distribution,
which includes lepton pt and uncertainties

- How to extract mass:

- template fits
- functional form
- analytical prediction per event, using ME
information and per lepton resolution

Good agreement with electroweak fits

CMS H ⇾ 4l and H ⇾ 𝛄𝛄 combination with 36 fb-1,

also incl. Run 1 (Phys. Lett. B 805 (2020) 135425)

mH = 125.38 ± 0.11(stat.) ± 0.08(syst.) GeV = 125.38 ± 0.14 GeV

<latexit sha1_base64="8D5MQvxgCiPdP1HB+D9t3NIEVPc=">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</latexit>

~1 per-mille accuracy!
Compatible with most recent ATLAS result, and ATLAS-
CMS Run 1 combination
 8
Higgs width

Why is measuring the Higgs width interesting?

- compare to SM prediction of Higgs width: 4 MeV (Z boson: 2.5 GeV) ⌧⇥ =~
- gives life time of the Higgs boson (SM: 10-22 s)
X
- if width larger than SM prediction: new (invisible?) decay modes? tot = f
f

How to measure it?

- directly: fit the peak (dominated by detector resolution: 1-2 GeV)

- indirectly: interference effects in 𝛄𝛄
- indirectly with a trick in H→ZZ, H→WW (arXiv:1307.4935)

- Measure Higgs production rate away from the 125 GeV mass peak

onshell: ~1/width

- on-shell cross section depends directly on the width, off-shell not →

off
peak
(exp)
- model-dependent assumptions, p.ex.
=
off
peak
(SM) SM
- couplings scale the same on- and offshell
- no heavy Higgs boson signals
 9
Width - offshell

Challenges:

- large qqZZ background

- apply MELA-based discriminant
- categorize in production modes

- interference
- 3 terms : S + B + I
- S~μ, I ~ sqrt(μ)

- Higgs width measurement by CMS:

ΓH = 3.2 (+2.4/−1.7) MeV

(compatible with SM value: 4.1 MeV)

- future: do measurement for VBF, as

less sensitive to potential new particles
in loop
 10
Total and differential cross sections

Total

Differential

Example Higgs transverse momentum

Measurement in
H→ZZ*→4l
channel

Sensitive to
- new particles in ggF loop
- Modified quark couplings
- Higgs produced with other particles
 11
Production modes and decays
LHC, 13 TeV, Higgs boson at 125 GeV mass

87.2% 6.8% 4.1% incl. rest: 1.9%

✔ ✔ ✔ ✔

Limit on tH cross section

ggF ~25 * SM
- sensitive to new particles in the loop

VBF
- two forward jets with a large rapidity gap

VH
- different W, Z boson decays (usually leptonic)

ttH
- probes directly top Yukawa coupling (largest coupling in SM)
- very small rate
- complex final states
 12
Decays ✔
✔
(4l: 0.0125%)

✔
✔

✔
ZZ(4l), 𝛄𝛄
- small rates, but fully reconstructable final state, well-controlled backgrounds
- probe couplings to bosons/fermions

WW (lvlv)
- larger rate, but neutrinos in final state, large backgrounds
- probe couplings to bosons

ττ
- neutrinos in the final state, large backgrounds
- probes couplings to 3rd generation charged fermions

bb
- very large background (cannot use ggF, H → bb)
- largest BR in SM, probes coupling to down-type quark
 13
H ⇾ bb Phys. Rev. Lett. 121 (2018) 121801

Latest discovery (2018): H → bb ✔ ✔ (4l: 0.0125%)

- the one with the largest branching ratio!
- important because it probes couplings to third ✔
generation down-type fermion
✔ ✔
Why did it take so long?
H → bb => two b-jets in the final state
LHC is a pp collider: jet production cross sections high!
- target ZH, WH production ✔
- still overwhelmed by background!

Choose smart categories

- find regions with better S/B and separate them out

Extensive use of deep neural networks:

- b-jet identification
- mjj mass resolution
- signal extraction
 14
H → μμ Phys. Rev. Lett. 121 (2018) 121801

✔ ✔ (4l: 0.0125%)
- muons are light => very small branching ratio
✔
- Important check if the Higgs mechanism works for
second generation fermions ✔ ✔

All production modes considered

- ggH, VBF, ttH, VH Evidence!

- Dedicated MVA (BDT, NN) for each mode

Observed significance: 3.0 σ (expected: 2.5 σ)

 15
H → μμ Phys. Rev. Lett. 121 (2018) 121801

✔ ✔ (4l: 0.0125%)
- muons are light => very small branching ratio
✔
- Important check if the Higgs mechanism works for
second generation fermions ✔ ✔

All production modes considered Other decays that people

are looking for
- ggH, VBF, ttH, VH Evidence!
- Dedicated MVA (BDT, NN) for each mode H ⇾ Z𝛄 (𝛄𝛄* evidence
already end of Run 2)
H ⇾ cc (HL-LHC?)
Observed significance: 3.0 σ (expected: 2.5 σ)
 16
Couplings to other particles, kappa framework

Remember: Higgs couplings are predicted by the

SM (for a given Higgs mass and fermion masses): -1
CMS 35.9-137 fb-1(13
138fb (13 TeV)
TeV)

κ f υf or κ V υV
1

κ F vF or κ V vV
t

m
m
1 mH=125.38 GeV t
- Higgs-fermion couplings ~ fermion mass pCMS Preliminary W Z
= 37.5%
WZ
- Higgs-boson couplings ~ boson mass2 SM

mH = 125.38 GeV
−1
10 10−1
p-value = 44%

m
Checking these relations means checking the

m
bb
Higgs mechanism! 2 −2 ττ
10−10

Define scaling factors to couplings (SM: 1) 10−10

3 −3
µ µ SM Higgs boson

2 SM

SM f f
2i i
−4
(i ! H ! f ) = 10 −10
4

2H SM

Ratio to SM
1.41.5

Ratio to SM
H
1.2 1.05

1.0 1 1.00

0.80.5 −1 0.95

0.6 10 1 10 102
- assumes SM tensor structure JP = 0+ 10−1 1 particle mass10(GeV)
10 2

- often assumption of no BSM decays, no new Particle mass (GeV)

particles in the loops
Assumptions: No new particles in
the loop
Combine all available measurements in the
different production and decay channels, and fit
for the kappas
 17
Couplings to other particles

Run 2 HL-LHC? - see next slides

✔ (✔)
✔ (✔)
Run 1
✔ ✔
✔
Evidence Run 2,
Obser vation Run 3?

Is it time for a break yet?

 18
Higgs self-coupling

Why is the Higgs self-coupling interesting?

- allows to test the shape of the Higgs potential/vacuum!

m2h 2 3 4 3 1 in SM!
L= h 3 vh 4h  = SM
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2 <latexit sha1_base64="IMGwlbpjah4IXHLon5rhyp9iI5w=">AAACHHicbVDLSgMxFM3UV62vUZdugkVwVWasoBuh6MaNUNE+oFOHO2mmDc08SDJCGeZD3Pgrblwo4saF4N+YtiNo64HAyTn3kNzjxZxJZVlfRmFhcWl5pbhaWlvf2Nwyt3eaMkoEoQ0S8Ui0PZCUs5A2FFOctmNBIfA4bXnDi7HfuqdCsii8VaOYdgPoh8xnBJSWXLPqDCGOwXW4zvQAn2HHF0DS/O5Wsx96l95cZW5azTLXLFsVawI8T+yclFGOumt+OL2IJAENFeEgZce2YtVNQShGOM1KTiJpDGQIfdrRNISAym46WS7DB1rpYT8S+oQKT9TfiRQCKUeBpycDUAM5643F/7xOovzTbsrCOFE0JNOH/IRjFeFxU7jHBCWKjzQBIpj+KyYD0OUo3WdJl2DPrjxPmkcVu1qxro/LtfO8jiLaQ/voENnoBNXQJaqjBiLoAT2hF/RqPBrPxpvxPh0tGHlmF/2B8fkNSwqiIQ==</latexit>
3

- deviations from the SM predictions expected in many BSM models

How to measure/constrain it?

- search for Di-Higgs production

- challenging measurement, due to negative interference with box
diagram -> SM HH cross section is a factor 1000 smaller than H cross
section
- need to make assumption on 𝝹t
- can also be extracted from single-Higgs production through NLO EW
corrections
 19
Higgs-self coupling BR(HH → XXYY)

(E. Broust)

Phys. Lett. B 800 (2020) 135103

Di-Higgs search example

ATLAS bb𝛄𝛄:
- select events with two photons and two b-jets 5σ

- Use MVA to separate HH from background

- ATLAS HH Combination - observed (expected) limits at 95% CL

-2ln(Δ L)
fix κt to 1 16 4σ
- μ < 2.4 x SM (expected: 2.9 x SM) HL-LHC/HE-LHC
14
- -0.6 < κλ < 6.6 (-2.1 < κλ < 7.8) ATLAS-CONF-2022-050 , HL-LHC combined
s = 14 TeV, 3 ab-1
arXiv:2207.00043, subm. to Nature 12 HE-LHC combined
s = 27 TeV, 15 ab-1
10
3σ
ATLAS-CONF-2021-016

4 2σ

2
1σ
0
−1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
κλ

(Pessimistic) projections for HL-LHC

- ~5σ expected for di-Higgs (ATLAS+CMS?)
- self-coupling is projected to be constrained
to 0.57 < κλ < 1.5
 20
Spin/CP

SM says Higgs is a scalar:

- spin 0
- CP +1 (charge/parity even)

What we know from simply looking at the decays already

- decays into pair of bosons => boson
- decays into two photons => cannot be spin 1 Spin/parity checks are done by looking
at angular distributions or Matrix
Element Ratios
Status so far
- Higgs spin determined to be 0
- pure CP odd Higgs couplings to bosons excluded at >99.9% CL
- mixtures (CP even and CP odd couplings) still possible
- important to test fermion couplings!

CP and coupling structures need be tested together

Eur. Phys. J. C 74
→ turns into Lagrangian/tensor structure checks (2014) 3076
→ test separately for boson and fermion couplings
spin: 0!
 21
CP properties of Higgs-fermion couplings

Yukawa couplings: CP-odd coupling may occur at tree level! << (different from boson couplings)
0 in SM (Higgs is a scalar => CP-even)!
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mf ¯
A(Hf f ) = f (f + i̃f 5) f
v

Tested recently: Higgs - τ coupling and Higgs - top coupling

Higgs-τ couplings analysis (CMS-PAS-HIG-20-006)

Parameterise CP even and odd couplings via mixing angle ɸττ:

̃
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tan ( ⌧ ⌧ ) = ττ = 0 in SM!


Angle ɸcp between the τ decay planes is sensitive to ɸττ

Multiple methods to get the τ decay planes for different τ decays

- analysis includes μ-τ and different hadronic channels

- ~50% of di-τ final states
 22
CP properties of Higgs-fermion couplings
Bins of BDT score

- Much use of ML
- τ’s identified with isolation and DNN
- decay mode ID
- Categorization into signal, genuine di-τ
background, jet-fake background

Results (CMS, ATLAS similar)

ɸcp (0,2π)
Reject CP-odd hypothesis with 3.0 (2.6) σ

Mixing angle observed (expected) 68% CL:

ɸττ =

=
 23
Summary Higgs property measurements

Mass - 1 per-mille accuracy

Width - limits-only so far

Couplings to other particles (and itself)

HL-LHC Projection
Spin/CP - is it a scalar?

→ very compatible with SM expectations so far!

→ but deviations can be small

 24
Is it the Higgs boson the SM predicts?

Examples of non-Standard Model Higgs

sectors s
gi g
H
SUSY Higgs sector (h, H, H+/-, A) ite
-
s
Composite Higgs po
-
om
f c
- Higgs coupling to unknown particles,
s o
in g
like dark matter p l
ou
C

Two ways of searching for new phenomena in the Higgs sector

1. Direct searches: Additional Higgs bosons, rare/forbidden decays
2. Indirect tests: Measure properties of the Higgs boson and compare to SM predictions, look for
deviations
=> this lecture, so far good agreement observed with the SM predictions, but deviations
could be small
 25
Higgs: Tool to answer big physics questions?

How does the Higgs boson couple to

Are there any Higgs -> DM decays?
lighter fermions?
=> dark matter puzzle
=> Standard Model mass generation?

How does the Higgs

boson couple to itself?

=> structure of the

vacuum
H CP properties of the Higgs boson

=> related to matter-antimatter

asymmetry in the universe

Are there one or many Higgs bosons?

=> SUSY or some other BSM?

 26
H ⇾ DM DM ?

- dark matter particle candidates are massive

- do they get their mass through the/a Higgs mechanism?
- do they couple to the Higgs boson?
- if mDM < mH/2 => can search for dark matter decays of the Higgs boson

- Dark matter, like neutrinos would not interact with the ATLAS/CMS detectors
- search for X + missing transverse momentum
- use production modes with other final state particles
 27
H ⇾ DM DM ?

- dark matter particle candidates are massive

- do they get their mass through the/a Higgs mechanism?
- do they couple to the Higgs boson?
- if mDM < mH/2 => can search for dark matter decays of the Higgs boson

- Dark matter, like neutrinos would not interact with the ATLAS/CMS detectors
- search for X + missing transverse momentum
- use production modes with other final state particles

HL-LHC projection
for BR limit:~2%

95% CL limit on the BR: 11% (expected: 11%)

 28
Search for additional Higgs bosons

* Similar to original Higgs searches

* High and low mass resonance searches
- neutral bosons
- charged bosons
- these searches are also sensitive to
other types of new particles

Phys. Lett. B 793

(2019) 320

Multiple MVA-
based categories

Significance of
excess at ~95 GeV:

Local: 2.8 𝞂
Global: 1.3 𝞂
 29
Using precision measurements
Measure the 125 GeV Higgs boson properties as precisely as possible
- deviations could point to physics beyond the SM

Examples
- coupling strength to other particles
- could be modified if the Higgs is a composite particle, or part of a larger Higgs sector
- assumes SM coupling structure
- spin/CP checks
- are there CP-odd admixtures in the 125 GeV Higgs boson?
- measurements can be interpreted in EFT (effective field theory) framework
- avoids assumption on SM coupling structure
- search for deviations in the Higgs Lagrangian without knowing exact new physics model
(assume you are below the energy scale where you have to worry about new heavy particles,
p.ex.)
- introduce additional operators, fit cross sections/distributions for Wilson coefficients (0 in SM).

X fi
LEFT = LSM + 2
Oi
i
⇤
 30
Couplings measurements for SUSY constraints

- most SUSY models predict 5 Higgs bosons

tan (𝛃) = ratio of vevs
- 2 Higgs doublets

https://twiki.cern.ch/twiki/bin/view/CMSPublic/SummaryResultsHIG
- 5 physical final states: h, H, A, H+, H-

- 125 GeV Higgs could be h or H

- couplings would be modified
- in particular up vs down-type (incl. charged
leptons) couplings

- can use the couplings measurements to

constrain specific SUSY models

- example: hMSSM
- assume 125 GeV Higgs is h, and all other
Higgs bosons except for A are at extremely
high masses
- model can be described by 2 parameters
(mA and tan (𝛃))
- direct searches and coupling constraints
are complementary Further assumptions:
- no new production/decay modes of h(125)
- loop corrections due to SUSY particles neglected
 31
One of the motivations of the HL-LHC
Snowmass 2013 (1310.8361)

- these corrections can be

quite small! (order a few
percent)

- current uncertainties on many

of the couplings: 5-20%
 32
Summary Higgs physics

- Higgs mechanism
- Masses for the vector bosons without violating Gauge
invariance
- consequence: new scalar boson (Higgs)
- Higgs discovery 10 years ago
- 2012, ATLAS & CMS experiments
- Higgs property measurements
- very compatible with the SM expectations
- deviations could be small
- BSM Higgs searches
- direct and indirect

Higgs: Tool to answer big physics questions?

Higgs physics strong motivation for HL-LHC and future
colliders!
 33
We are certainly not done yet…

Nima Arkani-Hamed:

“While we continue to scratch our

heads as theorists, the most important
path forward for experimentalists is
completely clear: measure the hell out
of these crazy phenomena!”

Further reading: CernCourierJuly2022