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Remote Aijaz

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
27 views3 pages

Remote Aijaz

Uploaded by

nayabfatima1082
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Remote Sensing: is defined as the science and technology

by which the characteristics of objects of interest can be


identified, measured or analyzed the characteristics
without direct contact.
Electro-magnetic radiation which is reflected or emitted
from an object is the usual source of remote sensing data.
However any media such as gravity or magnetic fields can
be utilized in remote sensing.
A device to detect the electro-magnetic radiation reflected
or emitted from an object is called a "remote sensor" or
"sensor". Cameras or scanners are examples of remote
sensors.
A vehicle to carry the sensor is called a "platform". Aircraft
or satellites are used as platforms.
Types of Resolutions in GIS:
The technical term "remote sensing" was first used in the Spatial Resolution: Size of the smallest discernible features
United States in the 1960's. in a dataset.
Remote sensing is a technology to identify and understand Typically expressed as pixel or cell size.
the object or the environmental condition through the Temporal Resolution: Frequency at which data is collected
uniqueness of the reflection or emission. or updated over time.
Physical basic of remote sensing: The amount of radiation Time interval between successive measurements.
that an object reflects is the physical basis of remote Spectral Resolution: Number and width of spectral bands
sensing. Special sensors collect information about the in a remotely sensed image.
reflected energy, and processing facilities turn it into a Determines the ability to distinguish different wavelengths
format that anyone can use. of light.
Radiometric Resolution: Level of detail and accuracy in
brightness or intensity variations.
Number of intensity levels or bit depth of the data.
Sensor: A device that detects and measures Scale Resolution: Level of detail or generalization in a map
Electromagnetic radiation reflected or emitted from or dataset.
objects, used in remote sensing. Relationship between the size of features on the map and
Types of sensors: their real-world size.
Optical sensors: Capture visible, near infrared, and infrared
radiation.
Uses: Measure reflected sunlight for land cover, vegetation
health, and water quality. Geo referencing: The process of aligning spatial data, such
Thermal Sensors: Measure emitted thermal radiating in the as maps, satellite images, or aerial photographs, with real-
long-wave infrared region. world geographic coordinates. This alignment allows the
Uses: Analyze temperature variations and detect heat data to be accurately located and overlaid with other
sources, useful for monitoring urban heat islands, geographic data.
volcanoes, and fires. Purpose: Ensures spatial data is correctly positioned in the
Rada Sensors: Use radio waves to detect objects and geographic context, enabling accurate analysis and
measure distance and speed. integration with other data sources.
Uses: Provide information on surface topography, ocean Process: Involves assigning spatial reference information
wave patterns, and land deformation, even through clouds (coordinates) to the data, so it corresponds to its true
and vegetation. location on the Earth's surface.
Hyperspectral Sensors: Capture a wide range of spectral Applications: Used in mapping, surveying, environmental
bands for detailed spectral information. monitoring, urban planning, and any field requiring precise
Uses: Identify materials and detect chemical composition, location data integration.
used in mineral exploration, agriculture, and environmental
monitoring.
Global Positioning System (GPS): A satellite-based
navigation system owned and operated by the United Practical applications and benefits of using GIS?
States government that provides users with positioning, GIS provides a wide range of practical applications and
navigation, and timing (PNT) services. benefits, including:
Components: Network of satellites in medium Earth orbit 1. Providing driving directions.
transmitting signals to GPS receivers on the ground. 2. Mapping criminal behavior.
Function: Receivers calculate the user's position, velocity, 3. Monitoring voting trends.
and time using signals from multiple satellites. 4. Evaluating land use changes and geo-hazards.
Applications: Widely used in GIS for mapping, surveying, 5. Supporting community planning and development.
asset management, tracking, and navigation. 6. Offering tools for environmental monitoring and
Accuracy: Standard GPS offers nominal accuracy within 15 resource management.
meters, but enhancements like Differential GPS (DGPS) can
improve accuracy to 1-3 centimeters.
Differential GPS:
A Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) is an
enhancement to the Global Positioning System (GPS) which
provides improved location accuracy, in the range of
operations of each system, from the 15m nominal GPS
GIS MAPPING: Key points:
accuracy to about 1–3 cm in case of the best
Airplane Navigation: Airplanes use the Earth's curvature to
implementations of DGPS.
their advantage, which GIS applications support.
Map Projections: World maps can accurately show either
the size or shape of countries, but not both simultaneously.
GIS combines different map projections for a unified view.
Mapping Challenges: Representing the 3D curved surface
of the Earth on 2D maps involves two main factors: scale
and projection.
Scale: GIS maintains accurate scaling to represent the true
distances on Earth.
Projections: Maps can either display a flat view or the
curvature, but each approach has limitations. For example,
Origin and historical development of GIS technology? flat maps work well for local navigation (e.g., Uber), but not
GIS technology originated in the early 1800s for combining for international travel.
topography and military maps. Significant milestones Height Representation: The Earth's curvature affects
include the use of GIS to track disease spread in the 1850s, measurements of structures, such as the Golden Gate
the development of the Canada Geographic System (CGIS) Bridge, where the towers appear further apart at the top
in the 1960s, and the establishment of Environmental than the bottom. GIS helps account for these distortions,
Systems Research Institute (ESRI) in 1969. GIS has evolved aiding architects and engineers.
rapidly with improvements in software tools, computing
capabilities, and data quality, leading to diverse
applications today.
main components of GIS:
Hardware: PCs, printers, plotters, scanners, digitizing
tablets, networks, and storage devices.
Software: GIS software like MapInfo, AutoCAD Map,
ArcView, ArcGIS, and IDRISI.
People: Specialists, developers, analysts, users, and
viewers.
Data: Spatial, aspatial, temporal data, maps, images,
reports, and survey points.
Applications: Methods, procedures, customized interfaces,
graphical user interfaces (GUIs), and atlases.
Importance of GIS Data:
Spatial Analysis: Helps in understanding spatial
relationships and patterns.
Decision Making: Aids in informed decision-making by
providing geographic context.
Resource Management: Essential for managing natural
resources efficiently.
Urban Planning: Crucial for planning and development in
urban areas.
Emergency Response: Enhances response strategies during
disasters.
Usage in Daily Life:
Navigation: Used in mapping applications like Google Maps
for route planning.
Environmental Monitoring: Tracks environmental changes
and pollution levels.
Real Estate: Helps in property search and valuation by
providing location insights.
Public Health: Assists in tracking disease outbreaks and
planning healthcare services.
Transportation: Optimizes route planning for public
transport and delivery services.
Usage in Business:
Market Analysis: Identifies potential markets and customer
demographics.
Logistics: Optimizes supply chain and distribution networks.
Site Selection: Helps in selecting optimal locations for new
business establishments.
Agriculture: Assists in precision farming and crop
monitoring.
Retail: Analyzes consumer behavior and site selection for
new stores.

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