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Chapter 8 - Motion
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Chapter 8 - Motion Revision Notes.pdf

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Chapter 8 - Motion
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Introduction

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• In the physical world, one of the most common phenomena is motion. The branch of Physics,
which deals with the behavior of moving objects, is known as mechanics.

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• Mechanics is further divided into two sections namely Kinematics and Dynamics.
• Kinematics deals with the study of motion without taking into account the cause of motion.
• Dynamics is concerned with the cause of motion, namely force.

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Motion and Rest
• An object is said to be in motion if it changes its position with respect to its surroundings in a

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given time.
• An object is said to be at rest if it does not change its position with respect to its surroundings.
• A frame of reference is another object or scene with respect to which we compare an object's
position.
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Figure 1 Figure 2
Look at the figures. In figure1, the car is to the right of the tree. In figure 2, after 2 seconds, the
car is to the left of the tree. As the tree does not move, the car must have moved from one place to
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another. Therefore, here the tree is considered as the frame of reference.

Types of Motion
There are three types of motion:
• Translatory motion
• Rotatory motion
• Vibratory motion

Translatory Motion
• In translatory motion the particle moves from one point in space to another. This motion may
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be along a straight line or along a curved path.
• Motion along a straight line is called rectilinear motion.
• Motion along a curved path is called curvilinear motion.
• Example: A car moving on a straight road

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Rectilinear Motion
Example: A car negotiating a curve

Curvilinear Motion
Rotatory Motion
In rotatory motion, the particles of the body describe concentric circles about the axis of motion.

Rotatory Motion

Vibratory Motion
In vibratory motion the particles move to and fro about a fixed point.

Simple Pendulum

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Distance and Displacement

The distance between terminus A and terminus B is 150 km. A bus travels from terminus A to
terminus B. The distance covered by the bus is 150 km. The bus travelling on the same route
returns from terminus B to the terminus A. Thus the total distance covered by the bus during the
trip from A to B and then from B to A is 150 km + 150 km = 300 km.

A Bus Moving from A to B and Again from B to A

• The distance covered by a moving object is the actual length of the path followed by the object.
• Distance is a scalar quantity. SI unit of distance is meter.
• The position of the bus changed when it moved from the terminus A to terminus B. There is a
displacement of 150 km from A to B. The displacement by the return trip is also 150 km.
• Displacement is the shortest distance covered by a moving object from the point of reference
(initial position of the body), in a specified direction.
• Note:
• But the displacement when the bus moves from A B and then from B A is zero. SI unit
of displacement is meter.
• Displacement is a vector, i.e., the displacement is given by a number with proper units and
direction.
• To drive home, the difference between displacement and distance let us consider a few more
examples.

Suppose a person moves 3 meters from A to B and 4 meters from B to C as shown in the figure.
The total distance travelled by him is 7 meters. But is he actually 7 meters from his initial position?
No, he is only 5 meters away from his initial position i.e., he is displaced only by 5 m, which is
the shortest distance between his initial position and final position.

Distance and Displacement

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Note:
In this example we can make use of the Pythagoras theorem to determine the displacement.
Now let us consider an object changing its position, with respect to a fixed point called the origin
0. xi and xf are the initial and final positions of the object. Then the displacement of the object
= xf  xi
Case 1
Suppose the object is moving from +1 to +4,
then displacement = xf - xi
= +4 - (+1)
= +3

Displacement: Case1
Case 2
If the object is moving from -3 to -1, then displacement = xf - xi
= -1 - (-3)
=2

Displacement: Case 2
Case 3
If the object is moving from +4 to +2,
then displacement = xf - xi
= +2 - (+4)
= -2

Displacement: Case 3

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Case 4
If the object follows the path as shown in the figure then the final position and the initial position
are the same i.e., the displacement is zero.

Displacement: Case 4
From the above examples, we can conclude that the displacement of a body is positive if its final
position lies on the right side of the initial position and negative if its final position is on the left
side of its initial position. When a moving object comes back to the original position the
displacement is said to be zero.
Imagine an athlete running along a circular track of radius r in a clockwise direction starting from
A.

A Circular Track of Radius r

What is the distance covered by the athlete when he reaches the point B?
The distance covered by the athlete when he reaches the point B is

Displacement = AB = 2r = Diameter of the circle (the shortest distance between the initial and
final positions).

Suppose the athlete reaches the initial point A, then the distance covered is equal to the
circumference of the circular track i.e., 2r. But the displacement is zero as the initial and final
positions of the athlete are the same.

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