AIR UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

EXPERIMENT NO 9

Lab Title: Self-Excited DC Motors

Student Name: Muhammad Ali Reg. No: 220623

Objective: (1) To be able to demonstrate how the field current affects

the characteristics of a Series and Shunt dc motor using the DC Motor /
Generator module.
(2) To be able to demonstrate the main operating characteristics
of series and shunt motors.
LAB ASSESSMENT:

Excellent Good Average Satisfactory Unsatisfactory

Attributes (5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
Ability to Conduct
Experiment
Ability to assimilate the
results
Effective use of lab
equipment and follows the
lab safety rules

Total Marks: Obtained Marks:

LAB REPORT ASSESSMENT:

Excellent Good Average Satisfactory Unsatisfactory

Attributes
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)

Data presentation

Experimental results

Conclusion

Total Marks: Obtained Marks:

Date: Signature:
 EXPERIMENT 09

Self-Excited DC Motors
Series and Shunt DC Motors
Objectives
 To be able to demonstrate how the field current affects the characteristics of a Series and Shunt dc
motor using the DC Motor / Generator module.
 To be able to demonstrate the main operating characteristics of series and shunt motors.
Equipment required
 EMS Workstation
 DC Motor / Generator Module
 Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply
 Power Supply
 Connection Leads and Accessories
 Data Acquisition Module

Discussion
Series Motor

The series motor is a motor in which the field electromagnet is a series winding connected in series with the
armature as shown in Figure 9-1. The strength of the field electromagnet, therefore, varies as the armature
current varies. As a result, K1 and K2 vary when the armature current varies. Figure 9-1 shows the speed versus
torque characteristic of a series motor when the armature voltage is fixed. This characteristic shows that the
speed decreases non linearly as the torque increases, i.e. as the armature current increases.

Figure 9-1. Series Motor and its Speed Versus Torque Characteristic.

The series motor provides a strong starting torque and a wide range of operating speeds when it is supplied
byafixed-voltagedcsource. However, thespeed, torque, and armature current depend on the mechanical load
appliedtothemotor. Also, the series motor has non-linear operating characteristics as suggested by the speed
versus torque relationship in Figure 9-1. As a result, it is difficult to operate a series motor at a constant speed
when the mechanical load fluctuates. Furthermore, the armature current must be limited to prevent damage
to the motor when it is starting (when power is applied to the motor). Finally, a series motor must never run
with no mechanical load because the speed increases to a very-high value which can damage the motor
(motor runaway).
Today, series motors can operate with fixed-voltage power sources, for example, automobile starting
motors; or with variable-voltage power sources, for example, traction systems.

Shunt Motor

The shunt motor is a motor in which the field electromagnet is a shunt winding connected in parallel with
thearmature, bothbeingconnected to thesamedcvoltage source as shown in Figure 9-2. For a fixed armature
voltage, constants K1 and K2 are fixed, and the speed versus torque characteristic is very similar to that
obtained with a separately-excited dc motor powered by a fixed-voltage dc source, as shown in Figure 9-2.
As in a separately-excited dc motor, the characteristics (K1 and K2) of a shunt motor can be changed by
varying the field current with a rheostat. However, it is difficult to change the speed of a shunt motor by
changing the armature voltage, because this changes the field current, and thereby, the motor characteristics,
in a way that opposes speed change.

Figure 9-2. Shunt Motor and its Characteristics.

The main advantage of a shunt motor is the fact that only a single fixed-voltage dc sourceisrequiredtosupply
power to both the armature and the shunt winding. Also, speed varies little as the mechanical load varies.
However, a shunt motor has a limited speed range because speed cannot be easily varied by varying the
armature voltage. Furthermore, the armature current must be limited to prevent damage to the motor when it
is starting (when power is applied to the motor). Finally, when the shunt winding opens accidentally, the
fieldcurrent IF becomes zero, themotorspeed increasesrapidly, andmotorrunawayoccurs as suggestedbythe
speed versus field current characteristic shown in Figure 9-2.

Procedure
Caution!
High voltages are present in this laboratory exercise! Do not make or modify
any banana jack connections with the power on unless otherwise specified!

1. Install the equipment required in the EMS workstation.

2. On the Power Supply, make sure the main power switch is set to the O (off) position, and the voltage
control knob is turned fully counterclockwise. Ensure the Power Supply is connected to a three-phase
power source.
Note: If you are using the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer / Power Supply,
Model 8960-2, connect its POWER INPUT to a wall receptacle.
3. Ensure that the data acquisition module is connected to a USB port of the computer. Connect the
 POWER INPUT of the data acquisition module to the 24 V - AC output of the Power Supply. On the
Power Supply, set the 24 V - AC power switch to the I (on) position.
Note: If you are using the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer / Power Supply,
Model 8960-2, turn it on by setting its POWER INPUT switch to the I
(on) position.
4. Start the Metering application. In the Metering window.
5. Set up the series dc motor circuit shown in Figure 9-3.
6. Set the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer / Power Supply or the Prime Mover / Dynamometer to operate as
a dynamometer, then set the torque control to 0.4 N-m.
7. Turn the Power Supply on and set the voltage control knob so that the armature voltage EA indicated by
meter E arm. (EA) is equal to 120V. The series motor should start to rotate.

Figure 9-3. Series Motor Coupled to a Dynamometer.

8. On Dynamometer, make sure that the torque correction function of the Torque meter is enabled. Record
the dc motor speed n, output torque T, armature voltage EA, and armature current IA in the Data Table.
9. On the dynamometer, set the torque control so that the torque indicated by the Torque meter increases by
0.1 N-m increments up to about 1.5 N-m. For each torque setting, readjust the voltage control knob of
the Power Supply so that the armature voltage EA remains equal to the value set in the previous step,
wait until the motor speed stabilizes, and then record the data in the Data Table.
Note: It may not be possible to maintain the armature voltage to its original value as the torque is
increased. The armature current may exceed the rated value while performing this manipulation.
It is, therefore, suggested to complete the manipulation within a time interval of 5 minutes or
less.
10. When all data has been recorded, set the torque control on the dynamometer to minimum (fully
CCW),turn the voltage control knob fully counterclockwise, and turn the Power Supply off. In
the Data Tablewindow.
Paste the results of Data Table here.

11. In the Graph window, make the appropriate settings to obtain graphs of the series motor torque
vs speedand armature current vs torque.

Paste the Speed vs Torque Graph here.

Paste the Armature Current vs Torque Graph here.

12. Briefly describe how the speed varies as the mechanical load applied to the series
motor increases, i.e. as the motor torque increases.

Ans : As the mechanical load or torque increases on a series motor, the speed
decreases. The relationship is inversely proportional, meaning that the speed decreases
more significantly as the torque increases. This is due to the increased opposing torque
from the load, which requires more current to generate the necessary torque .
 13. Compare the speed versus torque characteristic of the series motor to that of the
separately-excited dc motor.

Ans : The speed versus torque characteristic of a series motor is highly nonlinear
and inverse relationship, with a decrease in speed as torque increases. The
separately excited DC motor has a relatively linear characteristic, with a decrease
in speed as torque increases .

14. Set up the series dc motor circuit shown in Figure 9-4.

15. Set the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer / Power Supply or the Prime Mover / Dynamometer to operate as
a dynamometer, then set the torque control to 0.4 N-m.
16. Turn the Power Supply on and set the voltage control knob so that the armature voltage EA indicated
by meter E arm. (EA) is equal to 220V. The series motor should start to rotate.
17. On Dynamometer, make sure that the torque correction function of the Torque meter is enabled. Record
the dc motor speed n, output torque T, armature voltage EA, and armature current IA in the Data Table.
18. On the dynamometer, set the torque control so that the torque indicated by the Torque meter increases
by 0.1 N-m increments up to about 1.5 N-m. For each torque setting, readjust the voltage control knob
of the Power Supply so that the armature voltage EA remains equal to the value set in the previous
step, wait until the motor speed stabilizes, and then record the data in the Data Table.

LINE VOLTAGE FIELD CURRENT IF

V ac (mA)

220V 125

Figure 9-4. Shunt Motor Circuit.

19. When all data has been recorded, set the torque control on the dynamometer to minimum (fully CCW),
turn the voltage control knob fully counterclockwise, and turn the Power Supply off. In the Data Table
window, confirm that the data has been stored.

Paste the results of Data Table here.

20. In the Graph window, make the appropriate settings to obtain graphs of the shunt motor torque vs speed
and armature current vs torque.
Paste the Speed vs Torque Graph here.

Paste the Armature Current vs Torque Graph here.

 21. Briefly describe how the speed varies as the mechanical load applied to the
shunt motor increases, i.e. as the motor torque increases.

Ans : In a shunt motor, the speed remains relatively constant as the mechanical
load or torque increases. The speed-torque characteristic of a shunt motor shows
that the speed changes only slightly with variations in torque, allowing it to
maintain a nearly constant speed under varying loads .

22 . Compare the speed versus torque characteristic of the shunt motor to that of the
series dc motor.

Ans : The speed versus torque characteristic of a shunt motor is relatively constant,
only a slight change in speed with varying torque. In The series DC motor has a highly
nonlinear characteristic, with a significant decrease in speed as torque increases. The
shunt motor maintains a more stable speed under varying loads, while the series motor
a more pronounced speed reduction with increasing torque.
 Conclusion:
The Conclusion of the experiment is that in this lab we have learned about self
excited dc motor .There are two combinations First is series motor and second is
a shunt motor .
The speed of a series motor decreases significantly as the
mechanical load or torque increases. The speed-torque characteristic graph
exhibits a steep downward slope, highlighting the inverse relationship between
speed and torque.
The speed of a shunt motor remains relatively constant with
varying torque. Its speed torque characteristic graph shows a nearly flat line,
indicating that the motor maintains a stable speed regardless of the applied
mechanical load.
The speed reduction is more pronounced compared to a shunt motor.