Automation Lab – ME702

Ex No.1- THERMOCOUPLE

AIM:

To study the characteristics of thermocouple.

THEORY:

It is a junction between two different metals that produces a voltage related to a

temperature difference. It is used as temperature sensor foe measurement and control. It converts
heat into electric power. Any junction of dissimilar metals will produce an electric potential related
to temperature. Limitation is accuracy.

APPLICATION:

Temperature measurement for gas turbine exhaust, diesel engine and other industrial
processes. Thermocouple is a electrical type thermometer. It can be used to indicate exhaust
temperature of engine onboard the ship.

PROCEDURE:

1. The connections are made as per the heater water bath shown in the diagram.
2. Thermocouple terminals are connected to the multimeter.
3. The initial temperature of the bath is measured using thermometer and voltage of the
thermocouple in multimeter.
4. The heater is switched ON.
5. The rise in temperature of water bath is noted down for every 10°C.
6. The readings of temperature in °C & Voltage are volts tabulated and the graph is plotted.
7. Graph is drawn by taking temperature along X axis and voltage along Y axis.

APPLICATION:

1. To sense when the pilot light is burning.

2. Gas turbine exhaust to determine the proper fuel to air mixture to obtain the best
long term performance and efficiencies of operation.
3. R & D testing of combustion systems in automotive and truck engines.
4. Computerized engine monitoring systems for automotive applications.
5. Furnace temperature control.

OBSERVATION:

Thermocouple being positive temperature coefficient, temperature is directly proportional to the

output voltage.

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Automation Lab – ME702

WATERBATH SETUP:

THERMOCOUPLE:

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Automation Lab – ME702

MODEL GRAPH:

TABULATION
Sl.No Water Thermocouple
Temperature Voltage (V)
(⁰C)

RESULT:
Thus the characteristics of thermocouple
are studied and graph is plotted.

Ex No.2 - RESISTANCE TEMPERATURE THERMOMETER

AIM:

To study the characteristics of RTD

PROCEDURE:

1. The connections are made as per the heater-water bath set-up shown in the figure.
2. The RTD terminals are connected to the multimeter.
3. The initial temperature of the bath is measured using thermometer and resistance of the RTD is
measured in multimeter.
4. The heater is switch ON.
5. The rise in temperature is noted down in °C and resistance in Ω and graph is plotted.
6. The reading of water bath is tabulated for every 10°C rise.

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Automation Lab – ME702

OBSERVATIONS:

1. RTD being positive temperature coefficient, temperature is directly proportional to resistance

change.
2. Resistance of RTD and temperature is determined by the formula.
Rt = R⁰ + (1+α∆T)
R⁰ = temperature at zero degree Celsius.
α = temperature co efficient of resistance
∆T = temperature difference
TABULATION

Sl.No Temperature Resistance

(⁰C) (ohm)

RESULT:

Thus the results of resistance thermometer is calibrated and verified.

Ex No.3 - LVDT

AIM:

To study the characteristics of a LVDT position sensor with respect to signal conditioned output
voltage.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. ITB – 12 CE Unit

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Automation Lab – ME702

2. LVDT Set up
3. Multimeter
4. Power Chord

THEORY:

Displacement is an vector quantity representing a change in position of body or a point with

respect to a reference. It can be linear or angular (Rotational) motion. With the help of displacement
transducer, many other quantities such as a force, stress pressure, velocity and acceleration can be
found. In case if linear displacement the magnititude of measurement may range from a few
micrometer to a few centimeter.

A simple and most popular type displacement transducer is the variable inductance type where
in the inductance is varied according to the displacement. This is achieved by carrying the mutual
inductance between the two coils of LVDT or by varying self inductance (variable reluctance sensor).

The very fine resolution, high accuracy and good stability make LVDT most suitable as a position
measuring device. LVDT forms the basic sensing element in the measurement of pressure, load and
acceleration.

PROCEDURE:

1. Install the LVDT position sensor and interface the 9 Pin D type cable with ITB – 12 CE Unit.
2. Switch ON the unit.
3. Connect the multimeter in DC volt mode across T6 and T7 for signal conditioned output voltage
measurement.
4. Set the micrometer position at 10mm and calibrate the display at ‘0’ mm using ‘zero’
potentiometer. The voltage across T6 and T7 should be 0 volt.
5. Set the micrometer position at 20mm and calibrate the display at ‘10’mm using ‘spam’
potentiometer. The voltage across T6 and T7 should be 5 volt.
6. Repeat the zero and span calibration until the core displacement is 0mm for 10mm displacement in
micrometer and core displacement is 10mm for 20mm displacement in the micrometer.
7. After completion of the calibration, place the core of the LVDT to 10mm by adjusting the
micrometer.

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8. Gradually increase the micrometer displacement from 10mm to 20mm and notedown the forward
core displacement from 0mm to 10mm on the display and signal conditioned output voltage (V)
across T6 and T7.
9. Similarly, decrease the micrometer displacement from 10mm to 0mm and notedown the reverse
core displacement of zero to -10mm on the display and signal conditioned output voltage (V) across
T6 and T7.

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Automation Lab – ME702

10. Tabulate the reading of the core displacement micrometer displacement and signal conditioned
output voltage.
11. Plot the graph between core displacement(mm) along X axis and signal conditioned output voltage
(V) along Y axis.

TABULATION

Micrometer Core Signal Conditioned

displacement Displacement Output
(mm) (mm) Voltage (V)

RESULT:

Thus the characteristics of a LVDT position sensor with respect to signal conditioned output voltage.

Ex No.4 - STRAIN GAUGE

AIM:

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Automation Lab – ME702

To study the characteristics between strains applied to the cantilever strain sensor and the signal
conditioned sensor output voltage.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. ITB-17-CE Trainer Kit

2. Multimeter
3. Cantilever beam strain sensor set up
4. Weights (100 grams * 10 Nos.)
5. Power chord.
FORMULA:

Theoretical Strain = 6PL/Bt² Y

Where,

P= Maximum applied load to beam = 1 Kg

L = Length of the beam = 21.58Cm
B= Breadth of the beam= 2.8Cm
t= Thickness of the beam=0.25Cm
Y=Young’s Modulus = 2*10⁶Kg/Cm²

THEORY:
It is a passive transducer. It consists of an insulating flexible backing which supports a metallic
foil pattern. The gauge is attached to the object. As the object is deformed, the foil is deformed causing
its electrical resistance to change. The resistance change, usually measured using a Wheatstone bridge.
PROCEDURE:
12. Install the cantilever beam strain sensor set up and interface the 9 pin D connector with ITB-17-CE
kit.
13. Connect the multimeter in volt mode (DC) across T5 and GND for the signal conditioned sensor
voltage measurement.
14. Switch ON the module.
15. Initially unload the beam and nullify the display by using zero adjustment POT (Zero calibration).
16. Apply the maximum load of 1 Kg to the beam and adjust the display to 370 micro strains by using
gain adjustment POT (gain calibration).
17. Now apply the load to the beam, a strain will develop on the beam and measure the signal
conditioned sensor output voltage across T5 and GND.
18. Gradually increase the load and note down the signal conditioned sensor output voltage and actual
strain.
19. Tabulate the values of theoretical strain, actual strain and signal conditioned sensor output voltage.
20. Plot a graph between practical strain and signal conditioned sensor output voltage.

APPLICATION:

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Automation Lab – ME702

Strain gauge alignment technique on slow-speed diesel propulsion shafting installations.

MODEL GRAPH:

TABULATION

S.No Applied Load Practical Strain Theoretical Strain Signal conditioned

(gm) (μstrain) (μstrain) sensor output
voltage (V)

RESULT:

Thus the characteristics between strain applied to the cantilever strain sensor and the signal
conditioned output voltage was studied and graph is plotted by taking practical strain along x axis and
signal conditioned output voltage along y axis.

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Automation Lab – ME702

Ex No.12 - PNEUMATIC CONTROL VALVE

AIM:

To find the valve position in % regarding to the applied air pressure in psi.

THEORY:

Control valve is used for adjusting of the input of the process control system. It is used to control
the flow of fluid via. Air, H2O, gas, steam. Two types of control valve are i) Single seat valve ii) double
seat valve. Adv of double seat is to flow capacity is up to 30% greater than single seat. Here v used single
seat therefore double seat cannot be tightly closed & can’t be used where +ve shut off is essential.

PROCEDURE:

1. Apply air pressure of 20 psi through the pressure regulator.

2. Open the regulator and apply 3 psi to pneumatic control valve.
3. Observe the valve opening as 0 %.
4. Increase the pressure to 6 psi, 9 psi, 12 psi and 15 psi.
5. Observe the opening of valve as 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% respectively.
6. Repeat the Experiment for Equal %,ON-OFF & Linear valve.

OBSERVATION:

The pressure applied to operate the valve is linear with percentage of opening of valve.

APPLICATION:

It is used in connecting device in closed loop temperature control system.

TABULATION

Sl.No Control Air Valve Position Flow Rate

Pressure(psi) (%) (Lph)

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Automation Lab – ME702

RESULT:

Thus the percentage of the valve opening can be known by the applied pressure.

Ex No.14 - CURRENT TO PRESSURE CONVERTOR

AIM:

To study the operation of current to pressure convertor.

THEORY:

The input converter gives us a linear way of translating the 4 to 20mA current into 3-15 psi
pressure signal. The supplied direct current flows through the plunger coil located in the field of a
permanent at magnet. At the balance beam, the force of the plunga coil, which is proportional to the
current, is balance against the force of the dynamic back-pressure. The back pressure is produced on the
flapper by the air jet leaving the Nozzle. The supply air flows into the lone diaphragm chamber of the
booster, a certain amount of this air determined by the diaphragm position flows past the plug sleeve to
the output of the converter. The output signal is used to supply the Nozzle. The offset spring ensures
that the output signal is at least 50mbar even when the input signal is 0mA. When the input current and
thus the force at the plunga coil increases, the flapper close to the Nozzle. This causes the back pressure
and the cascade pressure forming upstream of the throttle to increase. The cascade pressure increases
until it is equal to the input.

When the cascade pressure increases, the diaphragm and the plug sleeve are pushed
downwards causing the supply air to increase the output pressure until a new sate of equilibrium is
reached in the diaphragm chambers. When the cascade pressure drops, the diaphragm moves upwards
and releases the plug sleeve. The output pressure can pass through the plug sleeve to the vent(exhaust)
until a new state of equilibrium is reached.

PROCEDURE:

1. The connections are given as per the circuit diagram and pressure source of 20 psi is connected.
2. Current of 4mA is applied as input and pressure of 3 psi as output is observed.
3. The coil is attracted by the magnet so the flapper moves towards the nozzle.
4. The input current is increased in steps up to 20mA and note down the output pressure.
5. The readings are tabulated.
6. The output pressure varies from 3 psi to 15 psi in steps of 1.5 psi.
7. Plot the graph by taking current along X axis and Pressure along Y axis.

OBSERVATION:

The input current 4 to 20mA and output pressure 3 to 15 psi variations are formed to be linear in its
range.

APPLICATIONS:

It is used to convert electrical signal from electronic PID controller to operate the control valve.

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Automation Lab – ME702

MODEL GRAPH:

TABULATION

Sl.No Current Pressure

(mA) (psi)

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Automation Lab – ME702

RESULT:

Thus the use of current to pressure convertor is studied and the graph is drawn.

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