UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL

F RAHMAN ACULTY OF
BUSINESS AND FINANCE
ACADEMIC YEAR:

2023/2024JANUARY

2024 TRIMESTER

PROJECT I (ASSIGNMENT) COVER

SHEET

Course Details

Course Code : UBMB3013

Description : International Business
Tutor Name : Encik.Nor Azim Bin Ahmad Radzi
Tutorial Group : T6

Assignment Details

Title : Country: United States and France

Due Date : 05 April 2024, before 12pm

Student Details

No. Name Student I.D. No. Programme

1. Joe Lee Wai Hong 2005096 MK

2. Loh Wei Hong 2005329 MK

3. Chong Yan Ping 2005501 MK

4. Wong Yong Quan 2202923 LS

5. Elise Tan Yi Xuan 2002430 MK

6. Khoo Weng Man 2004926 MK

7. Ang Jia Hui 1906367 MK

Assignment Overall Marks : Marks

Important Note: Submission of assignment is the responsibility of the students.

 UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL
RAHMAN FACULTY OF
BUSINESS AND FINANCE
ACADEMIC YEAR: 2023/2024

JANUARY 2024 TRIMESTER

UBMB3013 INTERNATIONAL

BUSINESSMARKING SCHEME

FOR ASSIGNMENT

Marks Marks
No. Assessment Criteria
Allocation Awarded

1 General Info About the Country 10 marks

2 Country Study and Analysis 20 marks

3 Culture Study and Analysis 20 marks

4 Social Culture 10 marks

5 Corporate Culture 10 marks

6 Business Culture 10 marks

7 Cultural Similarities and Differences 10 marks

8 References and Format 10 marks

Total 100 marks

Comments:

Signature of Marker :

Name of Marker :

Date :
Table of Contents
1.0 General Info About United States & France ........................................................................ 1
2.0 Country Study and Analysis (PEST Analysis) .................................................................... 3
3.0 Culture Study and Analysis ................................................................................................. 6
4.0 Social Culture....................................................................................................................... 9
5.0 United States: Organisation structure ................................................................................ 11
6.0 Business Culture (United States and France)..................................................................... 14
7.0 Cultural Similarities and Differences of the United States and France ............................. 17
Reference ................................................................................................................................. 20
1.0 General Info About United States & France

United States

Country Profile
The United States of America (USA) is a country in North America with borders with Mexico
in the south, Canada in the north, the Atlantic Ocean in the east of it, and the Pacific Ocean in
the west of North America. It is a federal republic with 50 states. The nation's terrain is varied,
including plains, mountains, and coastal regions (HISTORY, n.d.).

Historical and current development

The indigenous peoples who lived in the area before European colonialism are the source of
the United States' history, spanning thousands of years. Christopher Columbus's arrival in 1492
signalled the start of European exploration and subsequent colonialism. The American
Revolutionary War began in 1776 after the United States declared independence from Britain.
The country expanded rapidly in the 19th century through the Louisiana Purchase, the Oregon
Treaty, and the Mexican-American War, among other acquisitions (United States - the World
Factbook, n.d.). The United States emerged as a global superpower after World War II, and had
a considerable impact on global economic culture, scientific and technological progress, as
well as social inequality, political polarisation, climate change and other problems.

National Attributes
The United States is known for its cultural diversity, technological innovation, and economic
prosperity. Its economy is among the biggest in the world, with advanced infrastructure and an
emphasis on innovation and entrepreneurship (Calimanu, 2023). The country is also known for
its democratic system of government, which is based on a constitution that guarantees
individual rights and freedoms.

National Values
The key values in American society include freedom, equality, and individualism. The idea that
everyone can succeed through perseverance and hard effort, known as the "American Dream,"
is essential to the identity of the country. Americans also value democracy, freedom of speech,
and religious freedom, which are enshrined in the country's constitution (Vintage American
Ways, 2022).
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Population
America is the top 3 most populated country globally, with around 341 million people living
in the country (Worldometer, n.d.). There are people from different ethnic, cultural, and
religious origins making up the population, which is varied. The majority racial groups are
Asian Americans, whites, blacks, and Hispanics (United States Census Bureau QuickFacts,
n.d.).

Main City and Capital

Washington, D.C., is the capital of the United States and home to the three branches of the
federal government: the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. The most crowded city in
terms of population is New York City, which is in the state of New York and is known for its
multiculturalism, famous attractions such as Times Square and the Statue of Liberty, and its
status as a major international centre. Central Banking Zone (Lankevich, 2024).

France

Country Profile
France is a Western European country, which is also known as the French Republic. It borders
Luxembourg, Switzerland, Belgium, Germany, Spain and Italy. France is known for its diverse
landscapes, which include coastal areas, high mountain regions such as the Alps and Pyrenees,
and agricultural regions such as Provence and Normandy (Wright et al., 2024).

Historical and current development

France has a rich history that dates to ancient times, with a significant influence on European
and world history. It was a major power in the medieval period and the Renaissance, and later
became a colonial empire with territories in Africa, Asia, and the Americas. France was
essential to the French Revolution, which resulted in the founding of the First French Republic,
and the Age of Enlightenment (Mwewa, 2023). France was a founding member of the European
Union and has played a significant role in the integration of Europe in the contemporary era.
Today, the country has a diversified economy with key industries such as aerospace, automotive,
pharmaceuticals and tourism. Still, France, like many other countries, faces economic
challenges such as high unemployment and low economic growth (Coface, n.d.).

National Attributes
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France is known for its rich cultural heritage, which includes literature, art, gastronomy, and
fashion (French Tradition and Culture, 2023b). It has a long history of intellectualism and has
produced countless famous intellectuals, artists, and scientists. France is also recognized for its
dedication to human rights, democracy, and social welfare (Marmillod, 2023).

National Values
French society emphasizes liberty, equality, and fraternity, as reflected in its national motto.
France promotes learning, culture and the arts and has a strong democratic tradition (French
Tradition and Culture, 2023b). The country is also known for its emphasis on quality of life,
particularly work-life balance, and social welfare (Marmillod, 2023).

Population
France is the top three most populated countries in Europe, with approximately 64 million
citizens (Worldometer, n.d.). People from a variety of ethnic, cultural, and religious origins
make up the population. The largest ethnic group is French, but there are also significant
populations of people with Italian, Spanish, and North African heritage (Sawe, 2019).

Main City and Capital

France's largest city and capital is Paris. Famous sites including the Eiffel Tower, Notre-Dame
Cathedral and the Louvre Museum are located there. Paris is also a major cultural and economic
centre, with a strong influence in fashion, art, gastronomy, and commerce (Council of Europe
Portal, n.d.).

2.0 Country Study and Analysis (PEST Analysis)

A. UNITED STATES

Political
According to David (2023), the United States is one of the largest democracies in the world.
Elections are held every four years to elect the president as head of state. These elections are
generally considered fair and transparent. The United States has a multi-party system,
controlled by the Republican Party and the Democratic Party. Democrats prefer more liberal
policies, while Republicans prefer more conservative ideas. Despite occasional obstacles, the
political atmosphere in the US is quite stable and has had an impact on the political landscape
of many countries (Kamarck, 2019). Besides that, the United States has been criticized for
3
some of its global initiatives. However, it actively promotes democratic values globally (Choi
& James, 2016). With its stable political environment, advanced infrastructure, and
technological capabilities, China has become a major hub for foreign direct investment,
attracting multinational companies (Shi, 2023). However, it faces stiff competition for foreign
investment opportunities from developing economies such as Nigeria, India, Turkey, Brazil,
and South Africa.

Economic
The United States has the largest economy in the world (Edwards, 2014), with giant companies
like Coca-Cola and Microsoft leading the way. However, economic dynamics are changing
rapidly, and China is poised to challenge the United States' position (Hang, 2017). Still, the
U.S. remains a major producer of goods like cars and electronics, while also excelling in
services like finance and health care. Although the global lockdowns of 2020 dealt a major
blow to the U.S. economy, the government stepped in and provided substantial financial
support (Rushe, 2021). Still, U.S. labour costs remain high compared with other countries,
prompting many companies to outsource operations abroad, a trend that has stirred controversy
at home.

Social
As mentioned, the United States is the top 3 largest countries with a population of
approximately 341 million (Worldometer, n.d.). A baby is born per 8 seconds, and a person dies
around every 11 seconds (American Bar Association, 2018). There are many seniors, but the
United States is not among the 20 countries with the largest senior populations. The culture of
the United States is very diverse, with influences from many different backgrounds (USA Hello,
2024). The United States mixes music, books, art, food, and fun stuff. The United States own
some of the best schools in the world, such as Harvard University and MIT. Healthcare is quite
advanced, but it's not free and can be expensive for many people (Boyle,2022). Crime, police
issues and babies under one are all big issues that need to be addressed. The food here is a
fusion of American classics and flavours from around the world, so there's something for
everyone. The United States has lots of fun things to do, from sports to concerts to theme parks.
Americans can usually move up or down in society, but lately, things have gotten tougher.
Social mobility is about moving from one social or pecuniary level to another (OECD, 2023).

Technological factors
4
According to David (2023), the United States performs well in science and technology.
Americans are huge fans of technology, and major corporations such as Apple, Microsoft,
Google, and Facebook produce a wide range of innovative devices for consumers worldwide
(Shillito, 2020). In the United States domains, they are the best. The United States of America
boasts lightning-fast mobile and internet networks as well as sophisticated satellites for
communication, navigation, and weather forecasting (Pelton, 2016). They are constantly
embracing new technological concepts in a wide range of fields, which has altered the way that
many things operate. According to David (2023), concerns have been raised by some
Americans over the relocation of factories and the loss of jobs to other nations. Technology is
developing very fast here, but other countries like China, South Korea, and India are also big
players in the game.

B. FRANCE
Political
According to Rahman (2023), France is a major player in international affairs, having founded
the United Nations and holding a permanent seat on the Security Council. France is a key ally
of the United States and plays a significant role within the EU. Strong ties between France and
Germany, according to some experts, may offer an alternative to US dominance (Heidirmnp,
2020). Notwithstanding past hostilities, France continues to have positive ties with Britain and
is a significant player in the Middle East (Malhotra, 2022). However, there have been criticisms
of some of France's foreign policy initiatives. According to Rahman (2023), while the political
landscape is generally stable, there have been many protests in recent years, and public safety
is confronted with difficulties. The demonstrations have thrown off business as usual and
damaged the trust of both domestic and foreign investors.

Economic
The French economy is in the top ten rank globally and contributes significantly to the GDP of
the Eurozone (FOCUSECONOMIC, n.d.). According to Rahman (2023), in addition to being
a member of international organizations such as the United Nations, the European Union, and
NATO, Germany is also a major business partner, large corporations like L'Oréal, Air France,
and AXA are based in France, demonstrating the country's diversified economy. France's
economy is primarily driven by services, despite its reputation for high-end products and robust
industries like aerospace and automotive. Its GDP is expected to reach approximately $2.973
billion by 2023 but unfortunately, the GDP is reduced to $2.79 billion (Trading Economics,
5
2023). France's food and beverage, tourism, and financial services sectors have demonstrated
resilience in the face of recent lockdown challenges (OECD, 2022). As a top tourist destination,
France has beautiful scenery, rich culture, and famous landmarks, making it a popular travel
destination around the world.

Social
France is a contemporary nation home to 64.8 million people (Worldometer, 2023). It is a varied
community with members from a variety of backgrounds. The average life expectancy in
France for males and women is 79 and 85 years, respectively (BBC, 2023). France is well-
known for its cuisine, fashion, vehicles, fragrances, language, and culture (Europe, 2021).
French is a foreign language that has been studied up to the top two worldwide and is also a
well-liked travel destination (Newsdle, 2022). France has a sophisticated and fashionable
culture and has been home to many well-known authors, painters, singers, and filmmakers
(Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2019). The cuisine and fashion of the nation are likewise highly
regarded. Unemployment remains high in France, and industrial strikes and labour unrest are
common (Gross, 2006). Likewise, there is strong anti-immigration sentiment in certain sectors
of French society (Vasilopoulos et al., 2021).

Technological
According to Rahman (2023), France is one of the most technologically advanced countries
worldwide. It has a quite long history of excellence in computer technology, science and space
technology. More than 50 years have passed since France launched its first satellite (Dickinson,
2015). After Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, Italy and the former Soviet Union,
China is the sixth country to have satellites in orbit and the third country to launch satellites.
The French government has invested heavily in R&D and established multiple technology
centres across the country (CT Corporation Staff, 2020). Additionally, the country is home to
many large technology companies. The French are among the most internet-savvy people
(Petrosyan, 2024). Yet Paris is in fierce and ongoing competition with London to attract the
interest of business owners, venture capitalists and some of Silicon Valley's most prominent
names. Likewise, there is a shortage of computer engineers (Agnew, 2018).

3.0 Culture Study and Analysis

The Cultural Dimensions hypothesis developed by Hofstede examines how culture affects
principles at work. There is a total of six dimensions but selected topics to be discussed include
6
the Power Distance Index (PDI), Masculinity vs. Femininity (MAS), Uncertainty Avoidance
Index (UAI), as well as Individualism vs. Collectivism (IDV) (Hofstede et al., 2010).
Collectively, these elements help in discovering how cultural differences among countries
impact workplace decision-making, interpersonal interactions, and behaviour. Understanding
these components benefits cross-cultural management and interaction between cultures. It
offers insightful information about how cultures differ in a variety of ways.

Power Distance
According to Magee and Smith (2013), power distance is defined as the degree to which a
society tolerates unequal distribution of power among its members. Overall, the United States
demonstrates a lower power distance than France. According to Hofstede's research, the United
States has a Power Distance Index (PDI) of 40, indicating a preference for equality over
hierarchical structures. Conversely, France generally exhibits higher scores on the power
distance scale, ranging from 68 to 86, indicating a greater acceptance of authority and hierarchy.

Individualism and egalitarianism in American culture have contributed to the reduction of

national power distance (Ralston et al., 2007). The value of questioning authority and
hierarchical organizations is evident across various domains, including economics, social
interaction, and education. Instead, France's history of bureaucracy and centralization has led
to greater acceptance of organizational structures (Antal & Sobczak, 2007). French culture
expects and accepts clearly defined hierarchical structures that influence social norms and
behaviour, especially in schools, industry, and government.

The power gap has a significant impact on many aspects of life in both countries. U.S.
organizations often prioritize collaboration, open communication, and teamwork, resulting in
flat hierarchies and decentralized decision-making processes that encourage individual
initiative and autonomy. In contrast, France is more hierarchical, with decision-making
concentrated at the top, and therefore a greater emphasis on compliance with established rules
and procedures, as well as a higher degree of respect for authority (Ting-Toomey, 1991).

Uncertainty avoidance
The Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI) measures a societal acceptance for uncertainty,
ambiguity and implementation across various circumstances (Browaeys & Price, 2015). The

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United States typically exhibits a lower UAI result, approximately 46, which proves that the
US is more towards to risk-taking and comfort with uncertainty. American culture fosters an
environment where uncertainty is embraced as integral to creativity and innovation, as seen in
the startup culture of Silicon Valley (De Mooij & Beniflah, 2016).

Conversely, France typically has a higher UAI score, ranging from 86 to 105 (Hofstede, 1984a).
French culture values consistency, predictability, and structured policies to mitigate
uncertainty. The extensive bureaucracy in France reflects a desire for organized procedures and
systems to maintain order and reduce uncertainty, exemplified by highly regulated labor laws.

Cultures with high uncertainty avoidance prioritize straightforward and unambiguous

relationships and project specifications, whereas societies that shun uncertainty less are more
flexible to alterations, facilitating easier pivoting, as observed in the United States (Ting‐
Toomey, 1991).

Individualism vs. Collectivism (IDV)

The IDV scale gauges how much people put their interests ahead of the good of the group
(Hofstede, 2011). The United States generally has a high individualism score (around 91),
which reflects a culture that emphasises accomplishment, individual independence, and
autonomy (Hofstede, 1984a) . For instance, entrepreneurship is promoted and individual
success stories are celebrated in American culture. Group cohesion is not as important in the
workplace as individual accomplishment and appreciation (Ralston et al., 2007).

Comparatively, France prefers to place more of a priority on collectivism, as seen by its lower
individualism score, which ranges from 71 to 43 (Hofstede, 1984a). In French culture, family,
community, and group identification are highly valued. For example, collective well-being is
given precedence above individual success in French social assistance programmes.
Collaboration and reaching consensus are highly regarded in the workplace, where group
decision-making frequently replaces individual decision-making (Antal & Sobczak, 2007).

Individualistic societies prioritize individual rights and interests, allowing freedom in personal
pursuits. However, excessive individualism may neglect collective needs without
governmental infrastructure (Maheshkar & Sharma, 2023). Government embodies collectivism,

8
enabling defence, taxation, and welfare for the group. Yet, history has witnessed oppressive
regimes like communism, despotism, theocracies, fascism, and autocracies.

Masculity vs. Femininity

Moreover, putting first economic gain and conformity to established gender roles is a widely
recognised definition of masculinity. On the other hand, femininity is frequently linked to
characteristics like a dedication to sexual equality, awareness of the environment, acts of care
and compassion, and a propensity for gender roles that are more malleable (Asante et al., 2013).
With an emphasis on achievement, success, and consumerism, the United States usually
receives a higher score on masculinity, about 62 (Hofstede, 1984a) . In American society,
winning at sports, moving up the corporate ladder, and adopting a strong leadership style are
frequently praised. One such narrative that emphasises the desire of wealth accumulation and
individual accomplishment is the American Dream.

Conversely, France often has a lower masculinity score, ranging from 43 to 43, with a focus on
relationships, work-life balance, and quality of life (Hofstede, 1984a) . French culture
prioritises family, friends, and personal ties over career success and frequently places a higher
priority on career prospects and employee well-being, which is more towards to feminism (Al-
Shantaf et al., 2017)
For instance, literature about feminist concerns and abuses connected to the #MeToo movement
has rocked influential French companies and frequently become the subject of public
discussion. Their influence has gradually permeated higher levels of politics and the media,
changing popular attitudes toward equality in the nation (Fowler, 1999).

4.0 Social Culture

France and the United States are two countries with rich histories and unique social cultures.
Although freedom and individual rights are valued in both countries, there are still some
differences in how they approach lifestyle, society, religion and others.

Firstly, is about the lifestyle between the United States and France. In France, lunch is
traditionally consumed longer. According to Wright (2016), the French will have their lunch
break last around two hours. The French are well-known for taking their time when eating and
they believe that resting is necessary to fully enjoy their life. On the other side, lunch break is
an almost forgotten concept in the United States. Instead of taking a long time during lunch to
9
recharge themselves, they prefer to spend their lunch break eating a slice of pizza or a sandwich
because the average break in America is less than 30 minutes.

Secondly, is about religion between the United States and France. France has a long tradition
of secularism. The fundamental principle of secularism is the separation of church and state. It
is divided into four separate sections. Religion is not engaged in with the State. Religions have
no political influence or ability to have an impact on matters of state. Religion is free and there
is equality among all religions (Peter, 2017). Unlike the United States, the United States is
known for its religious diversity, with a wide range of religious beliefs and practices
represented. The United States has a constitutional principle of separation of church and state.
According to Callaway (2024), the idea of separation of state and church ensures that the
national government cannot impose excessive authority over the morals and religion of its
citizens.

Thirdly, is about social communication. In the United States, Americans tend to be more direct
in their communication style, often expressing opinions and feedback openly. Americans prefer
straightforward communication. They frequently get right to the point and communicate
themselves in a simple and concise manner. They typically use true focused on objectives
language. They place a high importance on communicating ideas clearly and effectively
(Kennell, 2022). According to Ruytenbeek and Trott (2022), while in France, French speakers
often employ indirect requests to convey their intentions subtly To clarify whether they intend
an expression as an indirect or direct speech act, French speakers use cues such as prosody or
gestures. The other reason why French speak indirectly is because the status of the speaker
might have an impact on French language politeness, depending on the expected level of
respect, written requests can take many forms.

Fourthly, is about societal values and perceptions. The United States is generally considered to
be more individualistic. American society ranks as one of the most individualistic in the world.
While individualism encourages personal growth and freedom, it also comes with expectations
of self-sufficiency and cutthroat competition (Doni Soro, 2021). According to Rosenbaum
(2018), Americans, in keeping with their individualistic culture, keep more personal space
between them and other people. The importance of setting personal limits is consistent with the
importance of autonomy and self-expression. While France is considered to be more of a
collectivist society, although it does exhibit some elements of individualism as well. This can
10
be seen in the strong emphasis on family, community, and social solidarity. Parents emphasize
both individual independence and group loyalty to develop emotionally independent members
of the groups their children belong to (Our Planet Today, 2022).

Lastly, is about social prohibition. Both countries have their cultural sensitivities and taboos
that should be respected. For example, in the United States, it is considered taboo to make jokes
about certain sensitive topics, such as race or religion. According to Hobi (2022), Comedians
are renowned for being able to make us laugh and for speaking the truth. They often address
sensitive topics, sometimes in ways that might not always be acceptable. Nonetheless, by doing
this, American comedians start important discussions about taboo subjects like race, religion,
and other matters. While in France there may be taboos surrounding discussions about the
French Revolution or certain historical events. According to Mullen (2023), French Revolution
is by the late 18th century, France faced economic challenges due to its costly involvement in
the American Revolution and extravagant spending by King Louis XVI. They had met poor
harvests, drought, cattle disease, and others. As it involves immense suffering, violence, and
loss of life. Discussing such traumatic events can evoke strong emotions and discomfort So
French taboos surrounding discussions about the French Revolution.

5.0 United States: Organisation structure

In the US, organizational structure is a multifaceted idea that differs depending on the industry.
Within the business domain, it is emphasized by (Kollmann and Dobrovič 2022) that there is
no one-size-fits-all ideal organizational structure for businesses; rather, it should be tailored to
best support the accomplishment of corporate goals. This demonstrates how adaptive and
flexible organizational structures are in the American business environment.

United States: Business decision making.

In the US, making business decisions is a complex process driven by a number of variables.
Božac et al. (2021) have conducted research that emphasizes the importance of moral judgment
in commercial decision-making. The importance of moral judgment development has increased
in light of new observations of poor decision-making. Business executives must engage in a
variety of tasks when making decisions, including bravery and assessment (Ibneatheer et al.,
2021).

United States: Corporate policy and practices

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Corporate policies and practices have a substantial impact on corporate culture in the United
States. These regulations contribute to the multi-stakeholder system, which in turn shapes data
governance practices (Kokas, 2022). Localized variations in corporate governance methods
can result in behaviors within firms that are not competitive, which can affect the organization's
overall performance (Emodia & Mwanzia, 2021).

United States: Communication

United States corporate culture is typified by a combination of nonverbal and spoken clues. In
American corporate contexts, verbal communication—which includes written or spoken
language—is crucial for communicating ideas (Barcelona, 2023). Since language is the primary
means of human communication, it is essential for conveying concepts, providing directions,
and encouraging teamwork among workers (Barcelona, 2023).

United States: Time management

Corporate culture has a big impact on how companies manage their time in the United States.
A set of values, attitudes, and ideas that are commonly held and upheld throughout time is
referred to as corporate culture (Konadu & Kanyandekwe, 2020). It affects a number of
organizational functioning elements, such as productivity and the effectiveness of time
management (Yuan & Chen, 2022). Empirical studies have demonstrated that corporate culture
is shaped by various elements, including integrity, teamwork, creativity, respect, and quality.
Each of these factors may have an impact on an organization's approach to time management
(Chen, 2023).

United States: Etiquette& Protocols

Corporate protocols and etiquette are important aspects of corporate America. Speech etiquette
is crucial in corporate communication because it emphasizes interpersonal nuances and
communication functions within the business environment (Malyuga et al., 2019). A
comparison between the American and European corporate sectors indicates that American
business has a notably unified cultural climate (Valsan & Druică, 2020).

United States: Any specific cultural practices

According to Aziz et al. (2019), American corporate culture also frequently prioritizes qualities
such as integrity, trust, teamwork, and respect. These attributes were widely promoted by
businesses and had a significant impact on the country's corporate culture. The stress on ethics,
12
collaboration, and decency highlights the importance of ethical behavior and teamwork within
American organizations.

France: Organisation structure

French enterprises’ organizational structure shows a combination of centralization and
decentralization. Historically, government administration has maintained high centralization.
Nonetheless, recent changes have brought decentralization processes across various sectors,
including the cultural domain (Santagati et al., 2020).

France: Business decision-making

French corporate culture has a significant influence on companies’ decision-making processes.
French business culture is distinguished by a strong emphasis on respect for authority,
hierarchy, and collaborative decision-making procedures (Huynh, 2020). In this culture,
agreement and teamwork are crucial, and collective decision-making is often preferred over
individual autonomy (Maemunah, 2019).

France: Corporate policy and practices

Corporate culture in France is shaped by a number of things, including formality, bureaucratic
systems, and holidays. According to Thakur et al. (2018), French corporate culture is well-
known for being bureaucratic and having a well-defined structure of top-down authority and
individual tasks.

France: Communication
Corporate culture in France emphasizes verbal and nonverbal communication heavily. In the
workplace, nonverbal cues including gestures, body language and facial expressions are
extremely important for relationship-building and message delivery (Mosa, 2021).

France: Time management

Individuals' cultural beliefs and values, like those of Chinese interns, can affect how happy
they are with French management. This can draw attention to possible inconsistencies in staff
reward programs, networking, communication, time management, and task distribution
(Sidorcuka & Nigmatullaeva, 2018).

France: Etiquette& protocols

13
In France, good manners are regarded as both a reflection of the national culture and a set of
norms. For instance, the wine sector is emphasized as being essential to French culture, and
this component of culture is incorporated into coalitions with lawmakers and decision-making
bodies, demonstrating how deeply ingrained manners are in French society (Millot et al., 2022).

France: Any specific cultural practices

French business culture encompasses exterior elements like corporate social responsibility and
governance in addition to internal practices. Human rights, labor regulations, environmental
preservation, and corporate governance are among the causes that France has actively
supported (Salah & Amar, 2022).

6.0 Business Culture (United States and France)

United States: Relationship and communication

American business culture is characterized by relatively less hierarchy and a largely
individualistic approach (Cultural Atlas Editors, 2016). In business settings, Americans often
cultivate a friendly atmosphere to foster trust with business partners. However, they may not
always prioritise developing a good personal relationship with partners, viewing business
interactions as strictly professional (Cultural Atlas Editors, 2016). Instead of attempting to
build personal relationships, Americans typically prioritise the product, service or project being
offered, along with the quality and expected outcomes of business collaboration (Santander,
2024). Depending on the sector, business interactions may remain strictly professional but with
little touch on personal life so it is important to be cautious about potential risks on the shared
personal information (Cultural Atlas Editors, 2016).

In United States business culture, direct communication is the norm (Eurodev, 2023).
Communicating directly means Americans often directly and openly discuss their ideas on hand
because they prioritise immediate response over long-term considerations, especially in
conversations involving negotiating and decision-making (Weissburg, 2022). American
business culture revolves around efficiency and value, because “time is money”, people in the
company would prefer things getting done quickly (Santander, 2024). Americans maintain a
rapid cadence of business, avoiding activities that do not contribute directly to business
objectivates and profit (myNZTE, 2021). Therefore, direct communication is essential to align
with this culture and ensure effective collaboration and decision-making.
14
United States: Business meeting etiquette
As mentioned above, “Time is money”, and being punctual and efficient is crucial in every
meeting, especially for the person who will be hosting the meeting (Schmoll, 2023). Americans
typically strive to arrive slightly early or on time to demonstrate professionalism, as lateness
can reflect negatively on one's character (Cultural Atlas Editors, 2016). Moreover, according
to Schmoll (2023), handshakes are Americans’ common greeting approach, and the majority of
them use first names in greeting regardless of the job position, however, being respectful is still
extremely important to maintain a friendly and positive working environment. Additionally,
Americans dislike silence during meetings and value active participation in meeting
discussions (Cultural Atlas Editors, 2016). Cultural Atlas Editors (2016) highlight that
meetings scheduled during meal times are expected to commence promptly after everyone has
placed their meal orders. Additionally, the “Open door” policy is often encouraged by
businesses, every participant in the meeting is encouraged to freely express their ideas in a
direct and clear manner (Cultural Atlas Editors, 2016).

United States: Business negotiations

Americans prioritise results and efficiency (Culture Vulture, n.d.). They value direct
communication and often express opinions and expectations straightforwardly during
negotiations, as they prefer the task to be completed efficiently and swiftly to maximise
productivity and value (Culture Vulture, n.d.). The final decision will be drawn promptly by
the chief authority person (Santander, 2024).

United States: Formalities (Dress code and business card giving)

The formality of dress codes varies significantly across industries. Generally, senior managers
and employees who frequently interact with clients often dress formally, while IT organisations
typically adopt more casual dress codes (Santander, 2024). Moreover, Schmoll (2023)
highlights that geographical location also plays a role in determining dress code norms,
businesses on the East Coast typically enforce a more formal dress code compared to those on
the West Coast, where a more casual dress code takes place. Other than that, ‘Casual Friday’
might be practised by some companies, allowing employees to dress informally at the end of
the week. Besides that, the exchange of business cards typically occurs only when there is a
need for further contact following a meeting or discussion. (Cultural Atlas Editors, 2016).

France: Relationship and communication

15
The French prioritize building a broad network of close personal business relationships and
value long-term relationships supported by frequent face-to-face meetings, however, French
individuals usually keep a significant distinction between their personal and professional lives,
so they often interpret overly friendly gestures as attempts to develop personal friendships
rather than professional connections (Scroope, 2017).

Courtesy and formality are essential characteristics emphasised by French corporate culture,
particularly in communication. Demonstrating strong debating skills is highly valued as it
showcases intellectual understanding. French individuals may appear straightforward,
particularly when asking probing questions or engaging in discussions (Scroope, 2017).
Moreover, although the majority of Frech are able to speak and understand English, they
usually prefer not to use it in communication (Scroope, 2017). Cheek kissing is a common
greeting gesture among colleagues in France, regardless of gender, although males typically
refrain from initiating the gesture unless the female colleague initiates it first
(Todaytranslations, n.d.).

France: Business meeting etiquette

According to Scroope (2017), the French prefer to make an appointment for meetings at least
two weeks in advance and avoid scheduling the meeting during the month of August, as it is
the most common period for vacation or the workdays surrounding public holidays. Unlike in
the United States, decision-making in France often spans several meetings and frequently
occurs outside of formal meeting settings (Santander, 2024). Meetings in France commonly
take place during lunch or breakfast in a restaurant, fostering a more relaxed and casual
environment (Santander, 2024). Many French co-workers appreciate these meetings, as the
environment provides an opportunity to establish personal connections and engage in open
discussions (Santander, 2024).

France: Business negotiations

The French prefer presentations that are calm and logical, focusing on outlining the benefits of
a proposal, while they generally dislike confrontational behaviour and high-pressure
negotiation tactics (Scroope, 2017). According to Santander (2024), once a deal is negotiated,
it is typically formalized in a detailed and precise contract. Due to the hierarchical structure of
French organizations, decision-making processes often involve top management and can take
a considerable amount of time.
16
France: Formalities (Dress code and business card giving)
Compared to the United States, the exchange of business cards in France often occurs without
any formalities, either at the initial or end of the first meeting (Santander, 2024). The business
cards used to be printed in two language versions, either French or English and academic
degrees or titles needed to be included (Scroope, 2017).

Regarding attire, while it may vary depending on the company, formal and conservative
clothing is typically required for the majority of French businesses. Women often opt for
elegant dresses or pantsuits with minimal makeup, while men typically wear suits and ties as
standard attire. Some companies may also observe "Casual Friday" where a more relaxed dress
code is allowed on Friday (Maguire, 2022).

7.0 Cultural Similarities and Differences of the United States and France

Similarities Culture

France and the United States have similar cultural norms. France and the United States are
considered cultural "melting pots," with diverse populations from around the world who share
strong nationalistic feelings and a love for diversity. The French value their nation and culture,
while Americans strive for greater isolation. Both countries celebrate Easter, Mother's Day,
Christmas, Father's Day, Halloween and Thanksgiving (Johnson, 2023).

In addition, The United States and France also have provided a higher education culture. Both
nations place a high value on education and have well-established educational systems for their
academic excellence and contributions to research and innovation during their school time. The
American educational system, which is deeply rooted in the country's democratic traditions,
places importance on independence and adaptability. From the start, the school has expanded
considerably, individuals with various educational needs. The democratic values of the French
Revolution became the basis of the French educational system. The national government
significantly impacts the educational system, emphasizing consistency and centralization. The
system is becoming popular for its high academic expectations and fixed standards, providing
a learning style that differs substantially from the American system, but both are the same with
higher education (Denton, 2023).
17
Besides that, the United States and France tend to be democratic republics with a commitment
to principles such as equality, justice, and liberty. Both countries have agreements that
safeguard individual freedoms and rights. Both countries' heads of state are chosen leaders, not
non-elected kings. It also implies that political power in both nations comes from the population.
All members of the judiciary and legislature are chosen by residents in free and fair elections,
either directly or indirectly. Both methods protect political and civil liberties, and all candidates
and parties are treated equitably in terms of election participation (James, 2024). Furthermore,
if a party or individual receives a specific amount of support from voters, the federal
government offers them equal access to public funding, public media, and other resources.
However, there are several ways to structure power in a democracy, and the French and
American political structures differ significantly.

Differences culture
According to Johnson (2013), the main difference between the United States and France is the
food culture. While the French dine out almost each day, in the U.S. it varies on the location
and often only on weekends and holidays, and Americans eat much more than the French. In
comparison, American cuisine is more diverse and influenced by a wide range of immigrant
cultural backgrounds. While fast-food restaurants are already common in the United States,
they are less common in France, where consumers prefer fresh food from local purveyors to
processed foods from big companies. French cooking is known for its refinement, use of
seasonal ingredients and sophisticated preparation techniques. Dining in France is commonly
seen as a leisurely and social hobby, with many courses and a focus on savouring each meal.
In terms of the best meals for each country. In French cuisine, traditional bistro fare (like steak
and chips, lamb sandwiches, and fish tacos with white or red wine) is more popular than
American fare (like grilled short ribs with mashed potatoes or coleslaw).

Secondly, according to Delp (2023), both nations have different fashions and styles in culture.
The French have a superb fashion sense with elegance, sophistication, and timeless style. Even
a 'dress down' day will be well-organized and professional. Women, especially in Paris, seldom
wear jeans and are unlikely to be observed wearing sweatpants unless they are making a fashion
statement. Sneakers are considered a fashion big pas; however, this is different by place.
Despite these cultural differences, Americans are likely to enjoy everything France is capable

18
of offering, including developing a respect for the French way of lifestyle, or tend to be more
diverse and influenced by trends and subcultures from around the world.

Lastly, according to Ellen (2023), another major difference between French and American
companies is the emphasis on work-life balance. France emphasises work-life balance. There
is an intense focus on taking time off to enjoy life other than work. The average workweek was
35 hours, and longer vacation and work hours were strictly limited. It is not uncommon for
employees to leave on time after an extended lunch break. In contrast, the workplace
environment in the United States is often stricter, there is more focus on long hours and a focus
on output or attention to detail, and it is not uncommon for employees to work late and do extra
jobs. Although this could cause tiredness and high pressure, but it encourages a strong
determination to go further than expected.

19
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