DECT basics

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Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
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1 Introduction to the DECT standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

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1.1 History of the standard for cordless telephones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

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1.1.1 What is DECT? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

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1.1.2 DECT – Advantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

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1.2 Subdivision of mobile systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

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1.2.1 Mobile communication (macro - micro - pico cells) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

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1.2.2 Division of cordless systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

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1.3 Wireless transmission and frequencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

1.3.1 Data transfer characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3.2 Multiplex processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.3.3 TDM (Time Division Multiplex). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.3.4 FDM (Frequency Division Multiplex) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.3.5 DECT standard frequency partitioning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.3.6 DMA/TDMA access method (DECT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.3.7 DECT TDMA frame structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.3.8 TDMA structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.3.9 G726 protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.3.10 DECT layer structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

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 1.4 Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.4.1 Roaming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.4.2 Location area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.4.3 Location update . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.4.4 Paging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.4.5 Location area, location update, paging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.4.6 Handover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.4.7 Handover between two base stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.4.8 Security processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.4.9 Authentication/Encryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.4.10 Antenna diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

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 Preface

Preface

Module contents • This module provides a general overview of the mobile networks.
• You will learn about the principle of DECT technology.

Learning objectives • After this chapter you will be familiar with the different mobile networks
and be able to classify them.

Prerequisites • General knowledge from the OS4BAS1SCS and OS4ADV1SCS courses

Duration • 0.5 hours

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 Preface

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 Introduction to the DECT standard

1 Introduction to the DECT

standard
1.1 History of the standard for cordless telephones

CT1
Since 1985, analog voice transmission 40 channels

CT1+

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Since 1989, analog voice transmission 80 channels

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CT2 (CAI) 9-
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Since 1988, digital voice transmission 40 channels
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DECT
Since 1992, digital voice transmission, voice 120 channels
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encryption
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CT Cordless Telephone
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CAI Common Air Interface

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DECT Digital Enhanced Cordless Telephony

1.1.1 What is DECT?

• The worldwide solution for personal cordless communication
• The result of the collaboration between industry, administration,
and service providers from throughout Europe
• DECT provides low power cordless network access; ranges up to
50 m inside buildings and up to a few 100 m outside buildings
• DECT provides cordless communication at home, in the office, and
on the road
• The DECT ETSI Standard is a CTR1 (Standardized European Autho-
rization Regulation)

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 Introduction to the DECT standard

1.1.2 DECT – Advantages

• Common worldwide standard
• Digital transmission
• Dynamic Channel Selection (DCS)
• Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
• Seamless channel change (handover) (within a radio cell, between
cells)
• Antenna diversity
• High traffic density and fast call setup
• No frequency planning for installation of systems
• Low power devices

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Areas of deployment

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DECT always operates in a connection-oriented manner and is primarily designed for so-
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called pico-cellular telephony within buildings with a range or cell radius of 30 to 50 meters;
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in the open, transmission distances of up 300 meters are possible. The maximum permissible
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output power is 250 mW.

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DECT uses frequency ranges under 2.45 GHz that differ from those of WLAN, Bluetooth, etc.,
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and it therefore does not interfere with these networks. The G726 codec is used for voice
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transmission, and it uses a bit rate of 32 kbit/s. It takes into account the low data rates and lim-
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ited computing power of mobile terminals that are available with DECT standardization.
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(Source: WIKIPEDIA)
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DECT GAP profile

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A subset of DECT, DECT GAP (Generic Access Profile), permits DECT multi-vendor devices to
communicate with each other. GAP is only one of the profiles defined by ETSI that assist in
network integration of DECT, which can be regarded as a replacement for the data cable.
While there were compatibility problems between multi-vendor devices earlier, there are
hardly any DECT telephones without GAP on sale nowadays.
GAP guarantees that a mobile telephone from one manufacturer operates on the base station
of another manufacturer, but this covers pure telephony only and not enhanced call func-
tions such as listening to the answering machine or scrolling through the phone book. Addi-
tionally, the mobile device must also be registered first at the base station to do this. This may
cause problems as the logon procedures of different manufacturers often vary.
(Source: WIKIPEDIA)

1. CTR = Common Technical Regulation

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 Introduction to the DECT standard

1.2 Subdivision of mobile systems

1.2.1 Mobile communication (macro - micro - pico cells)

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 Introduction to the DECT standard

1.2.2 Division of cordless systems

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1.3 Wireless transmission and frequencies

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Transmission is based on time division duplex as well as time division multiple access and fre-
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quency division multiple access. In Europe it operates in the frequency range of 1880 MHz to
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1900 MHz in which 10 channels each with a bandwidth of 1728 kHz are defined. ETSI also
specifies extension bands in the ranges 1900-1980 MHz, 2010-2025 MHz, and 2400-2480 MHz.

1.3.1 Data transfer characteristics

The characteristics for data transfer differ for DECT terminals according to the device type
and family in compliance with ITU or IETF standards.
(Source: WIKIPEDIA)
Please note: You can obtain further information at the following links:
• European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI):
http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_en/300400_300499/300444/
02.03.01_60/en_300444v020301p.pdf
• DECT in WIKIPEDIA:
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Digital_Enhanced_Cordless_Telecommunications

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 Introduction to the DECT standard

1.3.2 Multiplex processes

Modern systems for data transfer have to satisfy the demand of economically transferring a
maximum volume of voice and data information with a minimum requirement for frequency
bandwidth.
This demand becomes extremely important for wireless systems, as great economy is needed
with the technically usable frequency spectrum.
The solution to this problem is called multiplexing.
Multiplex processes are processes for multiple transfer over a common transmission chan-
nel.
There is a fundamental distinction drawn between two multiplex processes: frequency divi-
sion multiplex and time division multiplex.

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1.3.3 TDM (Time Division Multiplex)

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Time division multiplex is only suitable for the transmission of digital signals. With time divi-
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sion multiplex, multiple single channels are grouped together into a common transmission
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channel in the multiplexer, e.g. digital signals combined in groups (bit frames) and transmit-
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ted serially, i.e. behind one another on a radio link. A time slot is assigned to each bit frame.
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At the end of the radio link the bit frames can be separated from the time slots in a demulti-
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plexer and assigned to single channels. The transferred information and the channels are
therefore decoupled from each other in terms of time. Transmitters and receivers must work
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with very exact time synchronization.

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TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)

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 Introduction to the DECT standard

1.3.4 FDM (Frequency Division Multiplex)

With FDM, a frequency band (frequency range) is subdivided into equal sections (frequency
channels) each of which corresponds to the maximum transmitted signal frequency and con-
tains sufficiently large safety distances for decoupling from the adjacent frequencies.
With frequency division multiplex, it is possible, for instance, to distribute telephone calls
over frequency channels in the public-switched telephone network that are then, for exam-
ple, modulated onto the carrier frequency of a radio link and transmitted. At the end of the
radio link the signal that contains the information on all calls is demodulated and the individ-
ual calls are assigned back to the corresponding frequency channels and fed into the cable
network. The width of the radio channel is defined by the number of transmitted calls among
other things. Frequency division multiplex is used primarily for analog (sinusoidal) signals.

FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)

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 Introduction to the DECT standard

1.3.5 DECT standard frequency partitioning

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1.3.6 DMA/TDMA access method (DECT)

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 Introduction to the DECT standard

1.3.7 DECT TDMA frame structure

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1.3.8 TDMA structure

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• Antenna diplexer at
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transmit in first 5 ms
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• Transmission of 12
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calls simultaneously
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• Voice in compressed
form (12x the voice
volume of the recep-
tion time in addition)
• 12 hand-held devices
can be connected at
the same time over
one base station

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 Introduction to the DECT standard

1.3.9 G726 protocol

G.726 describes an ADPCM-based codec standardized by ITU-T for voice compression in dig-
ital signals.

Technical data
The process is based on Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation (ADPCM).
The codec supports bit rates of 16, 24, 32. and 40 kbit/s.
G.726 attains a Mean Opinion Score (MOS) of approximately 4.2 for the 40-kbit/s variant and
approximately 3.85 for the 32-kbit/s variant.
The 32-kbit/s variant is mainly used for DECT telephones. The 16-kbit/s variant is hardly used
due to its very bad transmission quality.

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The structure of the DECT standard is

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based on the principles of the layers that

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are used in the OSI model. The universal

wireless interface (DECT wireless inter-
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face) corresponds to the lower 3 layers of

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the ISO OSI model. DECT defines 4 proto-

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col layers however.

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 Introduction to the DECT standard

DECT frequencies:
• 1880 MHz - 1900 MHz Europe/World
• 1910 MHz - 1930 MHz Latin America
• 1900 MHz - 1905 MHz Thailand
• 1910 MHz - 1920 MHz China
• 1910 MHz - 1920 MHz Brazil
Please note: The carrier frequencies are to be spaced individually in the CMI system.

DECT Europe/World Latin America Thailand China/Brazil

Chan- Frequency
nel

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9 1881.792 MHz 1911.160 MHz 1911.160 MHz

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8 1883.520 MHz 1912.896 MHz 9- 1912.896 MHz
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7 1885.240 MHz 1914.624 MHz 1914.624 MHz
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6 1886.976 MHz 1916.352 MHz 1916.352 MHz

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5 1888.704 MHz 1918.080 MHz 1918.080 MHz

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4 1890.432 MHz 1919.800 MHz

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3 1892.160 MHz 1921.536 MHz

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2 1893.880 MHz 1923.264 MHz 1900.800 MHz

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1 1895.616 MHz 1924.992 MHz 1902.528 MHz

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0 1897.344 MHz 1926.720 MHz 1904.256 MHz

• Channel spacing 1728 kHz

• Bit rate 1152 kbit/s
• Modulation GFSK
• Duplex method Time duplex, each with 10 ms frame length
• Number of channels 120 duplex channels freely administered
• Voice encoding 32 kbit/s (ADPCM)

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 Introduction to the DECT standard

1.4 Principle

1.4.1 Roaming
Roaming means switching from one radio cell to another in the mobile phone network in
which the user is logged on (known to the system and the telephone switched on), but a phone
call does not have to be taking place.
Roaming is a feature that enables mobile users to be located in national or international net-
works.
The key subscriber data are held in one or multiple databases and automatically updated as
required.

1.4.2 Location area

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When the mobile user moves within the radio network area, the mobile phone system is not

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normally notified of the cell in which the user is currently located. The signaling complexity
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would be too large for this. Rather, the system knows only the user's current location area. A
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location area consists of one, multiple, or all cells in a wireless network as required.
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1.4.3 Location update

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When the mobile user changes the location area, a location update is carried out automatical-
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ly. To do this, all base stations must continuously transmit the number of the location area to
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which they belong. When the mobile telephone switches to a new base station, a comparison
is made of whether the location area has also changed. If they are different, the mobile tele-
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phone makes a location update.

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1.4.4 Paging
When a mobile user receives an incoming call, his current cell is not known to the system. In
order to nevertheless establish a call, the user must be searched for in the location area
(paged). When mobile telephones are switched on, they are always configured to a base sta-
tion so they can receive any paging messages. Mobile telephones that are not making a call
evaluate the messages and respond to the message when the identity contained in the paging
message is the same as its own identity. Paging messages are transmitted to all mobile tele-
phones as broadcast messages.

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1.4.5 Location area, location update, paging

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1.4.6 Handover
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Handover is a typical feature of cellular wireless phone systems. Calls can still be made with-
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out interruption although the radio channel or even the radio station is changed. The trans-
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mission quality and power are monitored by different processes and used as a criterion for
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determining whether and which handover has to be made. A distinction is made fundamen-
tally between two types of handover, the intracell handover and the intercell handover
Intracell handover is a change of channels inside a base station. An intracell handover is need-
ed when the transmission quality is no longer satisfactory, but the power is still sufficient.
This occurs when, for instance, 2 mobile telephones in adjacent cells use the same radio chan-
nels and one of the mobile telephones can receive both base stations.
Intercell handover is a switch from base station to base station. Intercell handover is needed
when the power of a base station is not sufficient.

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 Introduction to the DECT standard

1.4.7 Handover between two base stations

Time Slot 5
Time Slot 2 Time Slot 7
dummy
traffic dummy

Time Slot 2 Time Slot 5 Time Slot 7

traffic call set up

Time Slot 2 Time Slot 5 Time Slot 7

dummy traffic

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Overview
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Some basic operations and procedures produce the services required for mobile network ac-
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cess. Open network access over the wireless interface increases the danger of third parties vi-
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olating the communication of mobile users. Therefore, access to and usage of mobile phone
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communication networks must be protected by security procedures.

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Security features include:

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• Evidence of the identity of mobile users through authentication.

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• Confidentially of communication through encryption.

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• Anonymization of the identity of mobile users through assignment of a wire-

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less identifier.

Identification
Protection of the user identity is achieved through a special user ID (for OpenScape 4000 IPUI-
O). For inbound/outbound calls the user uses the PMID. For OpenScape 4000 this consists of
the home SLC/port and an index that is refreshed for every location update. The special user
ID prevents interception of the wireless interface being able to assign an existing communi-
cation connection to a specific mobile user.

Authentication
Authentication is a procedure which checks the identity of a DECT user. Authentication is
generally carried out during call setup and location update, but it can also be carried out dur-
ing a connected call.

Encryption
Encryption is voice encryption.

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 Introduction to the DECT standard

1.4.9 Authentication/Encryption

Network Mobile

Subscriber Random
Data Generator

Key
Key edge

Algorithm 1 Algorithm 2 Algorithm 2 Algorithm 1

AIR Interface
Kc

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Language Algorithm 3
9- Algorithm 3 Language
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? Res
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Res
__ (Mobile)
(Net)
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1.4.10 Antenna diversity

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Antenna diversity is the use of multiple antennas per transmitter or receiver during wireless
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transmission, e.g. as a strategy for reduction of interference effects. This is recommended par-
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ticularly for mobile wireless applications. A distinction is made between macrodiversity,

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where antennas may sometimes lie far more than hundreds of meters apart, and microdiver-
sity, where the antennas are sited at a distance of only a wavelength, for instance.

Diversity reception
When radio waves are transmitted, reflections of the radio wave occur on buildings or the
ground, similar to the echoing of noises in mountains. It is also possible that the direct radio
wave suppresses a reflected radio wave at a certain point (interference), as the different path
lengths cause a travel delay between the two, thus producing a phase shift. When this shift is
half a wavelength, for example, loss or at least a weakening of the signal results.
If multiple receiving antennas are now used, there is a high probability that at least one of the
antennas is at a location not affected by signal loss. Accordingly, a function is required in the
receiver that identifies which of the antennas is currently receiving the best signal and then
uses its signal. In addition, there are general interferences and level fluctuations.
Source: Wikipedia
http://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antenna-Diversity&redirect=no

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