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TV Radar

Radar

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16 views16 pages

TV Radar

Radar

Uploaded by

gchinna
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Department of Electronics Engineering

Jiwaji University, Gwalior

EL- 804 Submitted by:


Krishna Kant Digharra
ANTENNAS
An antenna is such a structure. It is generally a metallic object, often a rod
or wire, that is used to convert high frequency current into electromagnetic
waves, and vice versa. Though their functions are different, transmitting
and receiving antennas behave identically.

Radiation Mechanism

The electromagnetic radiation from the transmitting antenna has two


components a magnetic field associated with current in the antenna and an
electric fleld associated with the potential. The two fields are perpendicular
to each other in space and both are perpendicular to he direction of
propagation of the wave.
Radiation Patterns of Resonant Antennas

A resonant antenna is a transmission line whose length is an exact multiple of


wavelengths and is open at both ends.
Nonresonant Antennas
A nonresonant antenna is one which is correctly terminated and as such
only a forward travelling wave exists and there are no standing waves
Ungrounded Antennas
When the antenna is very close to the ground, its radiation pattern gets
modified on account of reflections from the ground. If the ground is
assumed to be a perfect conductor, a true mirror image of the actual
antenna is considered to exist below the ground.

Grounded Antennas
When one end of the antenna is actually grounded, the image of the antenna
behaves as if it has been joined to the physical antenna and the combination
acts as an antenna of double the size.
Antenna Gain
The directive gain is thus defined as the ratio of the power density in the
direction of maximum radiation to the power density that would be radiated
by an isotropic antenna. The gain being a ratio of powers is expressed in
decibels.

Antenna Arrays
It is clear from previous discussion that radiation from different types of
antennas is not uniform in all directions. Though an antenna can be suitably
oriented to get maximum response in any desired direction
Folded Dipole
The folded dipole is made of two half-wave antennas joined at the ends
with one open at the centre where the transmission line is connected. The
spacing between the two conductors is small compared with a half wave
length.
TELEVISION TRANSMISSION ANTENNAS
As already explained, television signals are transmitted by space wave
propagation and so the height of antenna must be as high as possible in
order to increase the line-of-sight distance. Horizontal polarization is
standard for television broadcasting

Turnstile Array
To obtain an omnidirectional radiation pattern in the horizontal plane, for
equal television signal radiation in all directions, an arrangement known as
‘turnstile array’ is often used.

Dipole Panel Antenna System


Another antenna system that is often used for band I and band III
transmitters consists of dipole panels mounted on the four sides at the top
of the antenna tower Each panel consists of an array of full-wave dipoles
mounted in front of reftectors.
Combining Network
The AM picture signal and FM sound signal from the corresponding
transmitters are fed to the same antenna through a balancing unit called
diplexer. As illustrated the antenna combining system is a bridge
configuration in which first two arms are formed by the two radiators of
the turnstile antenna and the other two arms consist of two capacitive
reactances.

TELEVISION RECEIVER ANTENNAS


For both VHF and UHF television channels, one-half-wave length is a
practical size and therefore an ungrounded resonant dipole is the basic
antenna often employed for reception of television signals.

Antennas for VHF Channels


Although most receivers can produce a picture with sufficient contrast
even with a weak signal, but for a picture with no snow and ghosts, the
required antenna signal strength lies between 100 and 2000 μV.
Yagi-Uda Antenna
The antenna widely used with television receivers for locations within 40 to
60 km from the transmitter is the folded dipole with one reflector and one
director. This is commonly known as Yagi-Uda or simplyYagi antenna.

Antenna Length
Antenna Mounting
Indoor Antennas
In strong signal areas it is sometimes feasible to use indoor antennas
provided the receiver is sufficiently sensitive. These antennas come in a
variety of shapes. Most types have selector switches
Fringe Area Antenna
In fringe areas where the signal level is very low, high-gain antenna arrays
are needed. The gain of the antenna increases with the number of elements
employed. A Yagi antenna with a large number of directors is commonly used
with success in fringe areas for stations in the VHF band.

Yagi Antenna Design


Multiband Antennas
It is not possible to receive all the channels of lower and higher VHF band
with one antenna. The main problem in using one dipole for both the VHF
bands is the difficulty of maintaining a broadside response.
Conical Dipole Antenna
The VHF dual-band antenna pictured in is generally called a conical or fan
dipole. As shown in this antenna consists of two half-wave dipoles inclined at
about 30° from the horizontal plane, similar to a section of a cone.

In-line Antenna
Another combination antenna which is known as in-line antenna It consists
of a half-wave folded dipole with reflector for the lower VHF band, that is
in line with the shorter half-wave folded dipole meant for the upper VHF
band.
UHF Antennas
The basic principle of antennas for picking up signals from stations that
operate in the UHF band is more or less the same as that in the VHF band.
Bow-Tie or Di-Fan Antenna
This di-fan half-wave dipole is the simplest type of UHF antenna as the basic
Yagi is for the VHF band. the dipoles are triangular in shape made out of
metal sheet, instead of rods.
Parabolic Reflector Antenna
In this type of antenna the dipole is placed at the focal point of a parabolic
reflector. The principle is the same as that of parabolic reflectors of the
headlights of a vehicle though in an inverse way.
COLOUR TELEVISION ANTENNAS
The requirements to be met by colour television antennas are somewhat
different than those for monochrome receivers. In monochrome receiver
antennas, the emphasis is on higher gain while it may vary from channel to
channel because of the wide frequency range.
Log Periodic Antennas
The stringent requirement of almost flat response besides high gain over any
single channel has led to the development of a relatively new class of broadband
antennas. The most popular of this type is the log periodic antenna. The name
log periodic stems from the fact that the impedance of the antenna has a
periodic variation when plotted against logarithm of frequency.
When colour transmission is to be received from only one channel, there is
no need for a specially designed antenna. For example, the antenna
designed for monochrome reception on channel four only can also be used
with good results for receiving colour transmission from the same channel.
THANK YOU

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