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Respiration - In-Man
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CHAPTERI7 > Breathing ond Exchange of Gases + The laters the actual ite of O, and CO, diffusion between blood and atmospheric ai + The conducting portion consists of nostrils, pharynx, larynx traches and bronchi, while exchanging portion consis of alveoli and their ducts Mechanism of Breathing + Breathing or Pulmonary ventilation occurs in two tages se npn atcenpl + During inspiration (active proces), alr enters in lungs from the atmosphere and during expiration (passive proces aie roloand out rom the lings: Bath thoee procescs are cred out by creating presse gradient of Bete hangs and atmosphere + During inspiration, diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, casing an nerease in the volume of thoracic chamber. + This overall increase in the thorace volume, causes a sma ncrease in pulmonary volume. Asa result, here foxcurs a derease in the intrapulmonary pressure The rater atmonpherie pressure uid the body now cases Siren flow eapely hanes Ccontacton of daptragm ar ekernaliritcos ruces elune horas Trend Lange expended Inapaton + During expiration, diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax and decrease the volume of thoraci chamber and thereby pulmonary volume. At this moment, the intrapulmonary pressure i slightly above the atmospheric pressure, + This in tum causes the expulsion of the ai from the lings. ‘The proces of expiration i simpler than inspiration Releaon of daprragm ard acca rercosial muscis Ar exelent ngs As and stem feu org poston (onered =f Voline of thre ‘Seomed ‘urge atin to sf ‘gra poston Respiratory Volumes and Capacities + The quantity’ ofa the lunge can receive hol or expel under different conditions are called espimatry (or pulmonary) volumes. Combination of two or more pulmonary volumes are called respiratory (pulmonary) ‘capacities. + Different types of respiratory volumes and respiratory ‘capacities ae tabulated below epee 1010 mt. hare Vane eR) Vance) ransom Respiratory Capacity pat) Teal oie ofan V+IRV pec 00) Tom I pw ‘pac Tico. Fnconal iaysRy apace) ‘iat Cpacy maveveRv wo “aon Capac LC) tevin Exchange of Gases +The primary ste for gaseous exchange alveoli + Gaseous exchange takes pce by simple diffusion mainly based on pressure concentration gradient. + Solubility of gases and thickness of membranes affect the rate ofdifsion resareconttuted by individual gas in raisture of gases cll paral pressure + The sally of CO, 420.25 ties higher than that of therefore CO, difuses faster than O; across difsion membrane ' Thin squamous epithelium of alveoli + Endothelium of alvelar capillary + Basomont membrane NEET Key NOTES396 + Gaseous exchange occurs at two level, Le (9 between alveoll and blood (extemal respiration) and (i) between, blood and tissue cal (internal respiration). Hae oi a Carma (oem) (Gani) + lonpeo, sMgnpces tomers (rma) ‘+ Exchange of gases between blood and tissue cells, ‘Catena SS Oo Onygeraes | onsen gaceserne hea |< Grasse pe (corm one (er) slop00p sMeneCOy (orm ommis) Transport of Gases ood carries oxygen from the hangs to tise cells for respiratory surface for elimination. + Blood isthe medium of transport for O, and CO,. Transport of Oxygen + About 97% of O, is ransported as onyhaemoglobin by RBCS in the blood. The remaining 3% of O, is caried in a “dssolved late through the plasma. ‘The percentage of haemoglobin thats bound with Os is cae percentage saturation of aemogobin + Ine eiationsup petween percentage saturation of Iaeroen a Blot el enygmn tion ocled Ong Dissociation Curve (OBC). This curves always sigmoid in shoe Inthe alveoli high 70s low pCO, less H° and low temperature favour the Formation of oxysemoglabin (he curve shifts to ight. Inthe tissues, reverse of above conditions, favour the lssodition of O, from oxyhaemelobin (shifting the curve to eft) Every 100 mLof oxygenated blood deliver around 3 m0, w doses under normal consons Transport of Carbon Dioxide + C0, intransported om the sue bland main ac * Blarbonate fon in plasma and erythrocytes (about 7%). Master The NCERT > BIOLOGY (Vol ) shpat ain rentnng Pete eee cere eras) ine anne fen Pe eins conshoE TS eo, SS Heer + cata toRCOyTe ccs Ae et oe ing be a + Durngapr of tt arb carps aidan pms sxokor «Toto te ie ne ets ee ere sees ree are oe « oy t nl damypnctet deste exvmat Regulation of Respiration Process of respirations under both nervous and chemical + Neural regulation The group of neurons located inthe ‘eda oblongata an pons Vari acs as the ‘epiaory conte which ic compoced of groupe of ‘neurons ence, respaatory centre is divided int the medially respiratory centre and pons respiratory Dorsal Respetry «—aaita —+ Vert Respitory ‘Group ONG pray Group VRC scart Msn canon ‘somone ferent ma Prcmncinicentee— PR ce Pee ry —? Aone + Fuconsto ime * Core thc epeten roan iogmean ca + Trem ntaloue pt ‘of pars ac ‘toc Yoo + Chemical regulation It includes theeffect of CO:, O; and HY concentration in blood. lis ceptors are located in carta eine (largeet bor) atic adie and brain, Carotid bodies and aortic bodies are the peripheral chemoreceptos, whereas these loated in brain are called central chemoreceptors. + Party a8 carbaminohaemoglobin, which is formed in the RBCs by combination of CO, and reduced haemoglobin {about 20.25%). + PCO; is caried in dissolved state through plasma NEET KEY NOTES. ee, Heeb oe sronens slCHAPTERT? > Breathing and Exchange of Gases Disorders of Respiratory System 397 horde Characters ‘Common respiratory disorders ae tabulated below ‘Ash iia ia a + Decreased pinay sare du to dnoged aver Was. + Many cased ue cigs smoking Many atl di tog eaponie W nding ose aking, Infant aint rss of ngs + Pratctne marks cance ei, NCERT Mastering MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (Toric 1 ~ Respiratory Organs ‘T Oxygen (0;) is uilised by an organism to (6) direcy breakdown the mutient molacul () indirecly breakdown the murient molecules (6) obiain nourishment from the food (4) bum the organic compounds indirectly 2 Process of exchange of O: from the atmosphere with CO, produced by the cell is called (0) Breathing (©) espiraton (©) Bath (a)and(b) ——_(d) exhalation '3 Mechanism of breathing and the organs involved varies among different groups of animals. This difference depends on (a atitats (© shupe and size (6) teva onpanination —(S) Bul (a atl (2) ‘4 The organ in reptiles, which can be considered as analogous tothe gills of fishes is/are (@ spracies (oy ry stn (lungs (2) aches 5 Correct sequence ofthe air passage in humans is (2) Nose—> Larynx > Pharyrx -> Broncholes > Alveot (b) Nose—> Pharynx > Larynx + Bronchioles> Bronchi {€) Nose Pharynx > Larynx > Bronchioles > Trachea () Extemal nostil— Nasal passage —> Internal nostril» Pharynx > Lary —> Trachea Brovchi > Bronchiok > Alveolt {6 Nasopharynx opens through the larynx region into the (@) wachea (6) glottis (6) lungs (@ sound box ‘Which portion ofthe human respiratory system is called sound bow? (Larynx (0) Trachea (©) Nasopharyox (Glows Larynx is present in between (@)cpiglotis and glotis (6) trachea and bronchiole (© cpiglois nd wachea (4) bronchus and epiglots A thin, lactic cartilaginous Nap which provonts the entry of food into larynx during swalloing is ()qpiglotis (&) otis (e) bronchi (d) prthoraic At which thoracie vertebra docs trachea divide into ‘ight and left primary bronchi? @s 6 9 ws Brouelivies ate fared by (2) protoplasmic extension of trachea (6) structural modiicaton of pleural membrane (6) eepmtad division of brome (@ caleification of pleural membrane ‘The function of incomplete cartilaginous rings in ‘human respiratory system isto (2) protet alveoli from foreign molecules (6) support trachea, bronchi and iil bronchioles (6) harden the terminal ends f bronchioles (@) interconnect bronchioles and alveoli ‘Alveoli in human lungs are (2) thick-walled, terminal ends of bronchioles (©) polygonal, hin, non-vascularised bag-lkestructre (6) not supplied by blood and are non-functional (@ ‘hinwalle, vasculrisod regular walled stracures398 V6 The lings of human comprises (a) broneht (@) bronchioles (©) alveot () Allof these 15 The fluid which reduces te fiction on the ngs surface is present {@) in between double layered pleura () within single-layered pleura (6) im between cuticle layer over lungs {@) within mucous membrane surrounding the lungs 16 Conducting part ofthe respiratory system comprises (@) exteral nostrils up to the terminal bronchioles () interalmotrils up to trachea (©) epiglais up to trachea (4) larynx up to bronchi 17 Respiratory o exchange part ofthe respiratory system ‘comprises (2) lungs and pleural membrane (©) alveol and their ducts () bronchus and ther protecting covering (@ diaphragm and alveoli ¥8 The dorsal, ventral, lateral and lower side of thoracic ‘chamber is bounded by () vertebral column, strnur, ibs, iphrasm () vertebral colum, ibs, stemum, diaphragm (6) diaphragm, ribs, serum, verebral column, (4) sibs, diaphragm, sternum, verebral column Master The NCERT > BIOLOGY (Vol-!) 19 The figure shows a diagrammatic view of human respiratory system with labels 4, 8, Cand D. Select the option, which gives correct identification and ‘main function and/or characteristic. NET 2018 (@) A-trachea-lonatube supported by complete ‘anlaginous ings for conducting inspired a (©) B pleural membrane-suround ribs on both sides © provide cushion against rubbing (o)C-atveot-inwaled vascular bag-tke srucures or ‘xchange of gases (@ D-tower end of hings-diaphragm pulls it down during inspiration 20 In humans, which of the following is not a step in respiration? (a) Alvear ffi of and C1 (6) Transpor of gases by biood (6) Ditfuson of 0; and CO: between blood and tissues (@) Dilisation of CO, by cll for eataboic reactions (Toric 2~ Mechanism of Breathing and Pulmonary Volumes 21 Movement of the si into and out ofthe lungs is carried out by (@) imbtition (0) presare gradient (6) osmosis (@ ition 222 Inspiration is initiated by (@) the extension of diaphragm () the contmetion of diaphragm {) decrease in volume of thoracic chamber {) the contmetion of lings 2B Decreased intrapulmonary pressure during inspiration is caused due to (@) increased pulmonary volume and thoracic volume (8) conracton of intercostal muscles (6) uplitment ofits and sternum (@ Allof ihe above 26 Expiration occurs when (@) intrapulmonary pressure is less than the atmospheric (©) biraplmonary pressures greater than the atmospheric presure (6) intrapulmonary pressure is equal tothe atmospheric pressure (@ irapleural pressure becomes more than the imra-aleolar pressure 25 Which ofthe following changes occurs in diaphragm and intercostal muscles when expiration of ait takes place? (a) External intercostal muscles relax and diephragm (b) External itersostal muscks contract and diaphragin relaxes (6) External wterostal muscles and diaphragm relax (@) External etercstal muscles and diapeagm contact 26 During expiration, (a) thoracic volume increases and diaphragm contracts (©) intrapulmonary pressure increases above stmoeperic presse (@) stemum is presot a normal position (@ Both ) and)CHAPTERTT > Breathing ond Exchange of Gases 399 27 Additional muscles which impact the ability of hhumans to increase the strength of inspiration and ‘expiration are found in (a) chest () diapbropm (6) abdomen (@ lungs 28 In the given diagram of mechanism of breathing, ‘what does 4, B and C depict? a (9) A-Aiegoes inside o lungs, B-Ribs an steroum retumed to original positon, C- Diaphragm contracted (0) A-Air expelled fiom lags, B-Ribs and sternum ‘etumed to original positon, C-Diaphragm relaxed and arched upward {) A-Airexplled fom lungs, B-Ribs and stemm go ‘upward, C_Diaphragm relaxed and arched upward (@) A-Air goes inside o lungs, B-Ribs and sternum go ‘upward, C-Diaphragm relaxed and arched upward 29 Tidal volumes (a) volume ofr inspired or expired in noma breathe {() addtional volume of sit, a person ean inspire by 2 forcible inspiration (6) additonal volume of ira person can expire by forcible expintion {remaining volume of arin the lungs even after a foreble expintion 30 Approximate volume of air, healthy man can inspire ‘or expire per minute is {2 $000 to 6000 mL {6} 6000 to $000 mk (TOPIC 3~ Exchange of Gases [37 Primary se ofthe gascous exchange in humans is (2) lon (6) alveoli (6) bronchus (@) diaphragm ‘38 In humans, exchange of gases occurs {a by aimison| (8) between blood and tissue (6) between alveoli and pulmonary blood capillary (8) Allofthe above (8) 6000 to 7000 mL {@) 7000 to 9000 mak 31 Tidal volume and expiratory reserve volume of an athlete is $00 mL. and 1000 mL, respectively. What bbe his expiratory capacity ifthe residual volume is 1200 mL? [NET (National) 2079 (1700; (0) 200 mt. (ozrum. fg b00mL ‘32. Additional volume of air, a person can inspire and ‘expire by forcible inspiration and expiration, respectively is called wv (IRV and ERV (6) IC and BC (@erc ‘35 Lungs are made up of air-filled sacs, the alveoli. They {donot collapse even afer forceful expiration, because of ‘NEET 2077 (2) Residual Volume (RV) (@) Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) {) Tidal Volume (TV) {G) Expitaory Reserve Volume (ERV) 34 The maximum volume of ar, a person ean breathe in after forced expiration is known as [MEET (Odtsha) 2079 (2) expiratory capacity () ital capacity {inspiratory capacity () tal ung capacity ‘35. Afler forceful inspiration, the amount of sr that can be broathod out by maximum forced expiration is ‘equal to (@) IRV+ERV + TV +RV () IRV + RV 4ERV (0) IRV+TV+ERV (@) TV+RV+ERV 6 Total hing capacity i: (@) total volume of ar accommodated in lungs at he end a forced inspiration (0) RV+ERV TV IRV {via capaci + residual volume (0) Allofthe above 39 Factors affecting the rate of difmusion tare (2) pressure gradicnt (solubility of games (6) thikness of membranes (8) AlloF these ‘40 The partial pressure of oxygen in te alveoli ofthe fungs is (NEET 2016 (2) equal that inthe blood (8) mow than that inthe Blood {6) less than that in the blood (4) less than that of carbon dioxide400 ‘41 entity 4 wo E in the given diagram and choose the ‘correct option accordingly. Inepeedair Expeedair (2) A-Alveolus B-Pulmonary artery, Pulmonary vein, D-Systemic wei, E-Sysemic aries (8) A-Alveolus,B-Pulmonury vein, C-Pulmonary atery, D-Systemic vein, E-Systemic aries (0) A Alsolun B Pulmonary vain, Pulmonary ater, D-Systemic arteries, E-Systmic vein (@) A-Alveolus,B-Pulmonary vein, C-Pulmonary artery, D-Srstemic arteries, E-Portl vein 42. Which vein contains the oxygenated blood in humans? (2) Cardi yein (6) Hepatopanereatic {) Portal vein (@) Pulmonary vein ‘43 Name the artery which carries deoxygenated blood. (2) Pulmonary artery (8) Polmonary trnk (6) Systemic artery (@) Venacava ‘Choose the correct option for 4 and B to complete the ‘given data, (@) AW45 mm Hg: B-40 mm Hig (b) A-45 mm Hg; B45 mm Hig (©) A-45 mm Hg: B-SO mm Hig (8) A-48 am Hg BSS me Hig Master The NCERT > BIOLOGY (Vol-!) ‘45 Paria pressure of 0, and CO, in atmospheric air as compared to that in alveolar ai is 70: 0; (@) Higher Lower (0) Higher Higher (© Lower Lower (@) Lower Higher ‘46 Almost same pCO, in humans is found in (@) oxygenate bod and issues (@) deorygented blood ant xygensied blond (6) deoxygenated blood and tissues (@ Allofthe above 427 Almost same pO, in (@) alveoli and tissues (@) oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood (6) alveoli and oxygenated Hood (@) tissues and deoxygenated blood ‘48 Which of the following would have the same O contont? (@) Blood entering the ngs ~ Blood leaving the lings (6) Blood entering the right side ofthe heart - Blood leaving the right side ofthe heat (6) Blood entering the right side ofthe heart ~ Blood leaving the let side ofthe heart (@ Blood entering the tissue capillaries ~ Blood leaving the ‘see capi ‘49 The solubility of COs in the blood is (@) 10-15 mes higher than that of (0) 206-2 tes migher man tat of Us (6) slighty higher than that of O; (@) sligaly lower than that of 0; '5O Identify 4, B and Cin the given diagram and choose the correct option accordingly. mans is found in (@) A-Alveolar cavity, B-WBC, C-Capillary wall (©) A-Alveoar cavity, B-RBC, C-Systemic ws (9) A-Alveolar cavity, B-RBC, C-Basement membrane (@ A-Alveor cavity, B-WBC, C-Systemie wallCHAPTERT] > Breathing and Exchange of Gases 401 ‘51 How many layers are present in the diffusion membrane of alveolus capillary? ws 3 wz ws ‘52 Alveoli ofthe lings are lined by () simple epithelium () squamous epithelium (6) cuboidal epthcium (2) cinta epithet (TOPIC 4- Transport of cases ‘5S What percentage of 0, is transported by RBCs and plasma, respectively in human body? (a) 50,50 97,3 «) 90,10 (@) 80,20 ‘56 Approximately 70% of earbon dioxide absorbed by ‘the blood will be transported to the lungs. (CBSE-AIPMT 2016 () as bicarbonate fons (®) nthe form of assotved gas molecules (eoby binding 9 RBC (@) ss cabuminbaemoglobin '57 Blood carries the CO, in three forms. The corect percentages of CO. inthese forms are acoogibiole RBC biarbonstes apaems may 20% ™ oom 0 25% ™ © ma% ™ 70% @ ™ w.2% 0% ‘58 Each haemoglobin molecule ean cary (4) wo molecules of O: 1b) these males of (6) four molecules of : (4) ove molecule of 0: '5O The shape of oxygen dissociation curve plotted Detween % saturation of Hb with O; and pO, is (6) sigmoid 0b) Lshoped () exponential, consbting of thre phases (2 hyperbolic 'S3 After its uptake by the body tissues, a large ‘Proportion of oxygen sill remain unused. This ‘oxygen is used foras (2) raising the 2CO, of alveoli to 40 mm Hy () reserve to compensste Oy during heary exercise (6) releasing to body tisstes (@ maintaining oxyhacmoglobin saturation ‘54 The total thickness of the diffusion membrane of alveolus capillary is (@) less than Lem (6) ee than 1 me (©) less than 2 om (8) more dan I mem {60 Oxyhaemoglobin dissociation at the tissues occurs der (2) low pO; and low pCO, (©) low pO, high pCO, and high H (6) bigh 1), low Wan ow pCO, (8 tow pO,, low H* and high pCO; {61 Which situation would result inthe greatest degree of 2 saturation for haemoglobin, if pO; remains constant? (2) Increased CO; level, decreased temperature (8) Decrvared CO; level, desreaved tmporaire (6) Increased CO; level, inereaed temperature (@) Decreased CO; level, increased temperature {62 Under normal conditions, what amount of O; is delivered by 100 mL ofthe oxygenated blood”? @ SmL@)4mL @3m_— () 2mL (63 When you hold your breathe, which oF dhe following 235 changes in blood would fist lead to the urge 10 breathe? (©) Falling CO; concentration () Rising 0 (6) Falling 0; concentration (@ Rising CO; concemation (€4 What willbe the pO, and pCO, in the atmospheric air compared to those inthe tissue fluid when not breathing? (2) pO leser, pCO: higher (b) pOs higher, pCO, leser ©) pO: higher, pCOshigher() POs lesser, pCOs leser (65 Transport of CO; by the blood is primarily dependent upon (@) solubility of CO in Blood {© caronic byrne (©) binding of hcmeplobin © CO; () binding of haemoglobin tO;402 4 2 66 CO; + 1,0 H,CO, — HCO; +* [Name the enzymes 4 and B in the above equation (2) A-Catboni anhydrase; B-Carbonic hydratase (©) A-Carbonic hydratase; B-Carbonic anhydrase () A-Carboni anhydrase: B-Carbonie anhydrase (@) A-Carboni hydratase; B-Carbonic hydratase 67 Which ofthe following equations is correct? (©) Kino, +" = tb K +110 ©) +0, Ht0, (©) Na" + HCO ‘NaHico, a (@ 180, === i+ 0, Tecan {68 People who have migrated from the planes to an area adjoining Robtang pass about six months back CBSE-AIPMT 2012 () have more RBCs and thee hemoglobin bs lower ‘nding affinity 00, () are not physically fit play games lke football (6) suffer from litude sickness with symptoms ike nausea, fatigue, te (have the usual RBC court but thei haemoglobin has ‘very high binding affinity t0 O, 69 What is Bohr’s effect? (@) A rise in evels of (COs or fl in pH decreases the (6) Arise in levels of CO» or increase i pH decreases the ‘oxygen aminy ofhaemagiobin (@ Shifting ofthe oxygen-haemoglobin cure tle Master The NCERT > BIOLOGY (Vol-!) FO Shifting ofthe given curve to right takes place in the case of 10 ercertage saturation ot memegun ah ongin os 8 & 40 60 100 i Feral oss of gin (eH) (@) rive in pCO) falling (©) rise intemperate (@) Allo thse 7 When you hull your treat: which of de flowing gas changes in blood would first lead othe urge to breathe? (CBSE-AIPMT 2015 (0 Falling 0; sonconration {b) Rising CO; concentration (©) Fang C0, conceneaton (a) Rising CO, an ling 0, concoratin ‘72 Blood does not hacome acidic although it cares CO, because (a) C0, is contimoulydinocd rough ans {8) C0, combines with HO arm #00, (©) in CO tanspoe, baer plays an inprtant ole (@) CO, ieabuorba hy WHE 75 Reduction of pH of blood will (a) edace the blood uppy othe bain {by decrease the afin of hacmoslbin with oxvaen (6) release biearbonate fons by the liver (@)redace he rate heartbeat (orice 5~ Regulation of Respiration and Disorder of Respiratory System ‘7% Human beings havea significant ability to maintain and moderate the respiratory thythm to suit the ‘demands of te body tissues. This is achieved by (@) anceral eye () systemic veinsysem () neural sytem (2) cardiac system ‘TS Which part ofthe bran is called respiratory shythin (@) Cercbelam region {€) Meduila egion () Brain sem region (8) Temporal region "76 Pneumotaxic centre ofthe brain, ie. pons region can (@) moderate the faction of respiratory system (©) decrease the hear ate (@) increase the beat rate (@) increase the low of blood ‘TTA chemosensitive area found adjacent to the rhythm centre in the bran i highly sensitive wo the increased concentration of| (@ Co, ) O ow (@ Both (a) and (e)CHAPTER > Breathing and Exchange of Gases. "78 Receptors in sonic arch and carotid arch recognise the changes in the concentration of () OF ana () Osand CO, (©) CO; nd (€) blood circulation 79 Which ofthe following gases is quite insignificant for ‘the regulation of respiration rhythm? @ 80; ON: CO WO 80 Duc to increasing aicbome allergens and pollutants, ‘many people in urban areas are suffering from respiratory disorder causing wheezing due to [NET (National) 2079 {2) nnammadon oF oronct ang pronenotes (©) proliferation of fibrous tissues and damage of the Alveolar walls (©) reduction inthe secretion of erfatants by pammonytes {@) benign growth on mucous ining of nasal cavity ‘81 Name the pulmonary disease in which alveolar surface area involved in gas exchange is drastically reduced due to the damage in the alveolar walls (CBSE-AIPMT 2015, (@)Pleursy (©) Emphysema (6) Pneumonia (@) Asthma {82 Name the chronic respiratory disorder caused mainly by cigarette smoking ‘NET 2016 (@)asthma (b) respiratory acidosis (@)respimtory alkalosis (d)emphysema 83 Which ofthe following is an occupational respiratory disorder? NEET 2018 (@) Boulism (©) Silicosis (6) Amthescd (4) Expy ‘84 Occupational respiratory disorders can be prevented by (a) the intake of antiistamin tablets daily (6) veld areas with inereond levels of dust and smoke areas (6) wearing protective masks (@) Allofthe above. NEET SPECIAL TYPES QUESTIONS |. Assertion and Reason ™ Direction (Q. No. 85-84 ) In each ofthe following ‘questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is given by ‘corresponding statement of Reason (R). Of the statements, ‘mark the correct answer as (@) both A and R are tue and Ris the cont explaration (©) Ifboth A and Rare ue, but Ris nat the correct explanation of (© ITA true, but Ris se (@) IFAs false, but Ris tue 85 Assertion (A) Trachea and bronchioles are supported by cartilaginous ring Reason (R) Trachea can collapse during expiration, {86 Assertion (A) Mammals perform negative pressure breathing Reason (R) Using muscular movement, mammals create a pressure gradient so that they can perform inspiration and expiration, 87 Assertion (A) COs transport occurs very fast through RBCs. Reason (R) Enzyme carbonic anhydrase is absent in the blood plasma, {8B Assertion (A) The higher amount of CO; can diffe through diffsion membrane per unt diferene in partial pressure as compared 0.03. Reason (R) Solubility 0°CO, is 20-25 times higher than that of, {89 Assertion (A) Humans can svin and breathe inside water. Reason (R) Respiratory organ of humans is lungs. 90 Assertion (A) pO, i the hishes in alveoli Reason (R) Paral pressure ofa gas isthe pressure contributed by individual gas in a mixture 91 Assertion (A) Blood oxygen does not have Signiticam effect on the respiratory een of bran. Reason (R) Increased pCO 5 and H"levels detected by chemoreceptors activate the respiratory centres to modiate the necesary adjustments. 92. Assertion (A) Bohr’s effect occurs atthe level of alveoli of hings. Reason (R) I occu when high concentration of COs decreases the affinity of haemoglobin to oxygen. 93 Assertion (A) High carbon monoxide (CO) levels can killa person Reason (R) CO has greater affinity for haemoglobin.404 ‘96 Assertion (A) In normal breathing, inspiration is an active process. Reason (R) Inspiration is facilitated by contraction of diaphragm and external intercostal muscles. Ul, Statement Based Questions 95 Which ofthe following statement is correct about respiratory organs of different animals? (a) The exctange of 0, and CU; via simple attusion across body surface occurs in quatc arthropods (8) A complex system of air tubes called tachea i present in eartworm for espiraon (6) Fishes have lngs for respiration {@) Cuuncous respiration occurs in amphibians ‘96 Which ofthe following statcment is incorrect about ‘nasopharynx? (@) lateral nostrils open into nasopharynx (0) I he peennge fer rly (6) Itis a portion of pharynx (@) Nasopharynx opens trough the glottis ofthe larynx region into the trachea 97 Which ofthe following statements) isare correct? () The conducting par of the respiratory system transports the atmospheric aro alveak () Conducting part ofthe respiratory system clears the sir from frcign particles, humadifies and brings it tothe body temperature (6) Eachange part ofthe eapiratory sytem i the actual site at which; and CO, exchange takes place (@) Allof the above (9 Read the following statements. 1. The Intapulmonary pressureisles than the atmosphere pressure IL. Increased thoracie volume and pulmonary volume In which ofthe above two situations inspiration takes place? ‘Choose the correct option accordingly. (@) Only! (&) Onlyll (e) Landi (4) Yortt {99 Scloct the correct statement. NEET (Odlzha) 2019 {) Expiration occurs die o extemal intercostal muscles () Intrapalmenary pressure is lower than the atmospheric presure during inspiration {) Inspiration ocours when atmospheric pressure i ess ‘than inapulmonary pressure (@) Expiration s initiated due to contraction of dapbrag 100 Which ofthe following statements) isare true for pleural membrane of lungs? {) Its double-layered with our layers in contact with throracie wall and inne layer isn contact with anes (b) Fluid contained in it reduces the fiction om the lang surfce {) Both (a) and (>) [d) None af the akowe Master The NCERT > BIOLOGY (Vol-!) 101 Which ofthe following statements) is/are correct for features of diaphragm in the respiratory tract? (a) Found in mammals (©) Highly muscular and flrouspanition, elevated towars the thorax lke a dome (6) Separates thoracic and abdominal cavity (@ Allo the above 102 Which of following option isnot tue? (@) The partial presure of oxygen in deoxygenated blood is 40mm He (©) The paial pressure of oxygen in oxygenated blood is 98mm Hg (6) The panial presure of oxygen in alveolar aicis 104 mm Hg (© tne para pressure ot LUs in atmosprenc as 40mm Hig 103 Which statement correctly suggests that most ofthe ‘oxygen is transported from the lungs to the tissues, combined with the haemoglobin rather than dissolved inthe blood plasma? (@) Oxygen carying capacity ofthe whole blood is much Ihigher than ht of plasma and oxygen content ofthe ‘blood after leaving the ngs is greater than that of the ‘blood entering the hangs (©) Haemoglobin can combine with exygen (6) Oxyhaemoglebin can dissociate ito emoplobin and (@) Increase in the CO, concentration decrease the oxygen affinity of haemoglobin 104 Which of the following sutement fs incorrect about the given graph? 10 Bee 8 a (@) The curveis called oxygen dissociation curve (©) The part A represents percentge saturation of Inaemoglobin with oxygen (6) The par B represents partial pressure of carbon dioxde (@ This curve is highly useful in staying the effect of factors like pCO, H” concentration, eteCHAPTERT/ > Breathing and Exchange of Gases ‘105 Read the following statements and select the correct. () The H released from carbonic acd combines with hacinoglobin to form haemoglobin acid (b) Oxphacmoglobin of erythrocytes isalaline (©) Mor than 70% of CO;_ is tansfered from the sue to ‘the lungs in the form of earbamino compounds (@) Inaheathy person, the haemoglobin content is more ‘than 25 gm per 100 mL. 16 Read the following statements and identify the incorrect statement. (2) pOsis the major factor which affects the binding of ‘Co. with haemoglobin (8) 200: slow and pO: is high in tsses (€) RBC contains avery high concentration of earbonic anhydrase (@) Every 100 ml of deoxygenated blood delivers approximately 4 mL of CO; to alveoli 107 Which one ofthe following options correetly represents the lung conditions in asthma and ‘emphysema, respectively? NET 2018 (a) Increased respiatory surface; intammation of ‘bronchioles (8) Increased numberof bronchioles; Inreased respiratory artic (©) Inflammation of roncholes; Decreased respiratory surfice (8) Deoreaed evepentory eure nlammation of bronchioles 0B Which one ofthe following is the correct statement for recpeation in humans? (CBEE-AInMT 2012 () Cigarette smoking may lead othe inflammation of bronchi (6) Nour signa from pacumatonic cane in pont region ‘of bran can increase the duration of inspiration (©) Workers in grinding and stone breaking industries may sulle fom lung ftrsis (4) About 50% of carbon dioxide (CO, Js cried by haemoglobin as carbaminobaemogiabin 109 Which ofthe following statements is incocrect regarding respiratory system? () Each terminal bronchiole gives rise w a network of bronchi (the alveoli are highly vaseularised (6) the lungs are covered by 2 doublelayered membrane (the pleural aid rataces fiction onthe lung surface TO Arrange the given steps of expiration in the sequence ‘of event occuring first I. Relaxationof the diaphragmand sernum, 1. Reduction of the pulmonary volume. LL Expulsion ofair from the Lungs. 1. Increase in intrapulmonary pressure Choose the correct option. @IoI5msV wIon>Vvom @Woll>I51 @Vonsms1 1M Consider the following statements |. Thoracic chamber whieh contain lungs i anatomically ‘anairsightchamber. 1, Change inthe volumeof thoracic cavity doesnot affect ‘thepulmonary cavity Select the correct option. (@) Listrue, Wis fale) Both and I are sue (6) Tisfals,t1 iste (@) Both Yand I are false ‘2 Consider the following statements, I. Redcoloured iron containing pigment in RBCs, ‘haemoglobin. 1. 0, binds with haemoglobin reversible to form ‘oxyhaemoglobin. Select the correct option. (@) istrue, Wis fale @) Both Yand I are tue (©) Tis fale, tis tue (@) Both Tand Mare filse TIS Blood carbon dioxide levels determine the pH of other body fluids as well as blood, including the pH. of cerebrospinal fluid. How does this enable the organism to control breathing? (@) The nin direcdy measures and manitors carbon ‘oxide ana eases breafing changes accord (©) The medals, whichis in contact with eerbrospinal fluid, monitors pH and uses ths measure to comrol Icahine (6) The brain alters the pH ofthe cerebrospinal fd to force the animal to ain mor: or less carbon dioxide (4 Stretch receptors inthe Ings cause the medulla to speed up or slow Breathing Tie Read the following statements. 1. Onanaverage abcalthy human breathes 12-16times minute, , Thevolumeofairinvolvedin the breathing ‘movements canbe estimatedby spirometer. IL Diaphragmis very useful inboth insprationand ‘expiration. Which of the above statements are incorrect? (@) Tanatt () Hand mt (Land (@) None ofthese {TK Arrange the following componente of pulmonary volume inthe order of thei inereasing values. 1. Tidal volume Residual volume LL Expiratory reserve volume IV. Vital eapacity Choose the eoreet option. @l
I>Vo1oNv @V>W> m1 (@) Allof the above 117 Binding of O: with haemoglobin is primarily, ‘depended upon I. partial pressure of >. 1 parial pressure of CO: IIL. hydrogen ion concentration IV temperature ‘Choose the correct option. () |. Mand Vv (It and iv (©) Mand 1V (@) Allof these ‘Adult humnan RBCs are enucleate. Which ofthe allowing catomont() clare most appropriate ‘explanation for this feature? ‘NEET 2077, I. They donot needto reproduce. They are somatic eels. IL They donotmetabolise. IV. Alltheirimernal space isavailableforoxygen ‘anspor. ‘Choose the corres option () Only 1V () Only! (©) |.Mand1v (@) Tana TI Consider the following statements. 1. The 900, levelatthetssueis ih ducto catabolism, I. Atthealveolarsite, 700s is low dueto which CO, and H,Oare formed. Select the correct option. () Tis te Tis false (8) Lis as, (6) Both Land fare tue (@) Both Land I are fase 120 Which ofthe following statements are true/false? 1. Theblood transports CO ;comparatively easly dueto itshigh solubility I, Approximately 8.9% of CO » is transported being ‘istolvednthe plasma of blood. Master The NCERT > BIOLOGY (Vol-!) IL TheCO, produced the issues difises passively into the blood sreamand passes inthe red blood ‘corpuscles and reacts wi water formH CO IV. Theoxyhaemoplobin HO yinentheytesisbasic innate V. The chloride ons difise fromthe plasma into the exythreytstomaintain the onicbalance (Choose the correct option. "Trae False @Lllaav Mand V (©) tlandtv. Litand V (@ tama ty sandy (@ MandV Mand Tv 21 Consider the following statements, 1. Neural signals ftom pneumotaxic centre can reduce the ‘duration of inspiration ands, alter the respiratory rae, ‘Occupational respintory disorder canresultin the proliferation of bous tissue in lungs. Select the correct option. (@) Tiel, iste) Both and Uarc te (©) Fistrue, Wis fale —(@) Both and I ae filse IIL. Matching Type Questions 122 Match the folowing columns. (Colum 1 (Animals) Colum Ht (Types of Brexthing) A Troy 1. Network of bes B. Fiber 2. Pulmonary respiration trou ngs Cte 5. Brain rpirtion th le D. Rinks and mammals 4. Catton repiation Codes Ap Cc D AB CD @1o203 4 m4 3 1 2 43 2 1 @4 2 3 1 123 Match the following columns. Colum 1 Colum 1 esis capaci) @esiton ‘A. Inspiniory Capaciy 1. Tot ra panon ean inspite a, afer onal expiatioe BL Expiaory Capuciy 2. Maximal volume of te ac « farsoncanbrntbein ater forced expiration G Fonctoal Residual 3, Volume oth sir tht will einCHAPTERT > Breathing and Exchange of Gases 124 Which one of the following are the correct matching ‘of respiratory capacities and respiratory volumes? Colm Cota espicory copaciy) (Respiratory volume) ‘AL Residual volume 13000 mt. 1B. Viel cacy 23800. C_Iaspimtory serve volume 3.1200 mL. D pmorycapery kL Codes ws 32 341 ing velune) ‘A. Tidal volume 1 spiny see ola 3 Hoo 1300 mt (C._Epirtary reserve voime 3.500 mt. D._ Residual volume ‘10001100 mt Codes ABC D @ia 2g m3 1 4 2 @3 21 4 @43o201 126 Match the following columns. ‘Colum Column tt (efCOr ie bload) —_(ranpotad by) A 2029% 1 Bertone BR 70% 2 RAC © About 96 3 Plea 407 Codes ABC @ia2 3 3201 21 3 231 Match the following columns. Colum 1 (Colum tt (Respiaory dior) ‘Geater) AL Actors 1, Inflammation f nasal act. BL Breclits 2. Spaimofsmasth of wip wack, mace © Rhinis =. Pullybown ou aot D_Faphyene deletion often - Codes AB Cc D @+2 5 1 os 3 2 1 @3 15 4 @24 403 Match the following columns. Cotamat Calumet (Respitry disorder) Peau) ‘AL Hypopmce 1. Dic breathing wih ying down BL typermen 2 Apr. Di Dywpecr EOnbopocs 5S. Codes ABC DE @s 3 4 21 Os 3 1 24 @s 4 3 21 @s 42 31 NCERT Exemplar MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 129 Respiration in insets is called direct because () the cells exchange 0 /CO, diretly with the ai inthe tubes (the tissues exchange 0, /00, directly with coelomic id (6) the issues exchange 0, /CO, ciety with the ait ‘outside through body surface (trachea tubes exchange 0; /CO, dretly with the hemocoa which then exchange with tissues ‘TBO Mark the correct pair of muscles involved inthe ‘normal breathing in humans. (q) Extemal and intemal tercostal mutes (©) Diaphragm and abdominal muscles (6) Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles (@) Diaphragm and intercostal muscles‘accident, without any damage tothe lungs col be (@)redoced breathing rte (©) rapid increase in breathing rate (e)ne change in espetion (@) cessation of breathing 132 Its known that exposure to carbon monoxide is hharmfl to animals because (@)itredwces CO, tansport (@pitreces , transport (iit increases CO; transport (@ destroys hemoobin 158 -Mark the tue statement arnong the following with reference to normal breathing (@) Inspiration sa pessive process wheres expintion ie active (©) Iopiration an ative proces wheres expintion peste (6) nspiration and expiration are active processes (@) Inspiration and expiration are passive processes 134A person breathes in some volume of air by forced inspiration after having a forced expiration. This quantity of air taken in is (@)t01hngespacity (tidal volume (©) vit eapacigy (@ impraory capacity WSS Mark the incorrect statement in context oO, binding tol, (Higher pit ()Lomer temperature (Lower pCO, (Higher 70, 136 Incidence of emphysema a respiratory disorder is high in cigarete smoker. In such cases, (@)the bronchioles are found damaged (@) he alveolar was re found damaged (@ the plasma membranes found damaged (4) he respiratory muscles ar found damaged 157 Respiratory process is regulated by certain specialised centres in the brain. One ofthe following listed centres can reduce the inspiratory duration upon stimulation (2) Madly ispcatory centre ()Pocumotaxie eens (@)Apneustic eure (6) Chemosexsitve centre Master The NCERT > BIOLOGY (Vol-) 138 CO, dissociates ffom carbaminohaemoglobin when (@) xCOs shih and pO» is low (0) 703 sigh and pV; 8 tow (200s and 7; are eal (@ None ofthe above 159 In breathing movements, ir Volume can be estimated, by stethoscope (6) ygrometcr ( sphygmomanometer (@ spirometer 140 From the following relationships between respiratory volume and capacities, mark the correct relationship. [Inspiratory Capacity (IC) =Tidal Volume (TV) +Residual Volume (RY) I, Vital Capacity (VC)=Tidal Volume (TV) ‘Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) + Expiratory Keserve Volume (XV) IIL, Residual Volume (RV) = Vital Capacity (VC) ~ Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) 1V. Tidal Volume (TV) =Inspiratory Capacity (1) ~ Inspiratory Reserve Volume (RV) Choose the caret option, (@)1 Incomes Invarct lncorredt IV. Corcet (& Ltncomse, Cone, Income IV, Crest (6) Comet, Cort Income, 1V. Cart (6) Comet 1 come. Cone, 1V. comet V41 The oxygen haemoglobin dissociation curve will show aright shift incase of (gh pCO, (high 0, (6) low pCO, (© tos amcenea 42. Match the following columns, Comat A Ean Tr Ma | B_Aqucariopodh 2s D._ Bidet. Teen Codes BCD ABecD @2 143 m1 423 @1324 @243(@nswers > Mastering NCERT with MCQs 10 20 3H 40 sw 2a 20 Bw MMH BO 3 2H Bw HM BO Uo 20 8a Hm Be 36 2m Bw BO 3m a6 @@ aw ae Be Be a 6) ae Be 0) Rw) BO) BED > NEETSpocial Types Questions 3) 860) 87) BB) 89) 3) 96) 97) BB) 99 Wh) 105 (m) 106 (») 107) 108) 109 (a) 15 ©) 116) 17) 18) 119 (0 5%) 126) 127 @) 8) > NCERT Exemplar Questions 129) 130d) 13E @) 132) 133) 139) 140 (b) Tal fe) 12) 6m 7H 80 9%) wu Bi 27) 2m = DH em 370) Mw) 39 © wo) 6 7m BH 8m Se 56 i) 57 tw) SH) 59 to) 6) 67d) Ba) 69 a) 70 % i) «77 t) Bl) 79K) 8 Le) 90) 91 a) 92 a) 98s) OH 100.) — 101 (a) 102 (d) 103 a) 108 Wo) 110%) Ut fw) iz) as) a8 120) «21 ) 122) BG) THA) 14) BS @) 136) 137.) 138) Answers & Explanations 1 (0) Oxygen (0,) i ised by the living entities to Indirectly breakdown the nutrients like glucoee and derive energy for performing various physiological 2 (c) The process of exchange of oxygen fom the _tmosphere with carbon dioxide produced by the cells is called breathing, commonly known as respiration. [5 (d) Mechanism of breathing vary among different [roups of animals depending mainly on hr habits ‘nd levels of organisation This canbe explained as Lower invertebrates lke sponges, cosenterates, Flananrms. rie. rarhange 0. with CP, hy cme Aisin over her entire boy surface. Earthwonms use ‘their most cuticle and insects havea network of tubes called trachea. Specialised vascular sructurs called te waa Uy nam pani armopune al soe, ‘whereas vascularised gs called ngs are used by terrestrial forms. Gi) The corset egw oF abr poane ene be ‘represented ty option (d. The passage canbe explsined by the igure given below. Hutran reper organ 17 (a) Lary isthe porto of human respintory aye ‘alld or sound box His cailainous box presen in ‘ened region which help in sound production a ‘arate 10 (a) Teaches ia straight tbe extending wp tthe ti thai avy vides a he leva 5 tora vet i the ght and et prim bronchi 15 (d)Alvco in human ung are chn-valled, vascular {fepar walled bg ine succor nde of brochioe, These ae he fnctonal nit of ngs nd are sppicd wah lod. 15) Maas har hag wb ar sara by @ ite mre called pou, with psa a terwoen than: Pera i edie he ton onthe Jing safe, The tr pleural membrane in close Contact wah ie tort bmg whee eer peur ttenbeme sate contact wi the hang sae. 16 (a) Te conduting prion of the respmtry system (oalyotanephy slat rate Wood ionchols an eninl tronics all srucures ffom external eccrits upto terminal bronchioles It Provides a paste for th ai conducts the ncoming Siby wanting mots and clang 177) Respiratory exchange prt ofthe wespiatary system consis of veo and thr dts: These seve Testi of te body CO, and pick wp ong em ttmcpbor. This sysem fs derived fom te eno 12 (a) The thoracic chamber is formed dre by Serta calm. vertaly by the term, arly by theribeand onthe ower id by te dome-shaped siagragm. 19 (0 Opin) isarectdesiption of pat inthe Big. Alea are thin-walled vaca baie suc or change of ge Answers & Explanations
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