Error: Reference source not found Implementation of

Microcontroller Based Colour Sorting Machine

AFARAMAI, Ejafiya Godwin FPN/SOE/2019/2020/HEET/766

TOCHUKWU, Emeghara FPN/SOE/2019/2020/HEET/744
EZE, Calister C. FPN/SOE/2019/2020/HEET/201

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC
ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC NASARAWA
P.M.B 001 NASARAWA, NASARAWA STATE

DECEMBER, 2020

I
 Implementation of Microcontroller Based Colour
Sorting Machine

A TECHNICAL REPORT SUBMITTED TO

ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
FOR THE AWARD OF
HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA (HND)
IN
ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

By

AFARAMAI, Ejafiya Godwin FPN/SOE/2019/2020/HEET/766

TOCHUKWU, Emeghara FPN/SOE/2019/2020/HEET/744
EZE, Calister C. FPN/SOE/2019/2020/HEET/201

DECEMBER, 2020

II
 Declaration

We hereby declared this project is all our own work and has not been copied in part or

in whole from any other sources. All previous project work, publications, books,

journals, magazines, internet sources have been adequately reference within the main

report and to an item in the references or bibliography lists.

Name AFARAMAI, Ejafiya Godwin FPN/SOE/2019/2020/HEET/766

Sign/Date
Name TOCHUKWU, Emeghara FPN/SOE/2019/2020/HEET/744
Sign/Date
Name EZE, Calister C. FPN/SOE/2019/2020/HEET/201
Sign/Date

Project Supervisor Engr. Y. S. Mohammed

Sign/Date:

Head of Department

Name: Engr. Y. S. Mohammed

Sign/Date:

External Examiner: Engr. OBANDE Jonathan .O

Sign/Date:

III
 Letter of Transmittal

School of Engineering Technology

Department of Electrical/Electronic

Engineering Technology

Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa

P.M.B 001

Nasarawa state.

The Head of Department

Electrical/Electronic Technology

Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa

Nasarawa.

Dear Sir,

HIGHER NATIONAL DIPLOMA PROJECT SUBMISSION

In the compliance with the policy of the institution, which stipulate that every student

at the end of his//her programme in the school is expected to carry out a supervised

project on design and construction/implementation.

We/I hereby submit our/my project title Implementation of Microcontroller Based

Colour Sorting Machine in the partial fulfilment for the award of Higher National

Diploma in Electrical/Electronic Engineering in the Federal Polytechnic Nasarawa.

Yours faithfully

AFARAMAI .E. Godwin

HEET/766
(For the group)

IV
 Acknowledgements

We want to give glory, honour and adoration to the king of kings for his love, grace,

mercy and protection and for making this project to be a great success. May his name

forever be praised.

We want to thank our project coordinator Engr P. A. Avong for his effort,

contribution, and guidance towards the project. Our appreciation also goes to our

project supervisor in the person of Engr. Mohammed Y. S., for his relentless effort

through supervision, correction and assistance towards this project. He indeed play a

key role to ensure the project is well done and greatly successful.

Special appreciation goes to my boss, Air Vice Marshal CU Nwagwu for his financial

and moral support, I want to also thank my Mother Mrs Afaramai Jummai, for her

great contribution towards my education, I also want to thank my siblings, friends and

colleagues for their prayers and support, I am indeed grateful to you all. Above all I

thank God almighty for seeing me through all my years in school.

Am very grateful to my boss Air Vice Marshal AB Bagare, who has indeed

contributed greatly to my studies with encouragement, advice and prayer. May God

almighty bless and reward him.

Am grateful to my Auntie and her husband Mr and Mrs Owabor for their financial

support, help and encouragement. Thanks also to my brother Mr John Afaramai and

my fathers and helpers, MWO Dados CC and MWO Otitodun and their families they

have indeed contributed greatly financially and other aspect to ensure the success of

this project and programme. In conclusion, we also appreciate as many as possible

that we couldn’t mention their names here that has contributed greatly to the

success of this programme, may God reward them mightily in Jesus name..

V
 Table of Contents

Item Page

Chapter 1 - Introduction..............................................................................................1
1.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................1
1.2 Background and Justification..........................................................................2
1.3 Aim and Objectives of Project/Research.........................................................3
1.3.1 Aim...........................................................................................................3

1.3.2 Objectives.................................................................................................3

1.4 Motivation.......................................................................................................3
1.5 Contribution to Knowledge.............................................................................4
1.6 Scope and Limitation of project......................................................................4
1.7 Structure of the Report....................................................................................5
Chapter 2 - Literature.............................................................................................- 6 -
2.1 Introduction.................................................................................................- 6 -
2.2 Theory of operation.....................................................................................- 9 -
2.3 Functionality.............................................................................................- 10 -
Chapter 3 - Methodology/Implementation..........................................................- 12 -
3.1 Introduction...............................................................................................- 12 -
3.2 Methods of Information collection and Information Utilisation...............- 12 -
3.2.1 Information collection.......................................................................- 12 -

3.2.2 Information Utilisation......................................................................- 13 -

3.3 Project Requirements................................................................................- 13 -

3.4 Project Analysis........................................................................................- 14 -
3.5 Project Design...........................................................................................- 14 -
3.6 Complete Circuit Diagram Analysis.........................................................- 16 -
3.7 System Implementation/Coding................................................................- 16 -
3.7.1 Soldering Implementation and Assembling procedure.....................- 17 -

3.8 System Operational Guide........................................................................- 18 -

3.9 Bill of Engineering Management and Evaluation.....................................- 19 -
Chapter 4 - Test Measurement and Analysis......................................................- 20 -
4.1 Introduction...............................................................................................- 20 -
VI
 4.2 Test and Measurements.............................................................................- 20 -
4.2.1 System’s subunits test/measurement.................................................- 20 -

4.3 Analysis of Result.....................................................................................- 21 -

Chapter 5 - Conclusion/Recommendation..........................................................- 22 -
5.1 Introduction...............................................................................................- 22 -
5.2 Conclusion................................................................................................- 22 -
5.3 Recommendation......................................................................................- 22 -
5.3.1 Discuss Project appraisal...................................................................- 22 -

5.3.2 Discussion of Problems encountered.................................................- 23 -

5.3.3 Areas of Application..........................................................................- 23 -

5.3.4 Future improvement on the design....................................................- 23 -

VII
 List of Figures
Figure Page
Figure 1.1: Sorting Machine .........................................................................................3

Figure 3.2, Block Diagram of Colour sort nachine…………………………………..14

Figure 3.3: TCS 3200 colour sensor ………………………………….…………… .14

Figure 3.4: Arduino UNO BOB. ................................................................................15

Figure 3.5: V0006 servomotor. .................................................................................15

Figure 3.6: Circuit Diagram .......................................................................................16

Figure 3.7: Soldering Process ....................................................................................17

Figure 3.8: Operational Flowchart ..............................................................................18

Table 3.1Bill of Engineering Measurement and Evaluation........................................19

Table 4.1 Result of test carryout ................................................................................21

VIII
 Definitions of Terms:

CCD-- Charge Coupled Device

CMOS-- Complementary Metal Oxide

DC -- Direct Current
DOF --- Degree Of Freedom
D:S -- Distance to Spot ratio
DSP-- Digital Signal Processor

Quantity Unit Symbol

Voltage Volt V
Current Ampere A
0
Temperature Degree Celsius C
0
Angular Displacement Degree
Linear Displacement Meter m

IX
 Abstract

Sorting of products is a very difficult industrial process. Continuous manual sorting

creates consistency issues; this paper describes a working prototype design for
automatic sorting of object based on the colour of the object. The purpose of this
project is to present a Programmable Logic Control (PLC) and control system that is
applied to the colour Sorting Machine. In many industrial applications, there is a
need of sorting colours. Sorting can be done by using many ways according to the
dimensions, colours, weight, using machine vision (image processing), material of an
object etc. For example, in Thermal Power Station, electromagnetic sorting technique
is used to sort ferromagnetic materials from coal. This project consists of components
such as Programmable Logic Control (PLC), colour sensors (TCS230), electronic
system and electric motors. The objects are being sorted according to their respective
colour. The main conveyor is supported of two branches to load the distinguished
object on to the respective one as separated by the electronic system and detected by
the colour sensors which are then transferred to their various box. The experimental
result promise that the prototype will fulfil the needs for higher production and
precise quality in the field of automation

X
Microcontroller Based Colour Sorting Machine Introduction

Chapter 1 - Introduction

1.1 Introduction
Automation is the technology by which a process or procedure is performed without

human assistance. Automation or automatic control is the use of various control

systems for operating equipment such as machinery, processes in factories,

boilers and heat treating ovens, switching on telephone networks, steering and

stabilization of ships, satellite systems, vehicles, aircraft and other numerous

applications with minimal or reduced human intervention. Some processes have

been completely automated [1]. Sorting is a task carried out by a machine that

sorts objects such as rice, tea, or containers and heavy goods. Traditional methods

of sorting involved placing objects onto a conveyor and sort sonly one object at a

time. This method is time-consuming and expensive, besides the worker on the job

will be so tired after counting for a long while. Our paper aims at sorting

simultaneously [2].

The sorting operation takes place in a synchronized manner. It also includes a user-

defined volume selection menu through which the user can input the desired object to

be sorted. The entire system is more flexible and timesaving; therefore, it makes the

work done faster. The sorting operations are controlled using a Programmable Logic

Controllers (PLC). This is because Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) are very

flexible, cost-effective, space efficient and reduces complexity, works at a very fast

speed. By programming the Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC), we control the

entire system. SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) is used to

monitor the process [3].

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Microcontroller Based Colour Sorting Machine Introduction

1.2 Background and Justification

Colour sensor systems are increasingly being used in automated applications to detect

automation errors and monitor quality at the speed of production line. They are used

in assembly lines to identify and classify products by colour. The objectives of their

usage include checking the quality of products, to facilitate sorting and packaging, to

assess the equality of products in storage and to monitor waste products.

Consequently, there is an abundance of colour sensors and the choice is often

application-driven. Low cost and simple colour sensors are preferred over

sophisticated solutions for less demanding applications where the top priority is cost

and power consumption.

Colour names can be used and conjure reasonably consistent perceptions. There have

eleven basic colour names that have been identified such as white, grey, black, red,

yellow, green, blue, orange, purple, pink, and brown. Most or all colours can be

described in terms of variations and combinations of these colours. Due to the fact

that human colour vision is accomplished in part by three different types of cone cells

in the retina, it follows that three values are necessary and sufficient to define any

colour. Colour theory describes that there are three values that can be thought of as

coordinates of a point in three- dimensional space, giving rise to the concept of

colour space. Thus, saturation, luminance is one such co-ordinate system, or colour

space.

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Microcontroller Based Colour Sorting Machine Introduction

Figure 1.1: Sorting Machine

1.3 Aim and Objectives of Project/Research

1.3.1 Aim
The main aim of this project is to develop an automated sorting device that can

separate different colours from a mixed colour system and place them according to

their colours in a can.

1.3.2 Objectives
 To study MCU architecture, cross compilation and development environment

for the intending MCU

 To learn as well as developed firmware based on the selected MCU

 To interface colour sensor and the MCU and also to interface LCD system and

the MCU

 Perform reliability test and analysis of the system

1.4 Motivation
Machines can perform highly repetitive tasks better than humans. Workers fatigue on

assembly lines can result in reduced performance, and cause challenges in

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Microcontroller Based Colour Sorting Machine Introduction
maintaining the quality of a product. An employee in a manufacturing industry who

has been performing an inspection task over and over again may eventually fail to

recognize the colour of product and will end up mixing different colours. Automating

many of the tasks in the industries may help to improve the efficiency of

manufacturing system. The purpose of this model is to design and implement a

system which automatically separates products based on their colour, so that

mistakes and errors can be reduced or prevented.

1.5 Contribution to Knowledge

The original contributions to this work are:

 Development of a customized firmware for the Microcontroller Unit

 Develop hardware interface using Atmega328p controller.

 Interface atmega328p to a power MOSFET, LCD 16x 2 displays and keypad.

 Learn how to design a customized casing.

 Learning of soldering skills and techniques

1.6 Scope and Limitation of project

The Automated colour sorting system can be used in a variety of places to detect and

separate objects with different colours and place them according into a sorting

can without mixing different colours in one can. This system is also faced with

many limitations that are highlighted below:

The limitations of the project are:

 The project is relatively expensive to implement.

 The project is only limited for use to small objects

 The device can only separate red, green and blue objects

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Microcontroller Based Colour Sorting Machine Introduction

1.7 Structure of the Report

This section will discuss the layout of the report, the chapters are;

- Chapter 2 will look at literature on Implementation Of Microcontroller Based

Colour Sorting Machine

- Chapter 3 this involve adopting engineering methodology, then implement

the methodology Colour Sorting Machine

- Chapter 4 this section will discuss test result, all measurement and analysis

will be carrying out on the machine

- Chapter 5 will state the conclusion, project appraisal, and recommendation.

December 2020 Godwin, Tochukwu, Eze 5

Colour Sorting Machine Literature

Chapter 2 - Literature

2.1 Introduction
This content presents the critical analysis of the existing literature which is relevant to

the Ora sorting system. Though, the literature consists of a lot many research

contributions, but here, we have analyses some of the research and review papers.

Finally, the finding of summarized data to related the scanned and analysed research

papers. Snehal Shirgave [4] in their paper explain about colour sorting robot. This

system consists of colour sensor module, servo motor, Arduino UNO and LCD

display. TCS3200 is the colour sensor that detect light reflected light by an object and

convert it into frequency. Servomotor is use to move a slider according to the colour

detected. Input and output operations are controlled by an Arduino UNO

microcontroller. Detected output colour and the count value of respective coloured

Object is displayed on LCD.

Rudresh. H. G and Prof. Shubha P. [2] this paper stated that the project deal with an

automatic material handling system. This project purposed organizing the coloured

object which are approaching on the conveyor by picking and placing the objects in

its separate located place. There by reducing the tedious work done human

accomplishing accuracy and rapidity in the work. The project includes colour sensors

that senses the object colour and lead the signal to the controller guides signal to the

motor driving circuit that drives the different motor of the robotic arm to understand

the object and place it in the correct location. Depending upon the coloured sensed the

robotic arm goes to the correct location to releases the object and come back to the

initial position.

Real Time Industrial Colour Shape and Size Detection System Using Signal Board

by Geda. Karthik Kumar and S. Kayalvizhi [3] in their paper introduce a project about

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Colour Sorting Machine Literature
the detection of colour, shape and size of various object at real time. The design of

system is accomplished using a raspberry pi as a] system of an chip, along with

camera, display unit and mechanism such as conveyor belt use for the transport of

object in the industrial environment. The main purpose of design of this particular

system is to identify the colour, shape and size as well as the number of objects

moving with the help of conveyor belt.

Industrial automation and robotics play important role in growth of industry. The

main criteria in industry are quality and flexibility of the product. In 80‟s robot was

used to perform tasks like machine tending, material transfer, painting, welding which

does not require high accuracy [2]. Considering greater role of robots, it was predicted

in 90‟s that industrial robots will become increasingly vital in applications which

require high precision and accuracy. Autonomous robots with sensors are used for

accuracy and precision in product which gradually improves the growth of industry

[4]. To achieve this precision, robots are programmed for a single task taking sensory

information. Real time and highly accurate characteristics of small objects in a fast

flowing stream would open new directions for industrial sorting processes. Recent

advances in electronics and printed circuit board technology open new perspectives

for industrial application in this field [1].

2.1.1 Existing System

In currently existing systems, use of different technology is made according to budget

and scope of industry. It includes robotics systems, microcontroller based system,

sensor based system and pneumatic based system, etc.

2.1.2 Sensor Based System

The advance system of carton sorting is according to weight; old system was based on

sensor. There were some systems which counts that how many objects are going from

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Colour Sorting Machine Literature
the conveyor belt. Such systems make use of sensor. When carton passes through

conveyer, at the side of conveyer normally transmitter and receiver infrared sensor are

used. When the carton cuts the infrared beam, the electronic counter system in digital

form gets „0‟ which was counted as count. Sensor based system sense coming object

and count it. However, the drawback of the system is that it can only senses the object

it cannot calculate the weight of object.

So it is not having the provision of sorting carton as per required weight Sensor-

Based Sorting is addressing new developments and applications in the field of

automatic sensor separation techniques for primary and secondary raw materials[5].

The robotic arm is controlled using servomotors whose degree of rotation is

controlled by the on a timer of the pulse rail appearing at its control inputs. According

to the structure of robotic arm, various degree of rotation for the servomotor are

assigned to carry out the operations. The arm of the robot realized using aluminium

brackets. Four types of brackets are arranged for this purpose [3].

The robotic arms are too costly and complex due to the complexity and the fabrication

process. Two types of the brackets are for holding the servomotors and two types for

the extensions and interconnections of the robotic arm. The IR sensor identifies the

box and it sends the data to a microcontroller, which controls the arm motion

according to the height of the box. The motion of the servomotor is controlled in a

manner so that each box is dropped into a respective boxes place in a predetermined

position. The time taken by the robotic arm for a single motion is set to approximately

0.5 seconds. Eight steps of motion of robotic arm are required for a box to be picked

up and to be dropped in the correct basket. That includes motion of arm from the

default position, picking a box, motion to the correct basket, dropping the box to the

basket and return to the default position. The number of steps taken by the arm to pick

the box and drop the box counts to seven steps and from there to back to default

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Colour Sorting Machine Literature
position needed one-step. Approximately time needed for the microcontroller to

identify height of the box is around one second. Therefore, the total time needed for

picking and dropping the box including identifying the height is around five seconds.

Four motors are used in the robotic arm. One to control the rotational motion of the

base, one to control the angle at the elbow, one to control the wrist movement

and last one to control the gripper, that is to hold and drop the ball. The initial position

of the robotic arm when power is applied and the robot is ready for operation. A lever

mechanism was used for opening and closing the gripper. Therefore, a single motor is

enough for the gripper control. Fingers come closer to pick and hold the box and

move apart when it drops the box. Two positions was designed for the fingers by

using a single servomotor. One in close position and other in open position. Two

motions are permitted for the motor at wrist and elbow that is to move up and down

[9].

2.2 Theory of operation

The test objects were soft drink bottle caps with cylindrical shape having 2.5cm

diameter and 1cm height. The distance between the top surface of the object and the

colour sensor, during the time of detection process, must always be the same.

The reason for such a constraint is owed to the fact that TCS230 produces output

signals of different frequencies while detecting the colour of the same object kept at

different distances from the sensor. We have used four aluminium rods and a

fibre plate to suspend the colour sensor above the first conveyor belt so that a 17cm

wide and 6cm high rectangular window is provided for the object to move under it. In

other words, deducting the height of our test object, the sensor and the top of the

object is kept 5cm apart.

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Colour Sorting Machine Literature

2.3 Functionality
When a supply of 3.4V is given to the DC motor (12V, 3.5rpm) it starts to rotate. It

will control the movement of the conveyor belt on which the product is placed. When

the light falls on the product, it is reflected back to the colour sensor. As mentioned

before, colour sensor TCS230 has 4 colour filters for green, red, blue and black (no

colour), which is opted by its select pins. The program saved in the microcontroller

selects filters. Frequency output from colour sensor depends on colour n the colour of

the object as well as the select pin configuration input from microcontroller. Select

pin can select one of the four photo diode filters, which can give output according to

the colour of the object. When there is no object, in front of sensor, it produces an

output of 330Hz range frequency and when there is an object, it produces an output

frequency of 7-14 KHz.

The microcontroller can find the frequency of the output from TCS230 by counting

falling or rising edge of sensor given to its TOCK1 pin using pre-scalar

settings set by option register configuration. The pre-scalar was set for

1:16 arrangement and the time for counting is 50ms. Hence, PIC counts the frequency

using its timer at the rate of one increment for sixteen falling edges of input frequency

given to TOCK1. When there is no object in front of sensor, it produces an output of

330Hz range frequency. Hence, we set a break down value of 32H for deciding

whether there is an object on the conveyor belt or not. Therefore, the PIC can only

proceed to the next step after checking this condition. If there is an object, the sensor

produces an output frequency, which is proportional to the colour of the object and the

selected photo diode configuration in such a way that it provides maximum frequency

for the respective to the respective photo diode. Hence sensor gives maximum

frequency for red coloured object when red filter is selected, and in the same way

other coloured object are also sensed by corresponding filters.

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Colour Sorting Machine Literature
Frequency received during each filter selection is counted and saved to separate

registers and these values are examined for taking the greater one, in order to identify

the colour of the object. The second DC motor is in contact with another conveyor

belt, on which a container is placed. The container has three sections; first section for

Red, middle for Black, and third for Green. According to the colour, the container will

be moved in forward or backward direction by the conveyor belt, which is made

possible by connecting the DC motor to L293D hybrid IC. The products will finally

fall to the corresponding sections in the container..

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 Colour Sorting Machine Methodology/Implementation

Chapter 3 - Methodology/Implementation

3.1 Introduction
This chapter deals with the “Implementation of a Microcontroller Based Colour

Sorting Machine”. It discusses the design, steps involved, working process, and

explanation of circuit diagram in details. It explains the various component used in

this project.

3.2 Methods of Information collection and Information Utilisation

The methods used for the implementation of the aims and objectives of this study are

described as follows, The data for the research of this study were obtained both from

primary and secondary sources.

- Primary data: were collected from various knowledge on the practical

application of electrical and electronics engineering, lectures notes and by

consulting more experience persons on the electrical discipline and general

knowledge on the circuit.

- Secondary data: on the other hand were obtained by searching on the internet

google scholar search, journals, studied documentations, personal observation

etc.

3.2.1 Information collection

The major sources of collection of data used for the actualization of the projects

includes

 Google and Google Scholar Search

 Studied Documentation

 Library

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 Colour Sorting Machine Methodology/Implementation
 Internet source

 Reading Journals etc.

3.2.2 Information Utilisation

This project utilizes more than one source of data collection, which include surveying

the internet source, consulting supervisor and learned personnel in the field,

consulting other books, reading journals and observing similar designs work carried

out.

The information collected were use:

 To develop the literature

 To improve on the project concept and design approach

 To understand communication protocol

 To understand pattern of component behaviour/performance.

 To understand failures in previous project attempted.

 To understand success recorded in previous projects attempted e.t.c

3.3 Project Requirements

At this state, you view your project as black box, where you only see the outside parts.

Your task is:

- Present a 3rd angle project (drawing) of your prototype hardware

- Identify every physical part viewable from external.

- List all parts preferable in tabular form, list and write simple statement why

having the part and the function performed by each.

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 Colour Sorting Machine Methodology/Implementation
3.4 Project Analysis

Figure 3.2, Block Diagram of Colour sort machine

3.5 Project Design

i. Colour Sensor; the colour sensor is embedded inside the colour sorting

section. The sensor analysis and classifies the RGB colours and provides

the corresponding output values for the RGB colours to the Arduino UNO.

The perfect colour sensor used for this colour-sorting machine is TCS

3200 colour sensor.

Figure 3.3: TCS 3200 colour sensor.

ii. Arduino UNO: this is the heart of the colour-sorting machine. All

connections in the board are made through Arduino UNO BOB which is a

customised board from mepits, by so doing, it scale down the connection

complexities and boost overall performance of the machine.

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 Colour Sorting Machine Methodology/Implementation

Figure 3.4: Arduino UNO BOB.

iii. Chute Controlling Motor: a servomotor is use for controlling or arranging

the chute according to the colour sensed by the colour sensor. The chute is

arranged to store the coloured objects into corresponding containers/cups.

Figure 3.5: V0006 servomotor.

iv. Object pick controlling motor: the object picking part is the resolving

portion of the colour sorting section. Another servomotor is used here for

picking the coloured objects after identifying the colour.

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 Colour Sorting Machine Methodology/Implementation
3.6 Complete Circuit Diagram Analysis

Figure 3.6: Circuit Diagram

3.7 System Implementation/Coding

The gadget is automated and reduces the labour paintings. Real time statistics

gathered and evaluation. Smooth to perform.

- Software program is written in Arduino programming language. Arduino Uno

board is programmed the usage of Arduino ide software. Atmega328p on

Arduino Uno board comes with a pre-programmed bootloader that lets in you

to add a new code to it without using an outside hardware programmer.

Connect Arduino board to the computer and pick out the perfect com port in

Arduino ide. Collect the program (TCS3200). Pick out the proper board from

equipment board menu in Arduino IDE and upload the sketch. Load this

system to the internal reminiscence of the microcontroller. The sketch is at the

heart of the machine and includes out all major features. simulation

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 Colour Sorting Machine Methodology/Implementation
3.7.1 Soldering Implementation and Assembling procedure

The device was soldered on Vero board, Vero board was used in this project

because of it availability and cost effectiveness. Printed circuit board is highly

cost and takes long process in designing but works in high efficiencies

The components were place on the Vero board after the constructional

diagram was prepared; the constructional diagram is the diagram that presents

the actual look of the project on the board. In addition, it formed the basis of

the components placement, which was achieved using the circuit diagram.

After the components have been placed on the Vero board, soldering of the

components was carefully carried out using soldering tools, which were

soldering irons, the lead sucker, lead, soldering brush and cutter. The

components were carefully soldered on the Vero board by applying the

necessary soldering skills to ensure that the components were well soldered.

Figure 3.7: Soldering Process

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 Colour Sorting Machine Methodology/Implementation
3.8 System Operational Guide

Figure 3.8: Operational Flowchart

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 Colour Sorting Machine Methodology/Implementation
3.9 Bill of Engineering Management and Evaluation

Table 3.1 Bill of Engineering Measurement and Evaluation

S/ Description Quantity Rate Amount
N N/Unit (N)
1 7805 2 150 150
2 RELAY 2 200 400
3 100UF 3 50 150
4 TIP4LC 4 200 800
5 JUMPER WIRE 3 40 120
6 BUZZER 2 500 1000
7 LIGHT INDICATOR 3 50 150
8 MICROCONTROLLER 2 2600 5400
9 (ATMEGA 328) SWITC 2 100 200
10 COLOUR SENSOR 1 8000 8000
MODULE
11 SOLDERING LED 1 200 200
12 SOLDERING FLUX 1 150 150
13 JUMPER WIRE 1 100 100
14 CASE 1 5500 5500
15 VERO BOARD 1 300 300
16 MISCELLANEOUS 7000 7000
Grand Total 34,500

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 Colour Sorting Machine Methodology/Implementation

Chapter 4 - Test Measurement and Analysis

4.1 Introduction
In This chapter analyses the construction of the project based on tests carried out to

ensure proper operation of the design, the results from the tests and discussions

of liable problems that occurred during the construction.

4.2 Test and Measurements

4.2.1 System’s subunits test/measurement

In Firstly, each component for the design was tested with the use of multi-meter to

confirm their workability. After soldering the component on the Vero-board, test was

carried out in the following order. At the power supply, using a multi-meter, the

diodes were tested and the diode characterization is checked to note if the diodes

were properly soldered, the LCD connections, the controller pins, the fingerprint

module, crystal clock and the capacitors were checked.

The circuit design is then read with the multi-meter to confirm continuity and

was powered. The Feeders were read and confirmed with 220v ac voltage, and the

panel was tested for surge detection

The complete system was tested at different conditioning and different voltage and

load. This test was carried to ascertain the performance of the system. Different

readings were recorded from both the sensors and the output voltage of the panel.

Colour-sorting test are conducted on three different colours. The result is presented in

Table 4.1.

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 Colour Sorting Machine Methodology/Implementation
4.3 Analysis of Result
Table 4.1 Result of test carryout
S/N Colour Number of Correctly Not Correctly Not

Trials Sorted Sorted Sorted

1 Red 10 7 3 0

2 Green 10 6 2 2

3 Blue 10 8 1 1

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Colour Sorting Machine Appendices

Chapter 5 - Conclusion/Recommendation

5.1 Introduction
This project is centred on implementation of a microcontroller based colour sorting

machine which is used to sort different coloured objects. This project has

sensors, which sense the colour of an object and separate it into its respective

container. This project consists of components such as PLC, colour sensors, electronic

system and motors. The objects are being sorted according to their respective colour.

The main conveyor is supported of two branches to load the distinguished object on to

the respective one as separated by the electronic system and detected by the colour

sensors.

5.2 Conclusion
As it has been aforementioned, sorting machine is very important in industries

because machines can perform highly repetitive tasks better than humans can. Worker

fatigue on assembly lines can result in reduced performance, and cause challenges in

maintaining product quality. This project is developed to automatically separate

different coloured object and place them according to their colours in their respective

containers. This is an efficient design as it provides solution to the recurring

challenges in industries where sorting of s is required

5.3 Recommendation

5.3.1 Discuss Project appraisal

With reference to the results obtained in chapter four whilst comparing to the

aim and objectives, the following can be appraised:

- The project did achieve colour sorting at discrete unit and not in a mixed

system as proposed.

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Colour Sorting Machine Appendices
- The colours were correctly sorted accordingly.

- The implementation objectives were realized

5.3.2 Discussion of Problems encountered

- Identify where possible areas of applications of your project

5.3.3 Areas of Application

It is very useful in wide-varieties of industries along with the help of PLC and

SCADA, especially in the packaging section. Automatic sorting machine

enhances efficiency, practicality, and safety of operators. It ensures

remarkable processing capacity as well as peerless performance including

colour detection. Of course, we need to add high-speed DC motors and sensors

with appreciable response to speed up the system for industrial application.

The model can be improved by making some changes in the program and

components. Some suggestions are given below. We can add a load cell for

measurement and control of weight of the product. We can also add a counter

for counting the number of products. Speed of the system can be increased

accounting to the speed of production. The system can be used as a quality

controller by adding more sensors. The sensor can be changed according to the

type of product. The DC motor can be replaced with stepper motor. The PIC

can be replaced with PL.

5.3.4 Future improvement on the design

- The addition of liquid crystal displays to indicate simultaneous the coloured

item sorted will add to the beauty of the project

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Colour Sorting Machine Appendices

References

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Procedure and Its Effect in Bangladesh.,” in Global Hummanitarian Technology
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[2] J. p. T. S. B. N. R. Ram, “A Comprehensive review on solar PV maximum power
point tracking techniques,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 67,
pp. 826 - 847, 2017.
[3] H. Y. M. M. I. S. D. A. F. Sani, “Design and Construction of Microcontroller
Based Charge Controller for Photovoltaic Application,” IOSR Journal of
Electrical and Electronics Engineering, vol. 9, pp. 2278 - 1676, 2320 - 3331 ,
2014.
[4] K. S. N. R. T.Sudhakar Babu, “Voltage band based improved particle swarm
optimization for maximum power point tradking in solar photovoltaic system,”
Journal of Renewable and Sustainable energy, vol. 15, pp. 60 - 70, 2016.
[5] C. O. Fidelis, C. I. Hyacinth and V. Idigo, “WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK IN
NIGER DELTA OIL AND GAS FIELD MONITORING: THE SECURITY
CHALLENGES AND COUNTERMEASURES,” International Journal of
Distributed and Parallel Systems, pp. 65-77, 2012.
[6] M. a. M. A. S. M. R. U. Md. atiqur Rahaman, “Cost effective solar charge
controller,” International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology,
vol. 04, 2015.

[7] C. O. Fidelis, C. I. Hyacinth and V. Idigo, “WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK IN

NIGER DELTA OIL AND GAS FIELD MONITORING: THE SECURITY
CHALLENGES AND COUNTERMEASURES,” International Journal of
Distributed and Parallel Systems, pp. 65-77, 2012.

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Colour Sorting Machine Appendices

APENDIX A
Front view of Colour Sorter model

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Colour Sorting Machine Appendices

APPENDIX B
Colour Detection

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Colour Sorting Machine Appendices

APPENDIX B
Simulation view

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