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Class 10 Computer Notes
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of Class IX Syllabus SCOPE OF THE CHAPTER een to Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) concepts, Elementary concept a objects and classes, Values and data types, Operators in Java, Input in Java, fathematical Library methods, Conditional constructs in Java, Iterative constructs in Java, Nested for loops CRUX OF THE CHAPTE Object-Oriented Programming—A programming methodology is based on objects which has DATA referred as an attribute and METHODS referred as behaviour of an object. Class—The collection of same types of objects which has some characteristics and behaviour which acts on the data. Class represents abstraction. Object—An object is an instance of its class which has some common characteristics and behaviour of its class. Characteristics of Objects—Identity, Classification, Inheritance and Polymorphism. Token—The smallest individual unit used in a program, e.g., keywords, operators, etc... Keyword—A reserved word which has some special meaning for a language compiler is known as a keyword., e.g. break, continue, int, extends, final etc. Variable—lIt is the named location which holds a data value of a particular data type. Identifier—It is the name which we use to call a particular entity of a program and it should not be a keyword. Literal—The constant value used in a program. Types of Literals — Integer Literal — Floating Literal — Boolean Literal — Character Literal — String Literal Operators—Operators are the connectors which are used to connect two or more expressions logically.4 ICSE Computer Applications Papers Pn ones oE NO SNOT OC ASS SS el * Types of Operators * Arithmetic Operator (Addition) (Subtraction) *(Multiplication) returns quotiont, 0K. 6/2 gives 2 as quotient, value. dor if the operand data types are integers, e.g. 5%2 nder value. It can't be used with floating literals, tors) MDivisiony WM Modulus) — returns remai gives 1 na rem + Increment and Decrement Operators(Unary Operal sand Pre. and Port-IncrementDecrement Operators 44x15 It ia a pre-increment operator; it first increases the kes the updated value in the expression current value of x by 1 and then Kxample: yeromout print (HF Outputs 4 <3 It is m pre-decrement operator; it first decreases the current value of x by 1 and then uses the updated value in the expression: Kxample: int xa ystem.out print (= =”) Outputs 2 x441 IL in A post-incroment operator; it first uses the current value of x in the expression and then increases the value of x by 1. Kexample: int way Systewoul print Uctt) ; [value of x changes to 4 after printing i eae printing its current Outputs 4 noo It post-decrement operator; it first w ont operator; ses the current value of x in i and then decreases the value of x by 1, oe example: int ents fystom.out sprint (=); (value of ees of x changes to 2 after printing its current Outputs 3 * Holational Operators ail * Assignment Operator * Logical Operators &&, IN, !Revision of Class IX Syllabus 5 * Hierarchy of Arithmetic Operators—(a) Parenthesis! )(b)Unary Operators (++ ,—) ©) Library Functions (d) Multiply (*) and Divide (/, % ) whichever comes first scanning the expression from left to right ¢) Addition (+) and Subtraction (-) whichever comes first scanning the expression from left to night * Primitive Data—The fundamental data types are known as primitive data types Their memory size is fixed which cannot be changed, e-¢., int, float, char, boolean, ete Primitive Data Type Sizes with Default Values Data Type Size in Bytes | Size in Bits ‘Default value a byte 1 byte | 8 bits | 0 | short 2 bytes | 16 bits 0 | int 4 bytes | a2 bits 0 | long | 8 bytes 64 bits 0 | float | 4 bytes | s2bits 0.0f | double 8 bytes | 64 bits 0.0d char | 2bytes 16 bits “‘\u0000" boolean | Not Defined false + Reference Data—The user-defined data types are known as reference data types. Their memory size may vary, e.g., class, object, array, ete. * void—It means null. Ifthe method doesn't return any value to another part of the program from wherever the method was called, void is used as return type to such methods, e.g., voir a) * Ternary Operator (?:)—Also known as conditional operator with three operands. It is also known as one-liner replacement for if and else statements. + Block Statement/Compound Statement—A statement which encloses multiple lines within a pair of opening and closing curly brackets { }. * Scope of variable—It states that a variable declared within a block ( | remains alive up to the end of the block. * Different Statements used in Programming — Sequential Statements—Statements which execute one after the other without checking any condition and without skipping any line in the sequence. — Selection/Decision-making Statements—Statements which executes depending on a condition, eg., if else, switch and ternary. — Iteration Statement—Statements that allow the repetition of same statements or instructions till the condition is true, e.g., for, while and do while. — Jump Statement—The statement which allows the compiler to terminate the block or escape the statements conditionally or sends the control outside the block, eg. break, continue and return.£ ICSE Computer Applications Papers — break Statement—It is used (o terminate the excention flow of the block conditionally rent used to xkip the current excention of loop and flow of execution block = continue Statement—t1 is the state send the compiler to the next execution, This statement ehangen the to stop the sequential execution and resume the condition ebeck in the a nt ix used to send the final outcome of the = return Statement—This state function to the block from wherever the function in called. Mathematical Library Methods Methods|Arguments [Return |Pu Bxample jand Types | Type pow) [twodouble [double | returns x’ types where x is given, syatem.out as first argument Output: 8.0 and y is given as | second argument | yble x=2.00, yo 3.007 eprint (Math. pow Oo ¥) sqrt() Jone double |double |returns the double x=9.00; | type square root of system.out print (Math.sqrt Gaye | the number Output:3.0 | lebrt() [one double [double {returns the double x=64.00; type cube root of system.out.print (Math.cbrt (oy; | the number Output: 4.0 | - | fecilt) [one double [double [returns the smallest [double x=10.27 | type double value that is |system.out.print (Math.ceil(x)); | greater than or equal | Output:11.0 to the argument and is equal toa mathematical integer floor) Jone double [double [returns the largest [double %=10.9; type double value that —_| system.out .print (Math. floor (x) ) 7 is less than or equal | Output:10.0 to the argument. and is equal toa mathematical integer round()[one double [long [It rounds up the value| double x=6.5; type and returns the nearest] System. out .print (Math. round (x) ) ; rounded integer Output:7 rint() Jone double [double |It rounds down the value| double x=6.5; type and returns the nearest| System. out .print (Math. rint (x)); rounded integer Output:6.0 labs() Jone as per [returns the absolute | double 6.0; primitive | argum-| value of the System. out.print (Math. abs (x)); data type ent argument Outp 0 data int OF type System.out.print (a); Output: 9Revision of Class 1X Syllabus fmaxt) Jawa primitive |S2Per [Fewrne maximum —Jaoubre-a=25,bo3,5) : ldata type fore [Orme arzuments | system.out print (Math.max (a,b)) : y ent smax (a,b)) : data Output: 3.5 types mini) two as per |returns minimum — [double a=2.5,b=3.5; lprimitive | argum. of two argum data types ent aed -out print (Mat 25 data type random( | no double /returns a pseudo System.out .print (Math. random largument, random double Output: 0.06113138103168769 type number greater than or equal to 0.0 and less than 1.0 IMPORTANT QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS Ql. What is a token? Give examples. Ans. The Java token is the smallest individual unit used in a program which has some meaning to its language compiler, e.g. operators, keywords, identifiers, etc. Q2. What are non-graphic characters? Explain their usage in the Java programming language. ‘Ans. Characters which are represented using escape sequence or special printing character are known as non-graphic characters. These characters are used to produce formatted output in the Java programming language, e.g. \n: new line, \t: tab space, ete. Q3. Name any two OOPs principles. (ICSE 2015] ‘Ans. Inheritance and Abstraction are two OOPs principles in Java. Q4. What is a class? ‘Ans. A class is the collection of same types of objects which has some characteristics and behavior which acts on the data. Q5. Define encapsulation. UICSE 20161 ‘Ans. Binding and wrapping up the methods and the data (on which the method is applied) together into a single unit is called encapsulation. It keeps them safe from being tmisused or mishandled by an outside block of codes. Class represents Encapsulation. Q6. What is inheritance? ICSE 2017] ‘Ans. It is an object-oriented feature through which one class shares the members of another class. Here, the class which allows its members to be accessed by methods of another ‘lass is known as the base class and the class which accesses the members of its base lass is known as the derived class. 7. Define polymorphism. i : ri Polymorphism is one of the features of object-oriented programming through which S the same method may behave differently on same or different classes, e-6. Function Gverloading (methods having the same name but different signature defined Jass.) and function overriding (methods having the same name ithin the same ct as ease signature defined in two or more different classes.)e ICSE Computer Applications Papers Q8. What do you mean by data type? Ans. Data types are means to identify the type of data, To store th we need to declare different types of variables, e.g. int xi Here, variable & which states that the variable x can only store integer values Q9. Define primitive data types in Java. Give examples Ans. ‘The fundamental data types which are not composed of any other data tyPe Sr ae = primitive data types. Primitive data types have constant memory size, e.g. byte, short, int, long, char, ete Q10. What was the hypothetical name of Java? ‘Ans. OAK was the hypothetical name of Java QU. What do you mean by comments in Java? Give examples. ‘ts in Java are used to provide a summary of the pice’ lerstand the code better. The e different types of data, int is the data type of Ans. Comment e of code in the user's language to help future developers und Java compiler skips the comment lines while compilation of the Java code. For example: * Single line comment (//) // Java is a Programming Language. * Multiline comment (/* */) /* Java is a programming language. I love doing programming in Java. “/ UCSE 2016) Q12. What are keywords? Give an example. ‘Ans. Keywords are the reserved words which convey special meaning to it's language compiler, eg. import, int, class, etc. QI3. Define the term byte code. Ans. Java programs are both compiled and interpreted. The Java compiler translates the source code to an intermediate level language called byte code. It is a machine- independent UCSE 2010) code. Q14. What is JVM? Ans. JVM (Java Virtual Machine) is a Java interpreter which converts Java byte code to Machine code. Q15. Name any two types of Java programs. Ans. The two types of Java programs are: (i) Java Applets (ii) Java Applications (Standalone programming) Q16. What is the difference between 50L and 50? Ans. The constant 50L is of type long, whereas the constant 50 is of type int. QI7. What are fields and methods of a class? Ans. A class is mainly divided into two parts. Data Member. (fields or variables) Member Methods. (functions) UICSE 2007)Revision of Class IX Syllabus Qs. Ans. Qis. Ans. 20. Ans. Q2i. Ans. Ans. 23. Ans: Q24. Q25. Ans: tore data for an object to use. Fi instance variable of a class, Members functions are the members in the class, Ids are also known as elass variables or methods which are defined within a class that act on the data What are real constants? Numbers with a fractional part are real constants and are also known as floating point constants. Which of the following is a valid real constant? 5.0, -34.0, +2/4, 5.8E, 42.83, 1.282.9 5.0 — Valid 34.0 = — Valid 42/4 — Invalid (/ not allowed) 5.8E ~ Invalid (exponent digit not specified) 42.E3 ~ Invalid (. not allowed) 1.2E.9 — Invalid (exponent in fraction not allowed) What is a literal? UCSE 2013] A constant value is known as a literal. It never changes throughout the program and gives the exact representation of data, e.g. 23,78.9F, ‘A’, etc. What do you mean by coercion? The conversion in which the lower data type value gets converted to its higher data type value without any intervention of the user is termed as coercion or implicit conversion. Example: double x;int y=5; System.out.println (x); Output: 5.0 [Here, the integer (lower data type) value y automatically converted into double (higher data type) value, i.e. 5.0, without any intervention of the user. This is called an implicit type conversion.] What do you mean by a mixed expression? ‘An expression which contains different types of values is known as a mixed expression. What do you mean by boolean data type? It is a primitive data type which represents the values true or false. Write an if statement to check whether the sum of p and double of q is greater than product of p and q and difference of p and q is more than 4/3 if((p + 2*q>p*q) && (p-q>q/3)) Differentiate between prefix and postfix operators. ae — or ++) updates the current value of the operand before it is being or ++) updates the current value A prefix operator ( ‘used in the expression, whereas a postfix operator ( of the operand after it is being used in the expression.= ICSE Computer Applications Papers Q26. What do you mean by ternary operator? Give an example. Ans: It is a conditional operator with three operands. It is also known as one-liner replacement for if and else statements. In this system, the assignment of the value is based on a condition, egimax = (arb)? a: b: [Here, the value of a is assigned to max only if a is greater than b or else b is assigned to max.] Q27. Rewrite the following using ternary operator: UCSE 2018) if (bil1>10000) 111*10.0/100; discount: else discount=bill*5.0/100; Ans: discount=(bil1>10000) ?bil1*10.0/100:bil1*5.0/100; 28. What do you understand by pure expression? ‘Ans: A pure expression is one which contains the operands of same data types. Q29. Write the equivalent Java expressions for the following mathematical expressions: (@ (wrye de (ia? + b+ 3ab iii) (la + VB)" (iv) 3.14 #7? Ans: (i) (x+y*z) /x (ii) ( (Math. pow (a, 3) +Math.pow (b, 3))+3*a*b Gii) (Math. pow ( (Math. sqrt (a) +Math.sqrt(b)),2) (iv) 3.14 *Math.pow(r, 2) Q30. Rewrite the following using if-else statement. () (2>0)%(a=6):(b=0); (ii) A=G>y)2xy; Ans. (i) if (x>0) a=6; else b: Gi) if (x>y) Bex; else Agy; Q31. Differentiate between source code and byte code. Ans. Source code is the program developed in Java language by the programmer. Byte code is the immediate code which is converted from source code. It is a machine- independent code. Q32. Define fall-through statement in Java. Ans: The fall of control from the matching case without the break being used in the switch block, is called fall-through statement in Java. Q33. Define conditional loop. Ans: A conditional loop runs over a set of instructions as long as a condition is satisfied. To use this type of loop correctly, the instructions must change the condition every time with the help of a loop update expression, until the condition becomes false.Revision of Class IX Syltabus Q34. Ans. Ans. Q36. Ans. Q37. 38. n What is the difference between an object and a class? [_ Crass i : L Object (® Itis a collection of objects, is : objects lection of objects. It generates (i) It is an instance of a class. It gives life A toa class | wi) Seay $ not occupy memory. (ii) Tt occupies memory. Differentiate between abstraction and encapsulation. Abstraction Encapsulation i (2) Ttis an act of representing data members|(i) Binding and wrapping up the methods and of the class without knowing the the data (on which the method is applied) background details. together is called encapsulation. It keeps them safe from being misused or mishandled. (ii) Abstraction is defined as a data type called |(ii) Encapsulation hides the implementation class which separates interface from details. |__ implementation. Differentiate between structured programming and object-oriented programming. ‘Structured Programming 00 Programming (i) Focus is on algorithm and control flow. | (i) Focus is in object model. (i) Algorithm is given importance. (ii) Data is given importance. Give two differences between the switch statement and the if-else statement. [CSE 2014] Tfelse Switch (i) It can evaluate a relational and logical | (i) It can only test for equality. expression, i.e multiple conditions. (ii) It can handle floating point, integer and | (ii) It cannot handle floating-point tests, its character tests. case labels must be an integer or character type. State the difference between = and ators, UCSE 2007) Q39. (It is an assignment operator. (ii) Ex: a=6; assigns the value 5 to the variable a. (i) It isa relational operator. (ii) Ex: a==5; compares the value of the variable a with 5 and checks whether it equals 5 or not Differentiate between implicit and explicit type casting with an example. Implicit Explicit (i) Itis the conversion in which the lower type data gets converted to its higher type without any intervention by the user. It is also known as coercion. (It is the conversion in which the higher type data gets converted to its lower type forcefully by the user. It is also known as type casting.2 Gi) Ex: int x= double y; yexs System.out..printin(y); Output: 5.0 (Here, the lower type data int converted to higher type, i.e. double, automatically without the intervention of the user.) ICSE Computer Applications Pap, Ex: double xe (int) syatem.out print in Gai Output: 6 (Horo the higher type data double converteg | to lower type, ie. int, forcefully by the unr, 40. State the difference between while and do-while loops. Ans.| While Do-While (i) Itis an entry-controlled loop. (ii) Condition is checked at the beginning of the loop. (iii)Does not execute if the condition is false (i) It ia an exit-control (ii) Condition is checked at the end of the loop. (iii) Executes once even ifthe condition is falne Q41. What is the difference between a break statement and a continue state they occur in a loop? ment? When do (ICSE 2013) Ans.{ break continue (i) It is used to terminate the loop and send the control outside the loop. (ii) Ex. for(int i=l;i<=5;it+) { if (i==3) break; System.out.print1n (i); } Output: 1 2 (i) It is used to skip the current execution of the loop and send control to the next| execution. (ii) Ex. for(int i { Lpis=5pitt) ifti continue; System.out.printin(i); | 3) ) Output: Q42. Why is a class called a factory of objects? [ICSE 2009) Ans: Basically, the class is an object maker or object factory. It contains all the statements needed to create an object, as well as the statements to describe the operations that the object will be able to perform. Q43. Why is Java platform-independent? Ans: Java is compiled to an intermediate code name as byte code which is a machine independent code, This makes Java a platform-independent programming language Q44, How does Java act as both programming language and a platform? Ans: Java can be used to write instructions to create various ty; software; so it is considered as a programming language. to run highly interactive application software on network. is also considered as a platform. es of computer applications On the other hand, it is used ‘ed computer systems, thus, itRevision of Class IX Syllabus Q45. Ans: Q46. a7. Ans: Q51. Ans: 52. Ans: Q53. Ans: 13 What 's the Write Once and Run Anywhere (WORA) characteristic of J Java is a pl: qition ee Programming language and Java programs need to be 'ese can run on any platform without making any change in the coding Only the Java intery eee preter needs to be ch aracterist lava 7 ane nee janged. This characteristic of Java is known as What is JDK? java? ‘The Java Developme is ironme) el 8 pment Kit is an environment to develop Java Applica el mh levelop Java Applications and Applets. (Java Runtime Environment (JRE) (ii) Java Interpreter (JVM) (iii) Java Compiler (javac) (iv) Java archiver (jar) (v) Documentation Generator (javadoc) What is API? Java API is a set of classes and interfaces that comes with the JDK. It is a collection of Java library routines that performs basic programming tasks. Define package in Java. Name any two packages used in Java A package is a group of related classes, interfaces and subpackages. Two packages used in Java are java.io and java.util. Name any four features of Java. The four features of Java are as follows. (i) Object oriented (ii) Platform-independent (iii) Secured (iv) Robust Explain the use of the dot operator (.) in Java. ‘The dot operator (.) is also known as separator or a period used to separate a variable or method from a reference variable and it is also used with objects to call instance members (non-static) of a class from class methods (static methods). Explain the use of the new operator in Java. ‘The new keyword is used to create a new object in Java. It allocates memory to the object. Ex:
= new
(parameter list); Number ob=new Number (); Explain types of errors in Java. ‘There are basically three types of errors which occur in java programming. (i) Syntax Errors: An error in the syntax of a coding entered by a programmer and which is caught by the compiler is known as a syntax error. Runtime Error: An error which occurs at program runtime is known as a runtime error. Such on error can’t be identified by the compiler. It only occurs at program execution time due to some invalid operation. Logical Errors: An error which occurs due to some incorrect logic used in a program erates an incorrect output is known as a logical error. di) (iii) and gené one similarity and one difference between for and while loops. (ICSE 2009] Write Similarity: Both are entry-controlled loops. Differences: The for loop is used when the number of executions for the loop is preknown. While is used when the number of executions for the loop is not preknown.ICSE Computer Applications Papers 14 UCSE 2014, Q54. What is an infinite loop? Write an infinite loop statement. Ans: The loop which has no end is known as an infinite loop. Example: for(int i=1;i<=5;i--) ( ) Q55. Define empty loop with an example. Ans: The loop which has no body is known as an empty loop. Example: for(int i=1;i<=5;it+) ( } Solved output questions based on increment-decrement operator(++ Q56. Predict the output. () Ifx = 15, y = 5, determine the value of x after executing: x= (440)82 4 ox - ys Ans: = 16%2 + 16-4 Working =0+12 x y =12 15 5 16 4 (ii) If m=10, determine the value of m after executing: m= m- + m+ + om Ans: m = m+(m-~ +m ++ +m); Working = 10+(10 +9 + 10); m = 10+29 10 =39 9 10 (iit) Ifa = 10, b = 20, calculate the value of at = att - +4b tar Ans: a = a*a++-+4b +a); Working = 1010-21411) @ 8 = 10*0 10 20 =0 uu af (iv) Ifa = 0, 6 = 20, ¢ = 60, calculate the value of at= -- b + c++ 4b Ans: a = a+(-b + c++ +5) Working = 0+(19 + 60 + 19) ie b e =0+98 0 20 ae bia 1961Revision of Class IX Syllabus 15 (v) Ifint s = 52 and ¢ = 20, calculate the value of s—= ant + +8; Ans: 8 = 8-(8--+ --t + +48) Working 2 - (52 + 19 + 52) 8 t = 52-123 52 20 1 51 19 52 Solved output questions based on Switch Case (@ Give the output of the following code snippet: when (a) ch=1, (b) ch=2, and (c) ch=3. switch (ch) ( case 1: System. out.println ("Abstraction"); case 2: System. out .print1n ("Encapsulation"); break; case 3: System. out .print1n ("Polymorphism") ; default: System. out.println ("Principles of OOPs”); ) Ans: (a) Abstraction Encapsulation (6) Encapsulation (c) Polymorphism Principles of OOPs (ii) Write the final value of a and b after the given code snippet executes when initially b=4 and ch=2. switch (ch) { case 1: att: bt; case 2: tar btt; case 3: att;x ICSE Computer Applications Papers mabye sprint (“a="+a 4”, "+ “I system. Ans: a=4,b=6 (iii) Give the output when ch=" ch (ch) -out.print ("It is a vowel:”+ch) ; -out.println("It is not a vowel”); Ans: It is a vowel: i (iv) Give the output when a=5 and b=2 and (a) ¢ switch (ch) rl case ‘47: system.out .print1n(“sum="+atb) 7 break; case ‘*: System.out.print1n (“Product ="+a*b) ; case ‘/': System. out.print1n("Quotient="+a/b) ; case ‘8’: System. out.printin("Remainder="+a%b) ; break; default: System. out.print1n ("Invalid Input”) ; Ans: (a) sum=52 (b) Product=10 Quotient=! Remainder='‘ive the output when (a) ch= switch (ch) { case 1: System. out .printin( ‘at tchy break; case 2: System. out .printin(*B! ¢ch) ; case 3: System. out.printin(‘C! +ch) ; break; } Ans: (i) 68 69 @ 70 Solved output questions based on non-nested for loops @ for(int i Orit) { System.out.println (itt); i Working Pa i Output 3 2 : 5 2 : 7 : ; 9 : - 5 9 6 7 8 9 10 iT 17 + Loop Terminated ji>e0zi--) (i) for(int i= { system.out-print (--i * +#1 ) Ans: 20, 12, 6, 2, 0, es18 1*2=2 on1=0 (iii) for(int i=5;i<=10;i++) ICSE Computer Applications Papery > Loop Terminated i Working 4£((i42) 82==0) : — 5 5 continue; 7 else 7 7 system. out.print (it” “); 8 } 9 9 iL > Loop Terminated Ans: 579 (iv) int a=10,4; for (i=1;i<=S;it+) { System.out.print (i + atl); if (i%2==0 && at2==0) “ Working break; i a Output } 5 10 12 Ans: 12 2 3 13 —> Loop Terminate!Ans: out printing); out. printings; Working | Output ae 7 Perform the following task as instructed Rewrite the given for loops by using while and do-while loops. Q57. @ wi) Ans: @ (i) for(int i= { =10;i++) System.out.printin (iti); } int m=51,p=0; for(int i=l;icemzitt) if (mti==0) System.out.println(p); Using while Loop int i=l; @ while (i<=10) { System.out.printin(i*i); } int m=51,p=0, i=l; while (i<=m) { i) if (mi pt=2; itt: } system.out.println(p)# L_____+ Loop Terminated Using do-while Loop int i=l; do ( System.out.println(i*i); ites } while (i<=10); int m=51,p=0,i=1; do ( if (mbi==0) pte2: itt: Jwhile (i<=m) + System. out .print1n(p);20 ICSE Prog! B: on switch Computer Applications Papers » Write pro D G1. Wills # Program to input any two integers and an operator (4,-/"/6) from the uner sug perform the following tank an per user's choiew ‘Add two integers ” Subtract two integers ‘Multiply two integers t Divide two integers and display quotient. ‘’ ~—— Dinplay remainder Ane: import java.util.*; clans Calculator ( i public static void main(String ar ‘ Scanner se=new Scanner (Syatem. in); int a,be stem.out.printin (Enter any two integers”); xrtat (+ anac.n nextint 7 bes char op: 2 5 at sy: System.out.printin("~ System.out.printin("*: Multiply two integers”); System.out .println("/: Divide two integers and displ System.out.println("%:Display remainder”) ; ext().charAt(0)7 op=sc. ni switch (op) ( case ‘+: System.out.print1n("Sum :”+(atb)); break; case ‘-" ‘Difference :”+(a-b)); System.out.println break; case '*': System. out -printin ("Product :”+a*b) break;Revision of Class IX Syllabus case */ System.out -printin("Quotient:”+a/b); break; System.ou break; default: System.out.pri Variable Description Variable Name Data Type Description op char to store operator choice value a int to store first number int to store second number : Q2. Write a menu-driven program to perform the following task as per user's choice. A. Area of Square [side * side] P. Perimeter of Square [4 * side] a. Area of Circle [3.14 * radius * 2] c. Circumference of Circle (2*3.14*radius] import java-util.*; class Shape { public static Scanner se=new Scanner (System. in); char ch; double s,ricase ‘Al: System.out.printin ("Area of Squar break; eR: em.out.println ("Perimeter of System.out.printin(™ break; case ‘cl: break; default: system.out.println ("Invalid Choice”); Variable Description Variable Name Data Type Description ch char to store choice value 8 double to store side of the square : double to store radius of the circle Q3. An automobile shop has different wages for different categories of employees on a daily basis.Write a program to input category option from the table below and number of working days by an employee and calculate and display the total wages for the employee. Category of Employees Wages /Day (in %) 1. Unskilled 257 2. Semi-skilled 268 3. Skilled 324 4, Highly skilled 396 are:”+4"5)7 “sMath.PI* Math System.out.println ("Circumference of Circle:import java.util.+; class Automobile ( Public static void main(String args{1) i. Scanner sc=new Scanner (System. in); int op,d; System.out.println(“Enter option for Category of Employee”); System. out printin("1,Unskilled”); System. out .print1n("2.Semi-skilled”) ; System.out .printin("3.Skilled”); System.out.println("4.Highly skilled”); op=sc.nextInt (); System.out.printin(*Enter number of working days”); d=sc.nextint () switch (op) { case 1: system. out.println ("Total wages:"+d*257) 7 break; case 2: system.out.println ("Total wages:”+d*268); break; case 3: system.out .print1n ("Total wages:”+d*324); break; case 4: System.out.printin ("Total wages:”+d*396) break; default: system.out .print1n ("Invalid category choice”) ;= : ICSE Computer Applications Paper, ee Variable Description Variable Name Data Type to store category choice oe int to store number of working days a int Solved Programs Based on if...else Q4. Write a program to input three sides of triangle or isosceles triangle or scalene triangle. Ans: inport java.util class Triangle fa triangle and check whether it is an equilatera) public static void main(String args(1) { ew Scanner (System. in); Scanner 5 int a,b,c# System.out.print1n("Enter three sides of a triangle”); a=sc.nextInt (7 c.nextInt ()¢ c=sc.nextInt ()7 if(assb && a==c) System.out.printin("Equilateral Triangle” else if (a==b| |b==cl |c==a) System.out .print1n("Isosceles Triangle”) ; else system.out.printin("Scalene Triangle”); Variable Description Variable Name Data Type Description a int to store first side of a triangle b int to store second side of a triangle ¢ int to store third side of a triangle Q5. Write a Program to input marked price of a product from the user and calculate and display the discount amount and the amount after discount paid by the user. Discount is calculated based on the given conditions. : Marked Price (in 2) Discount % Up to 1000 2% 1001-5000 4% 5001-10000 8% Above 10000 10%import jav class markedPri { Public static v. ( oid main(String args{]) Scanner sc=new Scanner (System. in); double mp, d=0.0; System. out.print1n ("Enter marked price of a produc’ mp=sc.nextDouble (); if (mp<=1000) de=mp*0.02; else if (mp: demp*0.04; else if (mp>=5001 && mp<=10000) d=mp*0.08; else d=mp*0.10; System. out.print1n ("The discount amount:"+d) + 1001 && mp<=5000) System. out.print1n(*Amount with discount:”+(mp-d) ); Variable Description Variable Name Data Type Description mp double to store marked price a double to store discount amount Q6. A travel agency has offers on fare charge for its customers during the festive season based on number of seats booked by them. .e number of seats to be booked and calculate and display Write a program to accept th Il be calculated based on the given conditions. total fare charge. Fare charge wil ‘Number of Seats Fare per seat in® First 5 500 Next 10 450 Next 5 400 Next 15 300 Above 35 200 Ans: import java-util.*7 class Travel (ICSE Computer Applications Paperg public static void main(String args{}) { Scanner sc=new Scanner (System. in); int n; double c=0.0; System.out.printin(*Enter number of seats you require”); n=sc.nextInt (); if (n<=5) c=n*500; else if (n<=15) c=5*500+ (n-5) #450; else if (n<=20) c=5*500+10*450+ (n-15) *400; else if (n<=35) c=5*5004+10*450+5* 400+ (n-20) *300; else c=5*500+10*450+5*400+15*300+ (n-35) #2007 System.out.println (“Total Fare Cost:”+c); Variable Description Variable Name Data Type Description n int to store number of seats double to store total fare cost Solved Programs Based on Single for Loop Q7. Write a program to display the given series. @2 4 6 8 10...n terms Ans: import java.util.*; class Series { public static void main(String args[]) { Scanner sc=new Scanner (System. in); int i,n; System.out.println ("Enter the value of n”); n=sc.nextInt (); for (i=1;i<=n; itt)on the hve ary eatae of meamber of teresprint Zs” “); Variable Description Variable Name Data Type ‘Description | Oe i int to run the loop F long to store the value in multiples of 10 k long to store value of each term QB. Write a program to display the sum of the given series. (i) 1-345-74+9-~...10 terms Anw: class sumeries ( public static void main(String ( int {,k=1,5=0; for (iml;ic@10;i++) ( 4£(142==0) s~s-k; else omstk; kte2; ) System.out.printin ("Sum of Series: +s); } ) Variable Description Variable Name Data Type Description int to run the loop k int to store value of each term of the series 8 int to store sum of all the terms in the series (Hi) (1+2) + (243) + (3+4) +...2 terms Ans: import java.util.*s class sumSeries (in (String args(1) Scanner sc: stem. in); nner (Sy! int n,i,s=0, System. out .printin("Enter the value of n in the series”); sMextInt () 5 for (i=lzicen;i++) { nit (itt si=sits; ) System.out.printin(*sum of Series:"+s1); } Variable Description Variable Name Data Type Description i int to run the loop n int to store the value of n in the series s int to store sum of each term of the series sl int to store sum of all the terms in the series. (ii) 1+ 2+ V3 + V/4 +...n terms Ans: import java.util. class sumSeries { public static void main(String args{]) { Scanner sc=new Scanner (System. in); 207 System. out.printin (“Enter the value of n in the series”); double n,i,s= n=sc.nextint (); for ( { pisen;itt) s=stl/i; ) System.out.print1n ("Sum of Series: +s) ;ICSE Computer Applications Paper, Oe Variable Description Variable Name Data Type Description i int to run the loop : int to store the value of n in the series . int to store sum of the series Q9. Write a program to input two numbers from the user and check whether they are twin prime numbers or not. [If both the numbers are prime and their difference is 2 the numbers are known as twin prime numbers. Example: 3 and 5, 5 and 7, 11 ang 13, ete.} Ans: import java.util.*; class twinPrime { public static void main(String args[]) { Scanner sc=new Scanner (System. in); int a,b,i,cl=0,c2=0; System.out.println ("Enter any two numbers”); c.nextInt ()7 c.nextint ()7 for (i=1;i<=a;i++) { if (ati: elt; t for (i=1;i<=b; itt) { if (be. cat; if ((cl==266c2: 2) && (Math. abs (a-b: 2)) System.out.printin (“It is a twin prime number”) ; else system.out.printin("It is not a twin prime number”)Revision of Class IX Syllabus 0 es Variable Description Variable Name Data Type Description : ~ to store first number int to store second number i int. to run the loop el int to count the factors for first number = int to count the factors for second number Q10. Write a program to input any two numbers from the user and display their LCM and HCF. (LCM:Least Common Multiple of two numbers, LCM = Product of two numbers)’ HCF, HCF: Highest Common Factor of two numbers.] Ans: import java.util.+; class hefLcm { public static void main(String args{J) { Scanner sc=new Scanner (System.in); int a,b,i,hef=0, lem; System.out.printin ("Enter any two numbers”); a=sc.nextInt (); b=sc.nextInt (); for (i=l; i<-azitt) { if (abi hef=iz } lem=(a*b) /he£: System.out .print1n (“HCF:”+hcf) ; && bs System.out .print1n (“LCM:”+1cm) ; Variable Description Variable Name Data Type Description a int to store first number b int to store second number i int to run the loop hef int to store HCF value Jem int to store LCM valuemd R 2 123, 321 Lead 4321 Ane (i) t id main arg for (ielriceSsi04) m.out print (3 yetem.out.printin(): 12345 iv) 54921 fe) Lo1orr 1234 10101 123 1010 12 101 1 10 1 Gi) ieee ceteeee System.out.printin(); , , Variable Description | Variable Name Data Type ‘Description | i int to run outer loop | j int to run inner loop Ans: (iii) ass Pattern public static void main(String args{1) for (i=5i>elii--) { for (j=li3seisit+) { system.out print (3) } system.out-print1n()iVariable Description me Data Type ~ Description ] int to run outer loop int to run inner loop Ans: (iv)class Pattern { Public { int for atic void mai ( pis-5; itt) for (5=5;5>"i; j--) ( System.out print (3); { System. out.printin(); Variable Description Variable Name Data Type Description i i int int to run outer loop to run inner loop Ans: (v) class Pattern { public static void main(String args(]) { int i,j7 for (i=6;1>=1;i--) ( for (j=l j
max) else if (d
0) system.out .print1n ("Sum of all prime digits present in the number is "+s); else System.out.printin(*No prime digit present in the number”); Variable Description Variable Name Data Type Description num int to store a number a int to store digit of the number s int to store sum of prime digits Q18. Write a program to enter any number from the user and check whether it is an Armstrong number or not. [If the digits cubes sum of the number is equal to the number then it is an Armstrong number. Example: Input: 371, Digits cube Sum: 3° + 7° + 1° = 27 + 343 + 1 = 371 which is equal to the number.] Ans: import java-util.*; class Armstrong public static void main(String args[}) { Scanner sc=new Scanner (System. in); int num, temp, d, s=" System.out.printin ("Enter any number") ; num=sc.nextInt (); temp=num;Revision of Class IX Syllabus 39 eee ae ae while (temp!=0) ( d=temps10; sest(int)Math.pow (a, 3) 7 temp=temp/10; ) if (s-=num) System.out.printin(*It is an Armstrong number”) ; else System.out.printin(*It is not an Armstrong number”) ; ) ) Variable Description Variable Name Data Type Description num int to store a number a int to store digits of the number s int to store sum of cube of digits temp int to store copy of original number Q19. Write a program to display the first 10 prime numbers. Ans: class Prime { public static void main(String args[]) t int num1,j,c=1,cl; while (c<=10) { 1-0; for (j=1; 3<=num; j++) { if (num$j==0) cltt: } if(cl==2) { System.out.print1n (i); ott:ICSE Computer Applications Papers numet; ) , Variable Description peer Variable Name Data Type Description SHEE num int to store number to check prime © int to count prime numbers i int to run loop for factors el int to count the factors TEST YOUR LOGIC Predict the output: 1. Increment/Decrement operator(++, ~-) (i) If int a=2, b6 find the value of atetta - be- tatb; (ii) If int x=10 then find the value of nents + (+42) © 5: (ii) If int m=20 and n=16, calculate the value of m and n after the given code snippet executes. mem + nt+ + 44mz (iv) If p75 and q=90, find the value of an (tta/p-- #444) *p/4; (v) If a=2, b=3 and c=10, find the value of a, b and ¢ when, a tb*3 tctt+ ~+4b; at= (vi) If int y=10 then find int z=(++y* (yt+ + 5))¢ (ICSE 2015] + when a=7. {ICSE 2016] (vii) ateatt + tha + - = a + am = 2. switch case (i) Give the output when (a) opt=’g’ and (6) opt="b’ switch (opt) { cas : System. out.print1n (*Red”) + break: case ‘g’: System. out .print1n("Green”) ;Revision of Class IX Syllabusene = EDS. - a2 ICSE Computer Applications Papers cht++ break; default: chet; ) System.out .print1n(ch); (v) int num=: switch (num) { case 1: System.out.print1n(num+1); break; case 2: System.out .print1n (num+2); break; case 3: System. out .print1n(num+3) ; default: num++; } System. out.print1n (num); 3. For loop @ for(int i=1;i<=5;it+) { System.out.print1n (i+ ++i); i) (ii) int a=2,47 for (i: { System, out -printin (ita); pidelzi--) i-=az } (iii) for (int { 3 pit=2) if (i<=6) System.out.print1n(i*2); else break; }Revision of Class 1x Syllabus » i<=8;44=2) System.out.printin(i); System. out .printin(i*2); (v) for (char a='ar za Et att) System. out.printin((char) (atl); (vi) for(int i=10;i>=1;4--) { System.out.printin(i); if(i < 6) break; } (vii) for(int i= 1;i<=10;i+4) ce if( 7) continue; else System. out.print (i); } for (inti=10; { i£( 0) break; system.out.print (i+” ") } structed: Perform the following tasks as Q2. Rewrite the given for loops by using while and do-while loops: (@) for(int i=10;i>=1;i- -) { if (1$2!=0) i-=27 system. out printin(i*i); } int pe10,q=2/i7 pise20;i++,a++) (i) for (int { if ((p-i) %44 ICSE Computer Applications Papers em.out.println(p+” “+ q); Program-based on switch-case Q3. An online food ordering and delivery company is giving discounts on different payment offers/coupons opted by the user. Write a program to input total bill amount of the restai coupons opted by the user and calculate and display the the discount. urant and the payment offers/ total bill amount after availing Payment Offers | Coupons Discount % 1, CELEBRATE30 30% 2. PhonePe 40% 3, Freecharge 20% 4, JUMBO15 15% 5. Cash 5% @4. The Government has revised the GST rate and the revised rate slabs for few items are as follows. Items GST % A. Grocery 5% B. Electronics 18% C. Textiles 12% D. Vehicles 28% E. Others 8% Write a program to input choice of item and total purchase amount of the item from the user and calculate and display the total amount paid including GST: Q5. Write a menu-driven program to perform the following task as per user’s choice. 1, Square a. Area [side * side] b. Perimeter [4 * side] 2. Rectangle A. Area [length * breadth] P. Perimeter [2 * (length + breadth)] 3. Circle 1. Area [3.14 * radius”) 2. Circumference [ 2 * 3.14 * radius)Revision of Class IX Syltabus 45 QB. Write a menu-driven program to m Celsius to Fahrenheit and convert the temperature f Vice versa as per user's choice, 1. Input temperature in Celsius and convert it to Fahrenheit! F=9/5 * C432] 2. Input temperature in Fahrenheit and convert it to Celsius! C=5/9F-32)] QZ. Abank offers different simple interest rates per annum on fixed deposit to their customers based on different periods of times in years opted by the customer. Write « program to input amount to be deposited in the bank for FD and input period in years. Calculate the total tomer after the maturity of the same. mount paid to the ct Period range in years 1-3 46 1% 7-8 10% | Other Double the Amount Q8. A supermarket has different discount offers for different categories of products. Write a program to input category type from the table given below and total purchase amount from the customer. Caleulate and display amount paid by the customer after discount, Category Discount % 1. Fruits and Vegetables 5% 2, Cleaning and Household 8.5% 3, Bakery, Cakes and Dairy 6% 4. Beauty and Hygiene 2% 5. Eggs, Meat and Fish 4.5% Programs-based on if...else. Q9. Write a program to input any number from the user and check whether it is a single- digit number, double-digit number, three-digit number or it has more than three digits. Q10. Write a program to input a number from the user and check whether it is a positive number, negative number or zero. Q11. Write a program to input any three different numbers from the user and display the numbers in descending order. Q12. An electronics shop is offering a discount scheme on the purchase of different types of computers to their customers during festive season. 7 Types of Computers MEP Amount in& Discount % 1. Desktop <30000 5% 30000-45000 1% Above 45000 10%ICSE Computer Applications Papers — Types of Computers) MRP Amount in © Discount % 2. Laptop <45000 6% 46000-60000 NM Above 60000 12% 7 YL Notebook © 25000 4% 26000-40000 84% Above 40000 10.5% QB. A transport company charges fi ‘on the given conditions, arrying parcels ax por the weight, The charge is b « Weight in ki First 60 Next 50 Next 100 Next 200 Abobe 400 Write a program to input weight of the parcel, Calculate and display the charges to be paid, Q1A, Write a program to input the age, gender and yearly income of a person, and calculate and display his or her income tax. Tax percentage is based on the given conditions Income /annum (in 0) Tax% First 250000 0% Next 250000 5% Next 500000 20% Above 1000000 30% Th QI5. The Electricity Board ofa city charges bill amount based on units consumed by the user Write a program to input the number of units consumed by the user and caleulate and display total bill amount, Charges per unit are based on the following slab, tax will not be calculated for women and the persons above the age of 65. Number of Units Charge | Unit (in First 25 4.89 Next 35 5.40 Next 40 6.41 Next 50 7.16 Next 150 7.33 Above 300 8.92 Add % 10 with total bill amount as meter rent.Revision of Class 1X Syllabus 47 Q16. Ucar is an on-demand private car service which operates in many cities worldwide. It provides different ride-share services, e.g., POOL, UcarGo, Premier, ete. It has an option to show different fare estimates based on distance and type of ride services (ie POOL, UcarGo, ete.) chosen. Write a program to enter distance in kilometres and types of Ucar services chosen by the user and calculate and display the total estimated fare cost. Total cost will be calculated based on the given conditions. Ride-Share Types 1. Pool 2. UcarGo 3. Premier Type of ride-share services Kilometres Charge per kilometre 1 First 5 = 2.00 Next 10 23.50 Next 5 = 4.00 | Above 20 75.00 2 First 5 5.00 Next 10 76.50 Next 5 = 8.00 Above 20 %9.00 3 First 5 78.00 Next 10 = 10.00 Next 5 11.50 Above 20 2 15.00 Add 5% extra on total fare cost as service charge. Program-based on Single for Loop Q17. Write a program to display the given series. @o 1 1 2 3 5 8...n terms wo 1 1 2 4 7 13...n terms (ii) 1 4 9 16...100 (iv) 2 5 10 17...10 terms wu 21 31 41...10 terms48 ICSE Computer Applications Papers wi) 0 3 8 15 ...n terms (vii) 0.5 0.55 0.555 0.5555 ...10 terms (viii) 1 8 27 64... terms (ix) -1 3 5 -7 ..n terms (x) 1.0 ll 1.1L 1111...n terms Q18. Write a program to display the sum of given series, (i) x4x/34x/54x/7+...n terms 1 vio x n (i) 42x" intl 2°34 (iii) 1142143144!4...6 terms, (iv) 14(142)/(1"2)4(14243/(1*2"3)+...10 terms: (v) 1410+100+1000+...6 terms (vi) Lex/L4x/2/2!4x43/3!+...n terms (vii) (L+2)/1#24(142+3)/142+3-4(14243-44 14243244... terms. UCSE 2007) (viii) 1/2+3/4+5/6+7/8 ...19/20. UCSE 2011 (ix) x-2x4Bx—4ee+...-20x. UCSE 2017) (x) 1+10+100+1000+...n terms. Q19. Write a program to enter any number from the user and display the sum of its even and odd factors separately. 20. Write a program to display sum of all the numbers which is divisible by 2 and 3 both within the range 100 to 1000. Q21. Write a program to enter n integers from the user and display the sum of positive integers and sum of negative integers from the list of integers entered by the user. Q22. Write a program to enter n integers from the user and display the second largest and second least number from the list of integers entered by the user. Program-based on while Loop 23. Write a program to input a number from the user and check whether it is an Automorphic number or not. [If the number is present to the extreme right side of its square then it is an Automorphic number, e.g., 5, 25, etc.] Q24. Write a program to input a number from the user and check if it is a Duck number or not. [If the digit zero (0) is present in the number then it is a Duck number, e.g. 102, 100. 2340, ete.) Q25. Write a program to input any number from the user and display the sum and product of its first and last digits. Q26. Write a program to enter a number from the user and check whether the number is @ Neon number or not. [If the sum of digits of a number's square is equal to the number itself, it is a Neon number, e.g. Input: 9; Output: 9*9=81. Digit sum: 8+1 = 9]it Revision of Class IX Syllabus # SBR eg Q27. Write a program to input a number from the user and check whethe Q28. it is a Niven number or not. (If the number is divisible by its digit sum then it is a Niven number, e.g. Input 126, Sum of Digits: 1+2+6=9 and 126 is divisible by 9.] Write a program to input a number from the user and check whether it is a Desirium number or not. [If sum of number's digits powered with their respective position is equal to the number itself then it is a Desirium number, e.g. Input: 89, Sum of digits powered with their respective position: 8'+9°=8+81=89 equals the number itself.) Program-based on Nested for Loops and an Interconnected while Loop Q29. @ (iv) (vii) (x) Write a program to display the given patterns. 1 Gi) 1 (ii) 10101 22 23 0101 333 456 101 4444 78910 o1 1 1111 (v) 12345 (vi) 1 0000 5678 33 1 8910 555 00 lou 7777 1 u 99999 111111 (viii) ABCDE (ix) abede 00000 ABCD bede 2222 ABC cde 000 AB de 33 A e 0 AbCdE AbCd AbC Ab A Write a program to display all Palindromic numbers between 100 to 1000. Write a program to input any number from the user and check whether it is a Special number or not. [If a number is equal to the factorial sum of its digits then it is Special number, ¢.g-145] Write a program to input a number from the user and check whether it is a Unique number. [A number with no duplicate digits present in it is known as a Unique number, e.g. 123, 34567, ete.)Q34. Q36. Q37. Q38. ICSE Computer Applications Papers Write a program to enter 10 numbers from the user and display each number with its first and last digit’s sum. Write a program to input a number from the user and display each digit of the number with the sum of its factors . Write a program to input a number from the user and display each digit of the number with its factorial. Write a program to display first n prime numbers. Write a program to display all twin prime numbers within the range 1 to 1000. Write a program to input a number from the user and display the new number removing all the zeroes present in it. [Sample Input: 1203, Output: 123) ). Write a program to print all twisted prime numbers present within the range 10 to 100 [A number is said to be a twisted prime if it is a prime number and reverse of the number is also a prime number. Example: Sample Input: 97 (Prime Number), Output: Reverse 79 (Prime Number)] ). A Special Two-Digit number is such that when the sum of its digits is added to the product of its digits, the result is equal to the original two-digit number. UCSE 2014) Example: Consider the number 59. Sum of digits=5+9=14 Product of its digits=5x9=45 Sum of the sum of the digits and product of digits=14+45=59. Write a program to accept a two-di it number. Add the sum of its digits to the product of its digits. If the value is equal to the number input, output the message “Special 2-digit, number”. Otherwise output the message “Not a Special 2-digit number”. . Write a program to input a number and check and print whether it is a Pronic number or not. [Pronic number is the number which is the product of two consecutive integers.) UCSE 2018} Example: 12=3x4 20=4x5 42=6x72 Class as the Basis of ChRBTER All Computation SCOPE OF THE CHAPTER Objects and Classes. Objects encapsulate state and behaviour ~ numerous examples; member variables; attributes or features. Variables define state; member methods; Operations /methods / messages /define behaviour, Classes as abstractions for sets of objects; Class as an object factory. Primitive data types, composite data types. Variable declarations for both types; difference between the two types; objects as instances of a class. Consider real-life examples for explaining the concept of class and object. CRUX OF THE CHAPTE * Class—The collection of same types of objects which has some characteristics and behaviour which acts on the data. Class represents abstraction. * Object—An object is an instance of its class which has some common characteristics and behaviour of its class. * Characteristies of objects—Identity, Classification, Inheritance and Polymorphism. + State and Behaviour of objects—An object encapsulate states and behaviour in which variables of a class are states and the methods are called behaviours which provide functionality to its variables within the program. * Attribute of an Object—An attribute is a data value held by the objects in a class. It can be the structure, name, size and other characteristics of an object. * Class as an Object Factory—It contains all the statements needed to create an object, as well as the statements to describe the operations that the object will be able to perform. + Member Variable—In Object-Oriented Programming, a member variable is a variable that is associated with a class, and is accessible for all its methods. * Local Variable—A variable declared within the method is known as a local variable. Local variables can only be used in that method, No other methods can access them. * The keyword final makes the variable constant which cannot be changed during program execution. * Class Variable—A class variable is any variable of a class declared with the static modifier; this tells the compiler that there is exactly one copy of this variable in existence Class variables remain constant throughout the program and the same value is shared by all objects of its class.= ICSE Computer Applications Papers + Instance Variable—An instance variable is any variable of a class declared without the static modifier; this tells the compiler that there are multiple sets of values which this variable may have for different objects of its class. By default, all variables are created as instance variables. * Access Specifier—The access specifier determines the accessibility label of its members with codes outside its class or package. You can optionally declare members of a class with an access specifier keyword: public, private, or protected. + Type Conversion—Changing an entity of one data type into another. + Implicit Type Conversion—Implicit type conversion, also known as coercion, automatic type conversion by the compiler. It is the conversion in which the lower type data gets converted to its higher type without any intervention of the user. + Explicit Type Conversion—Explicit type conversion is performed by the programmer using (type) operator. It is the conversion in which the higher-type data gets converted to its lower type forcefully by the user. This process is known as type casting. an IMPORTANT QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS Ql. Name the character set supported by Java. Ans: The character set supported by Java is Unicode character. Q2. Is Java case-sensitive? What is meant by the term ‘case-sensitive’? Ans: Yes. Java is a case-sensitive programming language. Case-sensitive means the uppercase and lowercase characters are treated differently. Q3. What is Unicode? Ans: The universal code or Unicode is the international standard character set that Java uses. Each letter, digit, symbol, punctuation mark is given a 16-bit code number with a unique value. Q4. What is a compound statement? Ans: A compound statement is a statement which encloses multiple lines within a pair of opening and closing curly brackets. Q5. What is type conversion? Ans: Type conversion refers to changing an entity of one data type into another. Q6. Define function/method in Java. Ans: A function is the building block of any program in Java, which performs a specific task and is relatively independent of the remaining code. It is also known as subroutine subprogram, or procedure in Java. : Q7. How many types of floating literals are available in Java? name them, Ans: There are two types of floating literals available in Java: (i) float and (ii) d double is the default floating literal type in Java. louble, where Q8. Which escape sequences represent the newline character and null character? Ans: \n represents the newline character and \O represents the null character. Q9. What are real constants? Ans: Numbers with a fractional part are real constants and are also known as floating-point constants.Chass 1s the Basis of All Computation 53 QIE. Define pri data type with an example It 2 fandamental data type. Java provides eight primitive data types, which short, int, long. float, double, char, boolean QUI. Define reference dat dau a with an example 2 user-defined data type constructed “pes in Java are arrays, classes, interfaces, etc QI4 What are the defau! The default value for int is 0 and for float is 0.0f. How many bite are char data types? 16 bits. What are different types of integer literals? Binary, Octal. Decimal, Hexadecimal are the different types of integer literals. Write the Java statemer of the primitive data types int and float? ICSE 2015) i @ p For character type value. Java reserves to print the value of the variable num. Mention any two features of OOP. The following are important features in object-oriented programming and design: i) Improvement over the structured programming paradigm. i Emphasis on data rather than algorithms. Write any four rules for naming a variable. The rules for naming 2 variable are as follows: iy It shold not be 2 keyword. id) Itmay omtain alphabets, digits, and underscores but it should not start with a digit. iii) Isis case-sensitive, which means the uppercase and lowercase characters are treated differently. ic) Space cannot be used between a variable name. Write one difference between primitive data types and reference data types. [ICSE 2016] FERSESE rg 8 Primitive Data Type Reference Data Type | iy Ie is a fundamental data type (i) A reference data type is a user-defined data type constructed from primitive data types. | (ti) The size of these data types is variable as their size depends upon their constituent member. Example: class, object, array, etc... Hi) The size of these data types is fixed. | Example: int, float, char, etc. ace Q2l. Differentiate between interpreter and compiler. Ans.| Compiler Interpreter “| |G It checks syntax of a program. (It checks the keywords of a program. | | i Te checks the whole program at once. | (i) It checks the program line by line, | Q22. Differentiate between class variable and instance variable. Ans.[ Class Variable | Instance Variable t j [(i) Static variables of a class are known | (i) Non-static variables are also known | as class variables. as instance variables. |(ii) Tt shares a single copy of the value | (ii) It shares a unique value to each | throughout the program object of its class. (iii) Example: static int a;//Itcan | (iii) Example: int n7//It can have have only one copy of value multiple set of values through throughout the program. different objects of a class. Q23. Name any two types of access specifiers. (ICSE 2016} ‘Ans: The two types of access specifiers are (i) public, and (ii) private. Q24. Define all access specifiers in Java. Ans: Java provides four access specifiers: public: The data members with public access specifiers are accessible within the package as well as outside the package to the subclass and non-subclass. private: The data members with private access specifier are accessible only within the class where they are declared. protected: Protected methods and fields can only be accessed to the sub and non sub classes of the same package and only to the sub classes outside the package. default: If you do not set access to a specific level, then such a class, method, or field will be accessible from inside the same package to which the class, method, or field belongs, but not from outside this package. Q25. Name the primitive data type in Java that is: UCSE 2014] (i) a 64-bit integer and is used when you need a range of values wider than those provided by int. (ii) a single 16-bit Unicode character whose default value is ‘\u0000’. Ans: (i) long (ii) charSCOPE OF THE CHAPTER Need of methods, syntax of methods, forms of methods, method definition, method calling, method overloading, declaration of methods. Ways to define a method, ways to invoke the methods—call by value [with programs] and call by reference [only definition with an example]. Object creation—invoking the methods with respect to use of multiple methods with different names to implement modular programming, using data members and member methods. Actual parameters and formal parameters. Declaration of methods— static and non-static, method prototype, signature. Pure and impure methods, pass by value [with programs] and pass by reference [only definition with an example], Returning values from the methods, use of multiple methods and more than one method with the same name (polymorphism—method overloading) CRUX OF THE CHAPTER + Function—It is the building block of a program which is also known as subprogram, procedure or method. + Function Prototype—The first line of function declaration which has an access specifier, modifier, return type and function name with parameters. + Function Signature—The types of parameters and the number of parameters given to the function is called a function’s signature. + Parameter—The value which is passed into the function to instantiate is called a parameter. * Actual Parameter—The list of parameters used in a function call statement is called actual parameter. + Formal Parameter—The list of parameters used in a function definition statement is called formal parameter. + Pure Function—A method is considered a pure function if the result depends only on the parameters, and it has no side effects like modifying an argument, ete. It returns the same value each time it is called using the same values as actual parameters. + Impure Function—A function that may return a different value each time it is called, even when different calls have the same actual parameter values. * Call by Value—It is the technique of calling a method as arguments to the method. Any changes made to procedure have no effect on the actual arguments, passing primitive data type value the arguments within the called56 ICSE Computer Applications Papers * Call by Referenee—tt is the technique of calling a method pas to the method. Any changes made to the arguments within the called procedure reflects back to the actual arguments ng object as argument + Access Specifier—It is used to set the visibility of a class or variable or a method. Classes can be public or default. Variables and methods can be public, private, protected or default. + public: The data members with a public access specifier are accessible within the package as well as outside the package to the subclass and non-subelas: * private: The data members with a private access specifier are accessible only within the class where it is declared. + protected: Protected methods and fields can only be accessed within classes of the same package and to the subclasses outside the package. + default: Ifyou do not set access to a specific level, then such a class, method, or field will be accessible from inside the same package to which the class, method, or field belongs but not from outside the package. * Polymorphism—It is an OOP principle and can be achieved through function overloading and function overriding. + Function Overloading—Functions having the same name but different signatures and having multiple definitions and used within the same class is called function overloading. IMPORTANT QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS Ql. What is a formal parameter? Ans: The list of parameters used in a function definition statement is called a formal parameter. Q2. What are actual parameters? Ans: The list of parameters used in a function call statement is called an actual parameter. Q3. How many values ean a function return? Ans: A function can return only one value. Q4. Write the prototype of the function that returns a double type of value having three double types of parameters. Ans: double func (double x,double y,double 2); Q5. What is call by value? Ans: It is the technique of calling a method passing primitive data type values as arguments to the method. Any changes made to the arguments within the called procedure have no effect on the actual arguments. Q6. What is call by reference? Ans: It is the technique of calling a method passing object as arguments to the method. Any changes made to the arguments within the called procedure reflects back to the actual arguments. QZ. Define a pure function. ‘Ans: A method is considered a pure function if the result depends only on the arguments, and it has no side effects like modifying an argument or printing something. It returns the same value each time it is called using the same values as actual parameters.User-Defined Methods 57 qu. Ans: uz. Ans: Qis. Ans: Qi, Ans: Qus. Qi6. Ans: qiz. Ans: Define recursive function. A function that calls itself is called a recursive function. Name the keyword that causes the control to transfer back to the method call. return, Write any two advantages of using functions in a program The two advantages of using functions in a program are (i) Reusability of code. (ii) Reducing the complexity. What is the role of the keyword void in declaring functions? void indicates the function does not return any value Explain the function return statement. The return statement is used to explicitly return from a method. It causes program control to transfer back to the caller of the method. It is categorised as a jump statement. What type of parameter passing does Java support? In Java, the arguments are always passed by value. Primitive data types are passed by reference or pass by value? Primitive data types are passed by value. Objects are passed by value or by reference? Java only supports pass by value. With objects, the object reference itself is passed by value and so both the original reference and parameter copy both refer to the same object. Is main a keyword in Java? No, main is not a keyword in Java. Give one-word answers. (i) A function is also known as ___ in Java. (ii) If a function returns a value it must have in its definition. (iii) In Java, functions are contained in a ; (iv) If the function does not return any value, the returning type of the function will be WF The number of parameters and types of parameters passed to a function is known as ; (vi) The parameters used in a function definition statement are called (vii) The parameters used in a function call statement are called (viii) A function call by reference is known as (ix) A function call by value is known as 2 (x) Funetion overloading is an approach of which principle of an OOPs? (i) method/procedure/subprogram (ii) return (iii) class (iv) void (v) fanetion signature (vi) formal parameters (vii) actual parameters (viii) impure function (iz) pure function () polymorphismQIB. Differenti An ICSE Computer Applications Papers etween call by value and call by reference Call by value aan Ti) It is the technique of calling a method passing primitive data type value as argu- | Call by reference |G) Tt in the technique of calling passing objects as arguments to the re ments to the method. Any changes made to ‘Any changes made to the arguments #it the arguments within the called procedure the called procedure reflects back 1 the have no effect on the actual arguments, actual arguments (ii) Tt is a pure function. (ii) It is an impure function Q19. Differentiate between formal and actual parameter Lai Ans.) Formal Parameter Actual Parameter (i) The parameters used at function defi- | (i) The parameters used at function nition side is known as formal para- side are known as actual parameters meters. ii) Itis the copied value of the actual para-| (ii) It is the original value. Any changes meter. Any changes made to it does made to it reflects back to forma not reflect back to actual parameters. parameters, Q20. Differentiate between pure and impure functions. Ans.| Pure Function Impure Function (i) It does not change the value of the | (i) It changes the value of the arguments arguments that are passed to it. that are passed to it (ii) It always returns a value. (ii) It may or may not return a value Q21. Differentiate between local and member variables. Ans.| Member Variable Local Variable () Member variables can be accessed (i) Local variables exist only within the throughout the program. function where they are declared. (ii) Member-variable lifetime is same as_| (ii) Local-variable lifetime is within the lifetime of the program. function. Q22. Differentiate between static and non-static variables. Ans.| Static Variable Non-static Variable (i) It is also known as class variable. (i) It is also known as instance variable. (ii) It shares one copy of value which re- | (ii) Itshares different values for each object mains constant throughout the program.| of its class. 23. What do you mean by function overloading? Ans: Two or more functions having the same name but different signatures defined within the same class is known as function overloading. Java identifies the methods by comparing their signatures. Q24. Write the prototype of a function check() which takes an integer as an argument and returns a character. UICSE 2018 Ans: char check(int n)iUser-Defined Methods » Q25. (i) What is the role of the keyword void in declaring functions” ICSE 2007 Ans: If the function need not return any value to its caller method then the keyword void as return type should be mentioned while declaring the function which tells the compiler that the function has null return. (® Ifa function contains several return statements, how many of them will be executed? ICSE 2 Ans: If a function contains several return statements then only one return statement will execute depending on the conditions provided (iti) What is the OOP Principle implements function overloading? ICSE 2007, Ans: Polymorphism implements function overloading Solved Programs Based on Parametrized Functions without return type Write a main method to create an object of the class and call the methods. QL. Write a program to enter any number from the user and check whether it is a positive number or negative number or zero. Use the function + Ans: import java. public class Number public void check ( ( num) if (num>0) System. out.print1n( else if (num<0) System.out.println("It is a negati else System.out.printin("It is zero”); ) public static void main(st { ing args{]) Scanner sc=new Scanner (System. in) ; Number ob=new Number (); int num; System.out-printin(*Enter any number”); num=sc.nextInt () ; ob. check (num) + Variable Description Variable Name Data Type Description num int to store a number egmmrmnne 0 NSSa Se aaa stAni ICSE Computer Applications Papers Q2. Write a program to enter any number from the user and display sum of its factors, using the function void sumFactor(int num). import java.util.*; public class Factor { public void sumFactor (int num) { int i, sum=0; for (i=1;i<=num; i++) { if (numsi: sum=sumtiz } System.out.print1n ("Sum of factors of “+num ) public static void main(String args(}) { Scanner sc=new Scanner (System. in); Factor ob=new Factor (); int num; system.out.printin ("Enter any number”) num=sc.nextint () 7 ob. sumFactor (num) ; Variable Description Variable Name Data Type Description num int to store a number i int to run the loop for factors sum int to store sum of factors Q8. Write a program to enter any number from the user and display its factorial, using the function void facto(int n). import java-util.*; public class Factorial { public void facto(int n) { int i; long fact=1;User-Defined Methods 61 for (i=lsisenzitt) fact=fact*i; tem.out .printin("Factorial of “tnt”="t£act); public static void main(String args[]) Scanner sc=new Scanner (System. in); ctorial ob=new Factorial (); int n System.out.printin(*Enter any number” Sc.nextInt (); ob. facto(n); Variable Description Variable Name Data Type Description n int to store a number i int to run the loop for factorial fact long to store factorial of the number Q4. Write a program to enter any number from the user and check whether it is a prime number or not using the function void checkPrime(int n). Uf the number has only two factors, it is known as a prime number, e.g. 3, 5, 7, 11, ete.) Ans: import java.util. public class Prime public void checkPrime (int n) { int i,c for (i=l;ic=n;i++) { if (mbit ott: if (c==2) System.out.printin ("The number is prime”);ICSE Computer Applications Papers e System.out.print1n("The number is not prime”); public tatic void main(String args{]) Scanner s' =new Scanner (System. in); ob=new Prime (); int n; system.out.printin(*Enter any number”); c.nextInt () ob.checkPrime(n); Variable Description Variable Name Data Type Description n int to store a number i int to run the loop for factors c int to count the factors of the number Q5. Write a program to accept any number from the user and check whether it is a perfect number or not using the function void checkPerfect (int num). {If the sum of factors (excluding the number as its factor) of a number is equal to the number itself, it is known as a perfect number.) Ans: import java.util.*; public class Perfect public void checkPerfect (int n) { int i,su for (i=1zi
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