Clauses 2 – Dependent Clauses

Clauses 2
Dependent
Clauses
SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses
 Clauses 2 – Dependent Clauses

3 types of Dependent Clauses?

1 - nominal clauses
2 - relative clauses
3 - adverbial clauses

SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses

 1 – Nominal Clauses

1–
Nominal
clauses
Mệnh đề danh ngữ
SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses
 1 – Nominal Clauses

4 TYPES of Nominal clauses ?

Two finite types:
1 - THAT-clauses
2 - WH-clauses
Two non-finite types:
3 - Infinitive clauses
4 – Present Participle clauses
SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses
 1 – Nominal Clauses – 1.1 – THAT-Clauses

1.1
THAT-clauses

SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses

 1 – Nominal Clauses – 1.1 – THAT-Clauses

Ex.1

That Jim should take a bath

amazed Penny

That-clause as ...???
Subject

SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses

 1 – Nominal Clauses – 1.1 – THAT-Clauses

Ex.1

That Jim should take a bath

(S:that-cl)
amazed (V:VP)
Penny (O:NP)

SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses

 1 – Nominal Clauses – 1.1 – THAT-Clauses

Ex1:
That Jim should take a bath amazed Penny.

ItItamazed
……………………………………………………….…….
Penny that Jim should take a bath.

Dummy
When a that-clause functions as subject, it is
normally the case that a dummy “it”
functions in subject position.

Khi một mệnh đề that đóng vai trò là chủ ngữ, thông thường chủ từ giả “it: đóng vai trò là chủ ngữ.

SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses

 1 – Nominal Clauses – 1.1 – THAT-Clauses

It (dummy)
amazed (V:VP)
Penny (O:NP)
that Jim should take a bath.
(Real S:that-cl)

Khi một mệnh đề that đóng vai trò là chủ ngữ, thông thường chủ từ giả “it: đóng vai trò là chủ ngữ.

SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses

 1 – Nominal Clauses – 1.1 – THAT-Clauses

Ex.2
Jim believes that baths are harmful to
the personality

That-clause as … ?
Object

SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses

 1 – Nominal Clauses – 1.1 – THAT-Clauses

Jim (S:NP)
believes (V:VP)
that baths are harmful to the
personality (O:that-cl)

SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses

 1 – Nominal Clauses – 1.1 – THAT-Clauses

Ex.3
The possibility is that Jim is scared of water.

That-clause as ……?
Complement

SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses

 1 – Nominal Clauses – 1.1 – THAT-Clauses

The possibility (S:NP)

is (V:VP)
that Jim is scared of water.
(C:that-cl)
SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses
 1 – Nominal Clauses – 1.1 – THAT-Clauses

Ex.4

The story that Eleanor HAD MET with

the senator is not true.

That-clause as …?
Appositive
(đồng vị ngữ)

SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses

 1 – Nominal Clauses – 1.1 – THAT-Clauses

The story that Eleanor HAD

MET with the senator (S:NP)
is not(V:VP)
true. (C: AdjP)

SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses

 1 – Nominal Clauses – 1.1 – THAT-Clauses

Appositive Clause Relative clause

Mệnh đề đồng vị ngữ Mệnh đề quan hệ
The story that The story that
Eleanor HAD MET Eleanor had given to
with the senator the senator
is not true. is not true.

Add more info. Connect 2 sentences.

“That” = Object
SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses
 1 – Nominal Clauses – 1.1 – THAT-Clauses

SUMMARY : That-Clauses
Ex.1: That-clause as Subject
That Jim should take a bath amazed Penny.
 It amazed Penny that Jim should take a bath.
Ex.2: That-clause as Object
Jim believes that baths are harmful to it.
Ex.3: That-clause as Complement
The possibility is that Jim is scared of water.
Ex.4: That-clause as Appositive: (đồng vị ngữ)
The story that Eleanor HAD MET with the senator
is not true.
SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses
 1 – Nominal Clauses – 1.1 – THAT-Clauses

THAT-clauses are introduced by

??????? THAT.
the conjunction
Mệnh đề THAT được giới thiệu bởi liên từ THAT.

THAT-clauses may function as

????
subject, object, complement, appositive.

SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses

 1 – Nominal Clauses – 1.2 – WH-Clauses

1.2
WH- clauses

SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses

 1 – Nominal Clauses – 1.2 – WH-Clauses

Ex1:
Where Penny had gone did not interest Jeff

ItIt …………………………………
did not interest Jeff where Penny had gone.

WH-clause as …Subject
?

SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses

 1 – Nominal Clauses – 1.2 – WH-Clauses

Ex2:

They don't know whether the bus has

already gone.

WH-clause as ….Object
?

SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses

 1 – Nominal Clauses – 1.2 – WH-Clauses

Ex3:

The question is what we do now.

WH-clause as ………………..
Complement?

SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses

 1 – Nominal Clauses – 1.2 – WH-Clauses

SUMMARY: WH-clause
Ex1: WH-clause as Subject
Where Penny had gone did not interest Jeff.
= It did not interest Jeff where Penny had
gone.
Ex2: WH-clause as Object
They don't know whether the bus has
already gone.
Ex3: WH-clause as Complement
The question is what we do now.
SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses
 1 – Nominal Clauses – 1.2 – WH-Clauses

WH-clauses are those introduced by

who, what, when, where,
?????how, why, whether, if.

WH-clauses may function as

??? complement.
subject, object,

SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses

 1 – Nominal Clauses – 1.3 – Infintive Clauses

1.3
Infintive Clauses

SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses

 1 – Nominal Clauses – 1.3 – Infintive Clauses

Ex1:
I want you to go to the
shops for me.
To-infinitive as ???
Object

SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses

 1 – Nominal Clauses – 1.3 – Infintive Clauses

Ex2:
I saw him run down the road.

bare infinitive as Object

?????

SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses

 1 – Nominal Clauses – 1.3 – Infintive Clauses

Ex3:
To eat blackcurrant tart
is
to experience the ultimate culinary delight.

Infinitive Clause as both

Subject & ???
Complement

SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses

 1 – Nominal Clauses – 1.3 – Infintive Clauses

SUMMARY: Infinitive clauses

Ex1: to-infinitive as Object:
I want you to go to the shops for me.
Ex2: bare-infinitive as Object:
I saw him run down the road
Ex3: Infinitive Clause as both Subject
and Complement:
To eat blackcurrant tart is to experience
the ultimate culinary delight.
SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses
 1 – Nominal Clauses – 1.4 – Participle Clauses

1.4
Participle Clauses

SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses

 1 – Nominal Clauses – 1.4 – Participle Clauses

Ex1:

Watching a wrestling match makes

me doubt the idea of civilization.

Participle Clause as Subject

??????

SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses

 1 – Nominal Clauses – 1.4 – Participle Clauses

Ex2:
Seeing is believing.

Participle Clause as both

Subject and????
Complement

SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses

 1 – Nominal Clauses – 1.4 – Participle Clauses

Ex3:

Elephants like
eating roasted peanuts.
Participle Clause as ????
Object

SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses

 1 – Nominal Clauses – 1.4 – Participle Clauses

Ex4:

The keeper found the

elephant munching peanuts.
Participle Clause as
part of???
an Object
SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses
 1 – Nominal Clauses – 1.4 – Participle Clauses

Ex5:
They accused the keeper
of giving the elephant peanuts.

Ex5: Participle Clause as

Second Object?????
with a preposition

SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses

 1 – Nominal Clauses – 1.4 – Participle Clauses

SUMMARY: Participle clauses

Ex1: Participle Clause as Subject:
Watching a wrestling match makes me doubt the idea of
civilization.
Ex2: Part. Cl. as both Subject and Complement:
Seeing is believing.
Ex3: Participle Clause as Object:
Elephants like eating roasted peanuts.
Ex4: Participle Clause as part of an Object:
The keeper found the elephant munching peanuts.
Ex5: Participle Clause as Second Object with a preposition:
They accused the keeper of giving the elephant peanuts.
SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses
 1 – Nominal Clauses – Exercise 19

Exercise 19
Analyze the following clauses in terms
of the phrases and dependent clauses
that compose them, indicating for each
constituent its function and its category.
Phân tích các mệnh đề sau theo các cụm từ và các mệnh đề phụ thuộc cấu thành chúng,
chỉ ra chức năng và loại của từng thành phần.

SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses

 1 – Nominal Clauses – Exercise 19

Ex1:
Taking that bend at 60 mph (S: participle cl)
explains (V:VP)
how he left the road.
(O: wh-cl)
Ex2:
It (dummy)
disturbs (V:VP)
me (O:NP)
to see so many people wasting their time. (S: inf-cl)
SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses
 1 – Nominal Clauses – Exercise 19

1
2
That people throw
3 away money on
4 gambling (S: that-cl)
5 never (A: adv P)
6 ceases (V: VP)
7
8
to amaze me (O:inf cl).
SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses
 1 – Nominal Clauses – Exercise 19

1
2 I (S:NP)
3 cannot imagine (V:VP)
4 how the mistake could
5 have happened
6
(O:wh-cl).
7
8
SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses
 1 – Nominal Clauses – Exercise 19

1
2
He (S:NP)
3 doesn't seem (V:VP)
4 to suffer much (C: inf cl).
5
6
7
8
SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses
 1 – Nominal Clauses – Exercise 19

1
You (S:NP)
2
3 cannot order (V:VP)
4 me (Oi:NP)
5 to jump into the river
6 (Od:inf cl).
7
8
SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses
 1 – Nominal Clauses – Exercise 19

1
I (S:NP)
2
3 think (V:VP)
4 that you will catch him
5 stealing the apples
6 (O:that-cl).
7
8
SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses
 1 – Nominal Clauses – Exercise 19

1
They (S:NP)
2
3 reported (V:VP)
4 to the police (Oi:prep P)
5 what the prisoner had
6 said (Od:wh-cl).
7
8
SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses
 1 – Nominal Clauses – Exercise 19

1
It (dummy)
2
3 disappointed (V:VP)
4 the candidate (O:NP)
5 that few people came to
6 hear him (S:that-cl).
7
8
SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses
 1 – Nominal Clauses – Exercise 19

1
We (S:NP)
2
3 do not know (V:VP)
4 who will be his successor
5 (O:wh-cl).
6
7
8
SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses
 1 – Nominal Clauses – Extra Exercise 1

Extra
Exercise 1
Nominal Clause
Page 11
SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses
 1 – Nominal Clauses – Extra Exercise 1

Nominal Clause - Extra Exercise 1

Underline the nominal clauses and
indicate their function in the following
sentence: S ( subject), C (complement), O
(object), or A ( appositive – đồng vị ngữ).
Ex:
I told my mother that I was moving out.
(O: that-cl)
SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses
 1 – Nominal Clauses – Extra Exercise 1
1
2
3 What I like the best
4 (S:wh-cl)
5
6 is the freedom I have to
7 make my own decisions.
8
9
10 SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses
 1 – Nominal Clauses – Extra Exercise 1
1
2
3 My mother told me
4 that I would miss her,
5
6 (O: that-cl)
7 and she was absolutely
8
9
right.
10 SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses
 1 – Nominal Clauses – Extra Exercise 1
1
2
3 What surprised me most
4 (S: wh-cl)
5
6
was that they were so
7 cheerful about their
8 loss.
9
10
(C: that-cl)
SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses
 1 – Nominal Clauses – Extra Exercise 1
1
2
3 I explained to my boss
4 that my computer
5
6
crashed.
7 (O: that-cl)
8
9
10 SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses
 1 – Nominal Clauses – Extra Exercise 1
1
2
3 The committee has
4 announced the winner
5
6
whoever wrote the
7 essay on environment.
8 (C: wh-cl)
9
10 SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses
 1 – Nominal Clauses – Extra Exercise 1
1
2
3 People often wonder
4 if they make the best
5
6
decision.
7 O:wh-cl
8
9
10 SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses
 1 – Nominal Clauses – Extra Exercise 1
1
2
3 The idea that water
4 freezes at 32 degrees
5
6
Fahrenheit
7 (Appositive: that-cl)
8 is an accepted scientific
9
10
act.
SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses
 1 – Nominal Clauses – Extra Exercise 1
1
2
3 Those children run
4 happily through
5
6
whatever obstacles are
7 placed before them.
8 Object with Preposition:
9
10
Wh-cl
SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses
 1 – Nominal Clauses – Extra Exercise 1
1
2
3 A good night's sleep is
4 what you need.
5
6
(C:wh-cl)
7
8
9
10 SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses
 1 – Nominal Clauses – Extra Exercise 1
1
2
3 The age at which
4 children leave home
5
6
depends on
7 how mature they are.
8 (Object with
9
10
preposition: wh-cl)
SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses
 2 – Relative clauses

2
Relative clauses

SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses

 2 – Relative clauses

Ex:
the old elephant which we saw yesterday

Is this a sentence, a clause, or a phrase?

 a Noun Phrase
post-modifiers
Relative clauses function as ………………..
in noun phrases.
They are linked to the head of …….
Noun phrases
by means of a relative pronoun

SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses

 2 – Relative clauses

SUMMARY: Relative clauses

WHICHthe old elephant which we saw yesterday
WHOM: the man whom I visited yesterday
WHOSE: the elephant whose ear I tickled
THAT: the singer that I like most
WHEN: the time when food was cheap
WHERE: the house where I was born
WHY: the reason why he kept quiet
SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses
 3 – Adverbial clauses

3
Adverbial clauses

SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses

 3 – Adverbial clauses

1-He always sings when he is in the bath.

2-He always goes where he is not allowed to.

Adverbial clauses give information about

time, place, manner, etc.
…….???
Mệnh đề trạng ngữ cung cấp thông tin về thời gian, địa điểm, cách thức, v.v.

Conjunctions join the adverbial clause to

the main clause.
……………..???
Liên từ nối mệnh đề trạng ngữ với mệnh đề chính.

SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses

 3 – Adverbial clauses

More examples of Adverbial Clause

If it rains today, we won't play football.

Unless you come early, you won't get a seat.

Name?clauses
Conditional

SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses

 3 – Adverbial clauses

More examples of Adverbial Clause

Jane writes more neatly than Jim does.

Jane sews as neatly as Jim writes.

Name?clauses
Comparison

SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses

 3 – Adverbial clauses

More examples of Adverbial Clause

We can't go on holiday
because we haven't any money,

Since we have no money,

we can't go on holiday;

Name?
Reason clauses

SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses

 3 – Adverbial clauses

More examples of Adverbial Clause

Although Albert doesn't have any money,

he is still going on holiday

Name?clauses
Contrast

SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses

 3 – Adverbial clauses

More examples of Adverbial Clause

They've dug an air-raid shelter,

so that they will be safe in the next war.

Name?clauses
Purpose

SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses

 3 – Adverbial clauses

More examples of Adverbial Clause

The pictures were so dusty that no-one

could see what they were.

Name?
Result clauses

SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses

 3SUMMARY:
– Adverbial clauses - SUMMARY
Adverbial clauses
1 - TIME He always sings when he is in the bath.

2 - PLACE
He always goes where he is not allowed to.
3-CONDITIONAL
CLAUSES If it rains today, we won't play football.
4-COMPARISON
CLAUSES Jane writes more neatly than Jim does.
We can't go on holiday
5 - REASON CLAUSES
because we haven't any money.
Although Albert doesn't have any money,
6 - CONTRAST CLAUSES
he is still going on holiday
They've dug an air-raid shelter,
7 - PURPOSE CLAUSES
so that they will be safe in the next war.
The pictures were
8 - RESULT CLAUSES
so dusty that no-one could see what they were.
SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses
 Exercise 20

Exercise 20
Analyze the following sentences in
terms of clauses and phrases.

SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses

 Exercise 20

Ex1:
If you like the book that he is talking
about, you should buy one.

SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses

 Exercise 20

Ex2:
Barry likes to play football, but he doesn't
often have the opportunity.

SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses

 Exercise 20

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Although Jim finds the work difficult,
he continues to do his best.

SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses

 Exercise 20

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
The politician that I admire most is the one
who sticks to his principles.

SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses

 Exercise 20

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Since elephants like peanuts, I am surprised
that they haven't learned to crack nuts.

SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses

 Exercise 20

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
I do sometimes wonder if all this education
doesn't drive people crazy.

SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses

 Exercise 20

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
If you do not believe me, you should look at the
incidence of suicides among students.

SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses

 Exercise 20

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
The book about which I was speaking costs
more than I would want to pay.

SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses

 Exercise 20

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
While he was deciding what he should do next,
the tiger reappeared on the spot where he had
been standing.

SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses

 Exercise 20

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Penny considers that such pastimes are
puerile, but Jeff enjoys engaging in them.

SYNTAX – 7 – Clauses 2- Dependent Clauses

THANK YOU