A GROUP REPORT

ON
RURAL AGRICULTURAL WORK EXPERIENCE

Submitted By: GROUP 2

(KRISHAK BONDHU)

College of Agriculture
Extended Campus of Bidhan Chandra Krishi Vishwavidyalaya
Chhatna, Bankura, PIN-722132
BATCH OF:2016-2020
 Certificate of approval

This is to certify that the data as well as reports of the Rural Agricultural Work
Experience (RAWE) of the village ‘Kalpathar’, Chhatna Block, Bankura
submitted faithfully by the 7th Semester students of BSc (Ag) Hons. 2019-2020 of
Bidhan Chandra Krishi Vishwavidyalaya (Bankura Extd. Campus), Chhatna,
Bankura. The Central Viva-voice examination and evaluation for RAWE work of
the students (GROUP-2) have been conducted on 22.01.2020 and assessed the
performance satisfactory.

Name of the Examiners Designation Signature

1. Prof. S. D. Mukhopadhyay External Examiner ……………………………..

2. Prof. P. K. Patra Associate Dean ……………………………..

3. Prof. Dhananjoy Dutta RAWE Co-ordinator ……………………………..

4. Prof. S. K. Acharya RAWE Advisor ……………………………..

5. Mr. Tarashankar Murmu Member ……………………………..

6. Dr Sujit Mal Member …………………………......

7. Dr Pranay Rai Member ……………………………..

 Principles of R.A.W.E. Programme

GROUP-2

“KRISHAK BONDHU”

Name Roll no.

Rani Sarkar Sus-16
Sankalpita Saha Sus-18
Santanu Sarkar Sus-19
Sayani Basu Sus-20
Shambhunath Ghosh Sus-21
Soumita Bera Sus-23
Soumyajit Ghoshal Sus-24
Sourav Ghosh Sus-25
Soutrik Mukherjee Sus-26
Subhadip Mondal Sus-27
Subhrojoti Tikadar Sus-28
Sujit Kumar Bhunia Sus-29
Swagato Bhattacharyya Sus-30
 TABLE CONTENT

CONTEXT PAGE NO
➢ Introduction 1
➢ Importance 2
➢ Objective 2
➢ The settings
❖ Agro-Climatic zone profile 2
❖ Zone of West Bengal 2
➢ Soil 3
➢ Climate 3
➢ Rainfall 3
➢ Temperature 3
➢ Village details 3
➢ Socio-economic and agroecological analysis
❖ Socio economic status 4
❖ Population 4
❖ Caste distribution 5
❖ Male-Female ratio 5
❖ Literacy rate 5
❖ Distribution of occupation 5
❖ Distribution of Land holding 6
❖ SHG 6
➢ Agro-Eco analysis
❖ PRA 7
❖ How we followed the exercise 7
➢ Ice Breaking
❖ Why is it required 8
➢ Space analysis
❖ Village map 9
❖ Social map 9
 ❖ Hydrology map 10
❖ Transect map 11

➢ Time analysis
❖ Time line (Objective) 12
❖ Time trend (Objective) 12
❖ Seasonality analysis (Objective) 14
❖ Crop cycle 15
❖ Daily work profile of women 16
❖ Daily work profile of men 17
❖ Seasonality of wage rate 18
➢ Flow analysis
❖ Objective 18
❖ Venn diagram 18
❖ Resource inflow and outflow 19
❖ Resource flow analysis 20
❖ Problem identification 20
❖ Problem tree 21
❖ Root cause analysis on problems of Rice 22
❖ Problem of soil 23
❖ Economic analysis of rice 23
❖ Operation wise distribution of human labour 24
❖ Other cost cultivation 24
➢ Decision making
❖ Advantage 26
❖ Matrix ranking 27
❖ Case study 1,2,3 28-30
➢ Diagnosis analysis of soil and water
➢ Soil analysis 31
❖ Introduction 31
❖ Objective 31
❖ Phase of soil testing 31
❖ Materials and tools used 32
 ❖ Collection of soil sample 32
❖ Preparation of soil sample 33
❖ Tag information 34
❖ Soil testing parameter 34
❖ Soil testing provision 35
❖ Water sample collection 35
❖ Water sample tag 35
❖ Determination of soil PH 35
❖ Principle, Result 36-37
❖ Picture 38
❖ Interpretation 39
❖ Conclusion 39
❖ Determination of Organic Carbon 40
❖ Principle, Result 40-42
❖ Conclusion 43
❖ Picture 44
➢ Analysis of quality of Irrigation Water
❖ Introduction 45
❖ Objective 45
❖ Steps of water analysis 45
❖ Water quality parameters 45
❖ Water sampling technique 45
❖ Determination of PH of water sample 46
❖ Methodology 46
❖ Parameters 46
❖ Result and recommendation 46
❖ Determination of EC, SAR, RSC 46
➢ Diagnosis analysis of crop
Crop pest analysis 47
❖ Introduction 47
❖ Pest 47
❖ Objective 47
❖ Farmers details 47
 ❖ Cucumber 48-49
❖ Brinjal 50-51
❖ Tomato 52
❖ Cauliflower 53-55
❖ Beans 56-58
❖ Arhar 59-60
❖ Natural Enemy 61
❖ Pollinator 62
❖ Conclusion 63
Pathological Problem of crop 64
❖ Objective 64
❖ Methodology 64
❖ Sampling pattern 65
❖ Percentage of disease infestation 65
❖ Rating chart 65
❖ Disease severity and disease incidence 65-66
❖ Disease analysis 67
❖ Brinjal 67
❖ Tomato 68-70
❖ Rice 71
❖ Cucumber 72
❖ Mustard 72-73
❖ Conclusion 74-75
➢ Weed science
❖ Concept of weed 76
❖ Problem of weed 76
❖ Beneficial aspect of weed 76
❖ Identification of weed flora 77
✓ Bermuda grass 77
✓ Annual nut sedge 78
✓ Croton 79
✓ Noteshak 80
✓ Bon labongo 81
 ✓ Chhaya 82-83
✓ Crow foot grass 84
✓ Hazardana 85
✓ Dholashak 86
✓ Chirchita 87
✓ Galinsoga 88
✓ Goat weed 89
✓ False daisy 90
❖ Conclusion of weed identification 91
❖ Phytosociological study 92
✓ Objective 92
✓ Weed indices 92
✓ Objective 92
✓ Weed index 93
✓ Conclusion 93
➢ Study on farming system 94
❖ Farming system 94
❖ Research methodology 94
❖ Objective 95
❖ Enterprise farming system 96
❖ Principle 96
❖ Crop husbandry 96
❖ Rice 97-99
❖ Mustard 99-101
❖ Cabbage 102-104
❖ Tomato 104-106
❖ IFS 107
❖ Farming system model 107-108
❖ Conclusion 108
❖ Acknowledgement 109
➢ PICTURES
➢

➢
➢
➢
➢
➢

➢
➢
➢

➢
➢

➢
➢
 ➢ Introduction:
From the ancient time human being are carrying out agricultural operation as
primary occupation. It is the primitive business of human civilization and many
achieved much success over all catastrophic event. The farmers of our country
are habituated to with indigenous technology and sometimes hesitate to adopt
new technology due to lack knowledge and communication between farmers
and researchers. Development of farming community is possible through
effective dissemination of agricultural technology to farmer’s field and
agricultural graduates can play a vital role in transfer technology. Generally, the
formal education, which is given to the agricultural graduates in the classroom
of college campus, is not enough if we are not able to apply this knowledge in
field situation. An old Chinese proverb conveys us “If I hear I forget, I see I
remember, if I do I know”. Therefore, it is evident that we will be practically
strong and competent by working in the village, by interacting with the farmers
to gather some ideas about indigenous technology of farmers. That is why Rural
Agricultural Work Experience (RAWE) has become an integral part of the
course in 4th year undergraduate programme in agricultural education.
It gives us the opportunity to study rural situations for gaining direct farm
experience, to study and document the activities of mainly the rural farmers,
entrepreneurs, and self-help groups, to document the technical knowledge of
farmers, farm planning and village development plans and to understand the
socio-economic condition of the villagers.
All such analysis will provide a “Bench work” about farmer’s need. Need
based field-oriented technology will be evolved in collaboration with farmer’s
indigenous technology, which will be beneficial for them.
The Rural Agricultural Work Experience (RAWE) is a flagship programme for
imparting quality, practical and production-oriented education for BSc (Ag)
degree.
Besides acquiring first hand field experience, the RAWE modules bring about
positive changes in the students’ mind-set, outlook, personality traits,
managerial and entrepreneurial skills.
 ➢ Recommended By: Randhawa Committee (1992)

➢ Opinions: The World Bank (1975) stated that there was little emphasis
on curricula on preparing the agricultural graduates for better career in
agriculture or agribusiness outside Govt. jobs. Therefore, the agenda for
the 21st Century in agricultural education should be drawn of the
challenges it has to meet in the near future. RAWE programme provides
significant hands on experience in acquiring knowledge and skill.

➢ Importance of RAWE:

• Preparing Agriculture Graduates for better career in

agriculture/agribusiness
• Preparing Agriculture Graduates to face the challenges by
acquiring knowledge & skill through first-hand experience.

➢ Objectives of RAWE:

• To understand the rural life by students.

• To familiar the students with the socio-economic situation of
village.
• To make opportunity for practical training.
• To develop communication skill in the transfer of technology.
• To understand technologies followed by farmers.
• To prepare production plan suitable for local situation.
• To develop confidence and competency for facing problematic
situation and finding solutions.

➢ The Settings:
• Agro climatic Zone profile:
There are 6 Agro-climatic zone in WB and in each zone, there is one regional
research station.
• Zone Classification of West Bengal:
1. Hill zone
2. Terai Zone
3. Old Alluvial Zone
4. New Alluvial Zone
5. Red & Laterite Zone
6. Costal Saline Zone
Our village Kalpathar is under the Red & Laterite zone.
➢ Soil: Soil condition of Chattna block under Bankura district having red
and laterite soil with acidic in nature. Red soil is soil that has a reddish
tinge as a result of the presence of iron compounds in it. Red soil can be
low in nutrients, and the iron oxides in it can cause problems for plants.
The PH varies from 5.5 to 6.5.
➢ Climate: Weather and climate parameter of Chhatna block of Bankura
district during summer the temperature is high with having low humidity
and low temperature in wind.
➢ Rainfall: Less than 20% of the area of this one depends on rain for
cultivation. Most of the them occurs during June to Sept. Annual rainfall
of this zone is 900-1000 mm. This zone is very much prone to draught
particularly during end of Dec. and in pre-kharif months. The dates of
onset of monsoon in this zone and the intensity as well as the distribution
of rain varies greatly from year to year.
➢ Temperature: Temperature ranges between 30oC to 45oC in summer and
between 9oC to 24oC in winter months. Extreme temperature in summer
is high and in winter is low in Bankura district.

➢ VILLAGE DETAILS
• VILLAGE: KALPATHAR
• NO. OF PARAS: 3
• TOTAL HOUSEHOLD: 104
• GRAM PANCHAYAT: GHOSHERGRAM
• BLOCK: CHHATNA
• SUB-DIVISION: BANKURA SADAR
• DISTRICT: BANKURA
• AGRO-CLIMATIC ZONE: RED & LATERITIC ZONE
• TOTAL AREA: 1 km2
 • Socio-Economic and Agro-Ecological Analysis
of Village
➢ SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS
• Total Population: 508
• Male: 265
• Female: 243
• High School: N.A.
• Primary School: 1
• Bank: N.A.
• Post Office: N.A.
• Co-operative Society: N.A.
• Market: N.A.
• Tube well:5
• Health Centre: N.A.
• ICDS Centre: 1
• SHG: 2

• POPULATION

48
52
Male
Female
➢ CASTE DISTRIBUTION
General Schedule Cast Schedule Tribe Total
(SC) (ST)
60 94 352 508

Individuals

General
SC
ST

➢ LITERACY

45.5 Literate
55.5 Illiterate

➢ DISTRIBUTION OF OCCUPATION
 Others

Service
Percentage
Business

Agriculture & Allied

sector

0 50 100

➢ DISTRIBUTION OF LAND HOLDINGS:

➢ SELF HELP GROUPS

• Self Help Groups (SHGs) are small groups of poor people.
• They help each other, to solve their problems. SHGs promote small savings
among their members.

Name of the Members Total Name of Head

Group Capital
Karunamoyi 10 2.5 Lakhs Ruma Kundu
Self Help
Group(2007)
 Karunamoyi 14 1.5 Lakhs Amala Mudikora
Mahila
Mondol(2001)

➢ Participatory rural appraisal:

• Participatory rural appraisal (PRA) is an approach which aims to
incorporate the knowledge and opinions of rural people in the planning
and management of development projects and programmes.
• Father of PRA – Robert Chamber
• The basic techniques used include-
✓ Understanding group dynamics e.g. through learning contracts, role
reversals, feedback sessions
✓ Surveying and sampling e.g. transect walks, wealth ranking, social
mapping
✓ Interviewing e.g. focus group discussions, semi-structured
interviews, triangulation
✓ Community mapping e.g. Venn diagrams, matrix
scoring, ecograms, timelines

➢ How We Followed The Exercise:

✓ We made a direct contact with the villagers and it was their support,
which helped us to learn
✓ We made one as leading facilitator among us.
✓ Choosing suitable time of villagers, we followed some necessary
cultural protocols before interaction.
✓ We show enthusiasm in learning from people.
✓ We stressed on the idea sharing information and never interrupted the
farmer’s concentration.
✓ We used six helpers – who, what, why, when, why, and how.
✓ We tried to obtain opinion from all groups.

➢ Ice Breaking:
In RAWE programme, ice breaking is the most indispensable task. Ice breaking
means to make situation easy and it refers to the interaction, rapport and initial
introduction with the villagers to accelerate our access into their activities.
➢ Why is it required?
We know that we need some amount of energy to break the molecular
arrangement and cohesive force among the molecules of ice. Similarly, a rapid
interaction is required to remove hesitation, fear, and suspicion, superiority
feelings etc. there are two systems namely farming community, student
community out of them farmers are habituated and adopted in rural situation,
and the student communities are outsiders. The farmers are heterogeneous mass
and it is quite natural that they will fell hesitation to interact among students as
they will take us outsiders or intruders. There is gap between the farmer’s
mentality and student’s mentality and moreover there may be egotism. To
overcome this ice breaking is needed and it must be casual, artificial approach
may be hindrance for proper intimacy with the farmers. Our approach will be
such that they may feel that we are very close to them. We are also fond of
rustic people, their way of living in the lap of nature far from madding crowd
and artificial grandeur.

➢ In PRA, ice breaking is a part. We performed this work by following

ways:
✓ We contacted with villagers beforehand and tried to identify the rush of
activities going on the farm.
✓ We selected some key informer to provide necessary information to us. It
is a ray of hope and matter of gratification that the farmers accepted our
appeal with promptness and enthusiasm.
✓ Besides contacting with male, we also contacted with farm women
winnowing and rearing poultry etc.
✓ We contacted key informer at a time when he is free from al his
agricultural activities.
✓ We express proper body language and enthusiasm so that farmers easily
give us access to their community.
✓ We took photographs of the farmers within their farm activities and even
took part in spraying Agro-chemicals, sowing, transplanting etc.
✓ Some of us made a sweet intimacy among the children of the village who
helped some extent for attachment with their family to provide some
information.
 Space Analysis:
It is an analytical technique used in strategic management and planning. The
analysis allows us to create an appropriate idea of the agro-ecosystem of the
village.

The space analysis of the village has been done with the help of
1. Village Map
2. Social Map
3. Hydrology Map
4. Transect Map

➢ Social Map:
From the Social map, it has been seen that in this village there is only one
primary school. It has been found that there is abundance of ponds in the
village, which are uniformly distributed throughout the village. Only 4
deep tube wells are situated in this village. The village is devoid of more
no. of wealthy family.
➢ Hydrological Map:

✓ Hydrological map includes the source of water for drinking as well as

irrigation purpose.
✓ Source of Drinking Water -
1. WELL(Small) – 40
2. TUBEWELL – 6
✓ Source of Irrigation Water -
1. Pond – 8
2. Well (Large) - 4
➢ TRANSECT WALK:

Transect Walk provides a cross sectional representation of the different -

✓ Topography and land type,
✓ Land usage and ownership,
✓ Soil type and soil fertility,
✓ Vegetation and crops,
✓ Problems, opportunities and solutions.

➢ Conclusion of space analysis

✓ Agro-ecosystem analysis gives an idea about the physical components
(water, air, sunlight) biophysical components(soil) biological component
(crop, microbes) as the farmer at the epitome.
✓ Socio-ecological analysis gives an idea about social structure of the
village, sources of income and standard of living of the villagers, social
institutions and their interactions in the village.
➢ Time Analysis of Village:

✓ Time Line: Time line reveals the key historical events and major
perceived changes
✓ Objective:
• To construct a historical profile of the Agro-eco system
chronologically.
• To assess & understand the development of the village

➢ Time Trend: Time trend show the qualitative & quantitative changes in
Agro Eco-system over specific period of time
✓ Objective:
• To identify the changes happened in the Agro Eco-system over
definite span of years
• To analyse the changes for understanding problems of farmers’
perspectives & solutions.
DECADES EVENTS BREAKTHROUGH
EVENTS

1970-1979 People started to communicate with Radio introduced

outside

1980-1989 People started getting educated and Primary School

Irrigation Facilities started established and
Water Pump installed

1990-1999 Lifestyle of people developed and Electricity & TV

people got acquainted with
entertainment of outside
2000-2009 Intensity of students increased and Mid Day Meal &
Communication developed highly Telephone

2010-2019 Many Pacca house built and Internet Indira Abas Yojana
activity increased & JIO Tower

➢ Conclusion of time analysis

• From the time analysis we can easily locate the year by year
development of the village and also the intensity of different
prospects.

➢ SEASONALITY ANALYSIS
• Seasonality is an important and useful exercise to determine
seasonal patterns in rural areas as related to rainfall, farming
practices, employment etc.
• PURPOSE: -To get an insight into the seasonal variations in a
number of parameters relevant in farmer’s lives e.g.-work,
employment, income, and availability of food, fuel, fodders, health,
irrigation and transport facilities.
➢ Seasonality Analysis on Highland:
• Revelation:
✓ Crop which grown in high land (Tar) is – Bhindi, Onion.
✓ From Mid Chaitra to end of Baisakh – seasonal fallow Inter
revelation:
✓ Farmers do not have wide scope of cultivating short
duration crops.
➢ Seasonality Analysis on Medium land:
• Revelation:
✓ Aman Dhan cultivated during rainy season.
✓ A short duration green manuring crop is grown before
seasonal fallow.
✓ Mustard is also cultivated in medium land (Baid).
• Inter revelation:
✓ Due to availability of irrigation, farmer should adopt
inter cropping or mix cropping during rabi season.
➢ Seasonality Analysis on Low land:
• Revelation:
✓ Crop, which in low land (Bohal) are Rice, Mustard
(Tori), Sesame, Jute (vegetables), Pumpkin, Cucumber.
✓ Before harvesting of rice, mustard or sesame is
cultivated in a rotational basis.
• Inter revelation:
✓ Due to water stagnation, basal portion of the plant may
get damaged.
➢ DAILY WORK PROFILE OF WOMEN
• REST AND LEISURE:(8 Hours)
✓ 2PM-3:30PM= REST
✓ 10PM-4AM= SLEEPING
✓ 5:30PM-6PM= SOCIAL GATHERING
• FARMING ACTIVITY: (6:30 Hour)
✓ 7AM-12PM= CROP CULTIVATION
✓ 3.30PM-5PM= FIELD ACTIVITY
• HOUSEHOLD WORKS: (3:15 HOURS)
✓ 4.30AM-5.30AM=PREPARATION OF BREAKFAST
✓ 6AM-6.45AM=COOKING(LUNCH)
✓ 6PM-7:30PM=COOKING(DINNER)
• PERSONAL CARE: (3:15 HOURS)
✓ 5.30AM-6AM=MORNING ACTIVITY
✓ 6.45AM-7AM-BREAKFAST
✓ 12.30PM-1PM=LUNCH
✓ 5PM-5:30PM=EVENING TEA AND MURI
✓ 8PM-8:30PM=DINNER
✓ 9PM-10PM=WATCHING TV
• LIVESTOCK ACTIVITIES: (3 HOURS) Remaining time

LIVESTOCK
ACTIVITIES

PERSONAL REST &

CARE LEISURE

HOUSEHOLD
WORK
FARMING
ACTIVITY
➢ DAILY WORK PROFILE OF MEN
• REST AND LEISURE:(8 Hours)
✓ 2PM-3:30PM= REST
✓ 10PM-4AM= SLEEPING
✓ 5:30PM-6PM= SOCIAL GATHERING
• FARMING ACTIVITY: (6:30 Hour)
✓ 7AM-12PM= CROP CULTIVATION
✓ 3.30PM-5PM= FIELD ACTIVITY
• HOUSEHOLD WORKS: (2:30 HOURS)
✓ 4.30AM-5.30AM=CLEANING OF HOUSE-PREMISES
✓ 6AM-7.30AM= MARKETING
• PERSONAL CARE: (3:30 HOURS)
✓ 5.30AM-6AM=MORNING ACTIVITY
✓ 6.45AM-7AM-BREAKFAST
✓ 12.30PM-1PM=LUNCH
✓ 5PM-5:30PM=EVENING TEA AND MURI
✓ 8PM-8:30PM=DINNER
✓ 9PM-10PM=WATCHING TV
• LIVESTOCK ACTIVITIES: (4 HOURS) Remaining TIME

LIVESTOCK
ACTIVITIES

PERSONAL REST &

CARE LEISURE

HOUSEHOLD
WORK
FARMING
ACTIVITY
➢ Flow Analysis of Village:
It provides the information about the various problems of farmer and
their effect on livelihood.
• Objectives:
✓ To get information on various problems in rural areas. Ex-
Village’s Relation with other’s social institution.
✓ The effect of the problems on the livelihood rural people.

➢ VENN DIAGRAM
• Definition: - The diagram which shows the relationship of various
institution, organizations or individuals with the village as
perceived by the villagers is called as Venn diagram.
• Purpose: -
✓ To identify groups, institutes operating in the community and show
their interaction.
✓ To show accessibility of the institute.
✓ To discover the importance on decision making in community.
➢ Size of the circle shows the relative importance and accessibility of
institutions KALPATHAR

➢ RESOURCE INFLOW AND OUTFLOW OF KALPATHAR:

• It is a schematic diagram of the resource inflow into the village

and outflow from the village .The diagram shows the flow of
resources from the original source to the final output and visualizes
the use and control of the resources

➢ CONCLUSION-

• The below mention resource flow diagram shows that seed,

pesticide, labour, clothes, grocery, medicine are procured from
outside the village. The villagers get their income by selling their
produce like rice, oil, vegetables, milk, etc.
➢ RESOURCE FLOW ANALYSIS:

➢ PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION AND PRIORITISATIONS:

Problem is a condition or situation that the people after study with or without
help have decided need changing, problems are hurdles or barriers for
achieving goals or objectives.
• The problems are generally prioritized on the basis of three parameter

✓ Seriousness of problem
✓ Frequency of occurrence
✓ Distribution of problem
➢ PROCESS:

• Identification of problems done by group of farmers. All the

problems of that area identified democratically by the group of
village people. For tackling the selected problem , the time was
scheduled on greatest priorities basis.
➢ DIFFERENT PROBLEMS RELATED TO FARMING
COMMUNITY IN KALPATHAR VILLAGE:
➢ ROOT CAUSE ANALYSIS ON PROBLEMS OF RICE IN
KALPATHAR :
➢ PROBLEM IN SOIL OF KALPATHAR VILLAGE:

➢ ECONOMICAL ANALYSIS OF RICE IN KALPATHAR

VILLAGE:
• Name of the farmer – Nitai Bauri
• Name of the crop – Rice
• Variety – Swarna
• Topography – Lowland
• Cultivated Land – 1 bigha
• Total Land -3 Bigha
 Operation-wise distribution of human labour:
Operation Total labour Avg. Wage Rate (in Total Wage (in Rs.)
Rs.)

Land Preparation 2 200 400

Sowing & Transplanting 4 200 800

Application of nutrient & 3 200 600

irrigation

Inter-Culture Operation 2 200 400

Harvesting(Including 11 300 3300

Carrying & Threshing)

Total 22 5500

Other cost of cultivation:

Ingredients Cost (in Rs)

Seed 500

Land 900
Preparation
Fertilizers & 2000
Chemicals
 Operation Total Avg. Wage Total Wage(in
labour Rate(in Rs.) Rs.)

Land Preparation 2 200 400

Sowing & Transplanting 4 200 800

Application of nutrient & 3 200 600

irrigation

Inter-Culture Operation 2 200 400

Harvesting(Including Carrying 11 300 3300

& Threshing)

Total 22 5500

Irrigation 700

Total 4100

Total Cost of Rice Cultivation for 1 Bigha = 5500+4100 =9600 Rs.

➢ Total output:
• Yield of Rice from 1 Bigha = 6 Quintal
• Price of rice of 1 Quintal (As per MSP,2019-2020 Kharif) = 1815
• Total Price = 1815 × 6 =10890 Rs.
• Yield of Paddy Straw = 2 Kahan
• Price of Straw per Kahan = 450 Rs.
 • Total Price of Straw in 1 Bigha = 2 × 450 = 900 Rs.
➢ Total Return from 1 Bigha of Rice = 10890+900 = 11790 Rs.
➢ Profit = 11790 – 9600 = 2190 Rs.

DECISION MAKING:
➢ Decision making is the process of making choices by identifying
a decision, gathering information, and assessing alternative
resolutions.
➢ It is determining which alternative will most likely allow the decision
makers to achieve their goals.
➢ Decision-making at the farm level is basically the function of the
farmer.

ADVANTAGES OF DECISION ANALYSIS:

➢ Time saving.
➢ Very little data preparation & easy to interpret.
➢ Reduce ambiguity in decision making
➢ Comparison among alternative choices.
➢ More efficient.

Matrix Ranking / Scoring Method:

✓ A popular and widely used PRA method.
✓ Depiction and analysis of large amount of data
✓ Helps to understand the preferences
✓ Helps to understanding the decision-making process.
 Matrix Method-Steps:
➢ Choose an individual or a group
➢ Choose, or ask people to choose, a class of objects
➢ Ask them to name the most important once
➢ They elicit some criteria
➢ List all the criteria
➢ Draw up a matrix with the objects across the top and the criteria down
the side
➢ Ask which object is best by each criterion
– Which is best?
– Which is next best?
– Which is worst?
– Of the remaining, which is better?
➢ Record the rankings directly on to the matrix.
Case study -1:
• FARMERS NAME: Chandidas Chatterjee
• LAND SITUATION: LOWLAND
• CROP: RICE(Annual)
• CROP AREA: 1 bigha (Approx)
• LAND AREA: 5 bigha (Approx)

VARIETY SWARNA LALAT SAHABHAGI PUNJAB

ATTRIBUTES MASURI

YIELD 9 8 7 9

CERTIFIED SEED 9 8 9 9

DURATION 7 8 9 9

QUALITY/MARKET 8.5 7.5 8 8

VALUE

TASTE 9 8 7 8
 PEST&DISEASE 8.5 8.5 8 8
RESISTANCE

DROUGHT 7 7 9.5 7
TOLERANCE

TOTAL(Out of 70) 57.5 54.5 57 56.5

Conclusion OF Case study -1 :

• As per the farmer’s interview, we can conclude that the preferred variety
is Swarna, due to its yield, high market price and better taste and quality
& certified seed availability.
• Case study -2
• FARMERS NAME: Baul Lohar
• LAND SITUATION: MIDLAND
• CROP: Vegetables
• CROP AREA: 2.5 bigha(Approx)
• LAND AREA: 5 bigha(Approx)
VEGETABLES→ CAULIFLOWER BRINJAL TOMATO PUMPKIN
ATTRIBUTES
↓

YIELD 7 8 9 7
IRRIGATION 8 8.5 8.5 7.5
REQUIREMENT

PEST & DISEASE 7.5 7.5 8 7.5

RESISTANCE

PESTICIDE & 8 7.5 8.5 7

FERTILIZER
APPLICATION

QUALITY/ MARKET 8.5 9 9 8

VALUE

NATURAL 7 8 7 8
CALAMITIES
SURVIVAL

PERISHABILTY 9 6 7 7

TOTAL(Out of 70) 55 54.5 56 52

Conclusion OF Case study -2 :
From the above comparison, we can conclude that TOMATO is the most
profitable and cultivated vegetable due to high market value , high yield
as well as reduced perishability nature for the farmer.
Case study -3 :
• FARMERS NAME: Basudev Rakshit
• LAND SITUATION: MIDLAND
• CROP: MUSTARD
• CROP AREA: 2 bigha(Approx)
• LAND AREA: 4 bigha(Approx)
ATTRIBUTES INDIAN YELLOW INDIAN GOBHI
MUSTARD SARSON RAPESEED SARSON
(TORIA)

YIELD 9 8 8 8

INSECT-PEST 7 7 7 8
DISEASE
RESISTANT

DURATION 8 9 9 8

DEMAND 9 8 7 9

MARKET 9 9 8 9
VALUE

MANAGEMENT 9 7 8 8

OIL QUALITY 7.5 8.5 8 9.5

TOTAL(Out of 58.5 56.5 55 59.5

70)

Conclusion OF Case study -3:

From the above comparison, we can conclude that the farmer
prefer to cultivate Gobhi Sarson due to its oil quality(Low
glucosinolate content), higher market demand, insect pest
resistance & most preferably higher yield.
 Case study on problems :
PROBL HIGH INSUFF- ACIDIC ACIDIC RED- REDUC-ED SCARC- LACK
EMS → PRICE ICIENT CONDI- CONDI- UCED FERTILITY ITY OF OF
OF MARKT TION of TION of YIELD WATER GOVT.
FERTI- VALUE SOIL SOIL HELP
LIZER

Farmer 8 8 8.5 8 7 7.5 9.5 9

1

Farmer 7 8.5 9 8 8 7 9 8.5

2

Farmer 7 8.5 8.5 8 8 7 9 8

3

Farmer 7.5 8 9 7 7 7.5 9.5 8.5

4

TOTAL 29.5 33 35 31 30 29 38 34
(Out of
40)

Conclusion of Case study on problems:

The above analysis shows that the major problems faced by the
farmers are scarcity of water as a consequence farmer cannot cultivate
the crops in Winter and another problem is acidic condition of soil
and for that all type of crops cannot be cultivated.
Conclusion of Matrix ranking:Matrix ranking helps in efficient
decision making within the resource and time constraints of the
farmer.
DIAGONISTIC ANALYSIS OF SOIL AND WATER

SOIL TESTING:
• Soil testing is the rapid chemical analysis of a soil to estimate the available
nutrient status reaction and
salinity of the soil.

• Possibly the most widely conducted soil tests are those done to estimate the
plant available conc. of plant nutrients, in order to determine fertilizer
recommendation in agriculture.

OBJECTIVE OF SOIL TESTING:

➢Grouping soils to classes relative to the levels of nutrients for
suggesting fertilizer practices.

➢Predicting the probability of getting profitable responses

➢Helping to evaluate soil productivity
➢Determining specific soil conditions, like alkali, salinity & acidity
which limits the crop yields

PHASES OF SOIL TESTING :

✓Collection of soil samples and processing of soil samples
✓Chemical analysis of soil samples
✓Calibration and interpretation of the results of chemical analysis
✓Recommendation
 MATERIALS AND TOOLS NEEDED FOR COLLECTION OF SOIL
SAMPLES
▪ Spade
▪ Polythene sheet
▪ Polythene bucket
▪ 12 inch scale
▪ Ball pen/lead pencil
▪ A sheet of thick paper
▪ Polythene packet

COLLECTION OF SOIL SAMPLE

❑Determined the soil unit or plot
❑Made a transverse over the soil unit or plot
❑Cleaned the site from where soil sample is to be collected
❑Inserted the spade into soil
❑A lump of soil was removed
❑A pit of V shape was formed is depth should be 0-6 inch or 0-12 inch
❑Took the soil slice like bread slice of ½ inch thick from both top to bottom,
this slice is also termed furrow slice
❑Collected the soil sample in a polythene bucket
❑Prepared the soil sample
Collection of Soil Sample

Determination of Soil Unit:

To reduce heterogeneity we further divided into-

Topography Texture
• Low land Sandy soil
• Loam soil Medium land
• Clay soil High land
Colour Fertility Status
Light colour Indicated by
Dark colour Yield ,Growth
Prohibited Samples:
Areas unusual for normal crop growth-
➢ Areas near gates, farm ways, buildings, field margins
➢ Areas where compost were stacked
➢ Shaded areas
➢ Rows / Crop hills
➢ Acidic / Alkaline pocket
➢ Local problem soils
➢ Areas under laid by hard pan
➢ Saline areas
➢ Alkaline areas
➢ Strongly acid areas
➢ Exposed subsoil
➢ Calcareous soils

PREPARATION OF THE SOIL SAMPLES

DRYING GRINDING MIXING

STORAGE SIEVING PARTITIONING

• DRYING:
The soil samples Are air dried in shade at wind temperature
• GRINDING
Grind with wooden morter / roller / motorized grinder
Do not crush gravels

• MIXING:
The grinded soil samples are separated uniformly over a piece of polythene
paper

• PARTITIONING:
The mixed soil samples is coned. The top of the cone is flattened. The cone is
divided into 4 equal paras by placing a positive sign (+) on the flattened top.
thus four quarters of the cone are obtained two diagonally opposite quarters are
taken and thoroughly mixed.
• SIEVING:
Use 2 mm sieve made with brass / nylon
Let entire volume pass through sieve
• STORAGE:
In polythene jars sealed tightly
Prevent contact with Acid fumes and Ammonia gas

TAG INFORMATION:
soil sample tag following points to be considered
1. Same of the farmer (with contact no.)
2.Name of the village, Block, GPS location
3.Area of the field
4. land situation (low, medium or high)
5 Source of irrigation
6.Previous crop
7.Amount of organic manure N, P, K application
8.Net target crop
9.Date of soil sample collection

Soil parameter tested:

• Soil parameters are tested
• 1. Soil pH
• 2.Electrical Conductivity
• 3.Oxidisable organic carbon
• 4.Available nitrogen
• 5.Available phosphorus
 • 6.Available potash
• 7.Available micronutrient
SOIL TESTING PROVISIONS:
o Lime requirement of soil
o Gypsum requirement of soil
o Content of secondary nutrients viz. calcium, magnesium, Sulphur
o Content of micronutrients viz, iron, manganese,
zinc,copper,boron,molybdenum

WATER SAMPLE COLLECTION:

Water sample collection should be done to identify the quality of irrigation
water

WATER SAMPLE TAG:

In water sample tag following points to be considered
1.Source of irrigation
2.Name of the village ,Block, PS location,
3.Date

DETERMINATION OF SOIL PH BY PH METER

pH meter is used to determine the pH of the soil

 Principle of pH meter:
• When we place the pH electrode in a pH unknown solution we will
find that an electrical potential difference is produced. This is due
to difference of H+ ion conc. Between the test solution and the
glass bulb electrode.

• After that the potential difference of the reference electrode is

measured and compared ti the potential of the glass bulb electrode
by means of a meter.

• Results are read from 0-14

Calibration of pH meter:
• Before use the device requires calibration with a series of standard buffer
solution of pH 4, pH 7, pH 9.2 .

• Standard Buffer Solution Preparation:

• pH 4 buffer solution: 1 pH 4 tablet in 100 ml volume matric flask and
volume make upto 100 ml by double distilled warer.

• pH 7 buffer solution: 1 pH 7 tablet in 100 ml volume matric flask and

volume make upto 100 ml by double distilled warer.

• pH 9.2 buffer solution: 1 pH 9.2 tablet in 100 ml volume matric flask and
volume make upto 100 ml by double distilled warer.

Procedure:

1.Weighted 10-gram soil sample

2.Added 20 ml distilled water with the soil sample in a beaker.

3. Stirred with a rod

4.Determination of pH of soil solution by pH meter.

 Test of Result:

Sample Name of the Farmer Soil pH Nature of the soil

number

Sample no. Kartik Mudikora 6.29 Slightly acidic

1
Sample no. Ranjit Mudikora 6.06 Slightly acidic
2
Sample no. Swapan Rakshit 5.50 Slightly acidic
3
Sample no. Sudhir Bauri 4.92 acidic
4
Sample no. Bijay Bauri 5.24 Acidic
5
Sample no. Surajit Mudikora 5.01 Acidic
6
Sample no. Baran Mudikora 5.70 Slightly acidic
7
Sample no. Sibnath Mudikora 5.52 Slightly acidic
8
Sample no. Amala Mudikora 5.81 Slightly acidic
9
Sample no. Ananta Mudikora 5.51 Slightly acidic
10
Sample no. Chandidas Chatterjee 4.96 Acidic
11
Sample no. Nimai Kumbhakar 5.07 Acidic
12
Sample no. Nitai Bauri 5.04 Acidic
13
AVERAGE 5.43 ACIDIC SOIL
PICTURES:
Interpretation:

• The village is located in lateritic zone .

For this leaching of silica is done high
amount of iron and aluminium oxide
present in the soil . For this region the
soil is acidic.

Conclusion:

• pH test is used to determine the pH of the soil. Average soil test value is
5.43. In high acidic soil pH is very low. For this lime is used to reclamation
the soil acidity problem.
Determination of oxidisable organic carbon by walkey and black method
Principle:
The determination of soil organic carbon is based on the Walkley-Black chromic
acid wet oxidation method. Oxidisable matter in the soil is oxidised by 1 N
K2Cr2O7 solution. The reaction is assisted by the heat generated when two
volumes of H2 SO4 are mixed with one volume of the dichromate. The
remaining dichromate is titrated with ferrous sulphate. The titre is inversely
related to the amount of C present in the soil sample.
REAGENTS REQUIRED :
• Potassium dichromate solution 1.0 (N): Dissolve 49.04 g of dry K2Cr2O7
(AR) in 700 ml of distilled water and dilute it to 1000 ml volumetric flask.
• Ferrous ammonium sulfate solution 0.5 (N): Dissolve 196.1 g of ferrous
ammonium sulfate in 800 ml of distilled water, add 20 ml of concentrated
H2 SO4 and dilute to 1000 ml in a volumetric flask.
• Diphenylamine indicator : Dissolve 0.5 g of diphenylamine in 20 ml of
distilled water and 100 ml of conc. H2SO4 .
• Concentrated H2SO4.
• Orthophosphoric Acid (85%)

APPARATUS:
• 500ml conical flask
• Weighing balance
• 10ml bulb type pipette
• 25 ml measuring cylinder
• 10ml measuring cylinder
• 50ml burette
• 100 ml volumetric flask.

Procedure:
• 0.5 g of soil in 500 ml conical flask was taken and 10 ml of 1.0
(N) K2Cr2O7 was taken to it, pour slowly 20 ml of conc. H2 SO4
and swirl the flask gently.
•The flask was kept in dark for half an hour.
• 250 ml of distilled water was added with 10 ml of orthophosphoric acid and a
pinch of sodium fluoride into the flask and the contents was allowed to cool.
•1.0 ml of diphenylamine indicator is added to the flask and titrated with
ferrous ammonium sulfate solution till the colour changes from blue to bottle
green.
• A blank titration was run simultaneously.
• The organic C content in the soil is calculated using the formula given below.

Calculation:
 • From the equation:
• 2Cr2O7 2- + 3C + 16H+ → 4Cr3+ + 8H2O + 3CO2↑
• 1 mL of 1 N Dichromate solution is equivalent to 3 mg of carbon.
• Where the quality and normality of the acid/dichromate mixture
used are as stated in the method, the percentage carbon is
determined from the following:

Where: N = Normality of K2Cr2O7 solution; T = Volume of Fe2SO4 used in

sample titration (mL) ; S = Volume of Fe2SO4 used in blank titration (mL);
ODW = Oven-dry sample weight (g)

TEST RESULT

TITRATION VALUE :-
SAMPLE FARMERS NAME READING

BLANK 23

SAMPLE No.1 Kartik Mudikora 21

SAMPLE No. 2 Ranjit Mudikora 21.5

SAMPLE No. 3 Swapan Rakshit 22.1

SAMPLE No. 4 Sudhir Bauri 19.5

SAMPLE No. 5 Bijay Bauri 20

 SAMPLE No. 6 Surajit Mudikora 19

• WEIGHT OF OVEN DRY SOIL SAMPLE =1g

• STRENGTH OF K2Cr2O7 =1(N)

OXIDISABLE ORGANIC CARBON (%):

SAMPLE No. FARMERS NAME ORGANIC CARBON

(%)
1 Kartik Mudikora 0.26

2 Ranjit Mudikora 0.195

3 Swapan Rakshit 0.11

4 Sudhir Bauri 0.45

5 Bijay Bauri 0.39

6 Surajit Mudikora 0.52

Rating of organic carbon:

LOW MEDIUM HIGH

< 0.5 0.5 - 0.75 >0.75

CONCLUSION:

Organic carbon % in red and lateritic region is very poor and the collected soil
samples from Kalpathar village prove it .The farming cultivation in this
village is very much problematic due to low % of organic carbon. So high
amount of organic manures or FYM should be applied.

PICTURES :
 Analysis Of Quality Of Irrigation Water

Introduction:-
Irrigation is a key factor in agriculture, so it is very much important to analysis
the quality of irrigation water so that we can be able to know that whether
good quality irrigation water is applying in the agricultural field or not. In
this case, the water testing in the laboratory is the only essential tool to
determine the effect of the irrigation water on the crops.
Objective :-
• To assess the quality of the irrigation water of the surveyed village.
• To determine the amount of different salts (Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+) present in
the irrigation water.
• To determine the amount of Carbonate (CO32_) and Bi-carbonate (HCO3-
) anions in the irrigation water.
• To suggest any recommendation, if required.

Steps of Water Analysis Programme:-

✓ The water samples from different sources like tube well, pond, shallow
was collected in the village.
✓ The quality parameters of the irrigation water were determined.
✓ The values of the quality parameters were calibrated and interpreted.
✓ Recommendations to ameliorate the problems of the water sample
collected from the village were made.

Water Quality Parameters :-

▪ pH
▪ EC (Electrical Conductivity)
▪ RSC (Residual Sodium Carbonate)
▪ SAR (Sodium Adsorption Ratio)

Water sampling techniques:-

❖ We collected water sample from 2 places i.e. tube well and pond.
❖ The tube well or hand pump was run for about 10 minutes to drain out the
water in the pump. The bottle was washed repeatedly with water before
taking the sample and about 500 ml of the sample was taken in it.
❖ A water sample from pond was also collected. We collected the sample
from at least 5-10 meters away from the boundaries.
❖ After collecting all the samples, the caps were placed on the bottles
tightly.
❖ Then the sample no and the name of the samples were written clearly by
marker pen on the bottles.
 ❖ The name of the crop to be grown, the texture of the soil to be irrigated,
previous experience about the effect of the water on soil surface etc. were
written on a sheet paper.
❖ All the water samples were brought to the laboratory for testing.
❖ This helps in making test reports and recommendations more fruitful.

➢ Determination of pH of the water sample

Methodology:
a) The water sample was taken in a 100ml beaker.
b) The pH meter was calibrated with 3 buffer solutions of pH 4.0 (Potassium
hydrogen phthalate), pH 7.0 (Ammonium acetate) and pH 9.2 (Sodium
pyroborate dehydrate). c) The pH of the water sample was observed with the
help of pH meter

Rating chart:-

pH of water sample Categories

<5.5 Acidic
5.5-6.5 Slightly acidic
6.5-7.5 Neutral
7.5-8.5 Slightly alkali
>8.5 Alkali
Results and Recommendations:-

Source of water pH of water Remarks Recommendation

sample sample

Tube well 7.2 The water has It can be safely

almost neutral used for irrigation
pH purposes.
Pond water 6.5 Neutral pH Safely used for
irrigation
purposes

➢ Determination of EC (Electrical Conductivity) of the water sample: Not

done for laboratory problem
➢ Determination of RSC (Residual Sodium Carbonate) of the water sample:
Not done for laboratory problem
 CROP PEST ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION:
In Diagnostic analysis of RAWE programme we have
studied different types of pests occur in the farmer’s field and about their
management practices done by the farmers under the study of ‘CROP
PEST ANALYSIS’ of KALPATHAR village .We tried to provide some
recommendations to the farmers for management of the pest occurrence in
their field.
The above study will be very much helpful for our future carrier
building and help to improve our self-confidence and professional skills.

PEST: Any organism that causes damage to crop plants, livestock , or any
kind of nuisance to human health and property.
Crop pests are important cause of reduction of agricultural productivity of
Kalpathar Village
OBJECTIVE-
1. To identify the existing pest species in the locality, and there nature of
damage.
2. To know about the management practice taken up by farmers against
the pests.
3. To access natural enemies present in the field and there influence on
pests.
4. To study the level of incidence and loss cause by the pests.
5. To provide recommendation to the farmer for proper management of
the pests .
FARMERS DETAILS-
 NAME OF THE FARMER: Baul Lohar
 ADDRESS: Vill : Kalpathar , P.O+P.S : Chhatna
panchayat : Ghosher Gram , Block: Chhatna
Dist. : Bankura
 LAND HOLDING: 40 Bigha
 CUCUMBER
 VARIETY: Basumati(H.Y)
 AREA UNDER CULTIVATION: 10 Katha (0.5 Bigha)
 FERTILIZER USED: 10-26-26(30 Kg/Bigha)
Gobar sar (2 Ton/Bigha)
 INTERCULTURE OPERATION: Hand weeding (15 DAS, 30 DAS),
Staking (30 DAS)
 SOURCE OF IRRIGATION: Well (using pump)
 FREQUENCY OF IRRIGATION: Immediate after sowing, Up to 45
DAS, Twice in a month (then according to need)

Pest complex
Name of the pest Growth Level of Nature& Natural Management
Stage at incidence Damage Enemy Farmer’s Recommendation
which pest symptom practice
occurs

Red Pumpkin Vegetative Very High Irregular Holes Preying Boxer 1. Early sowing.
Beetle in Leaf Mantid (Spinosad) 2.After Harvesting deep
(Aulacophora ploughing of infested
foveicolis) field
Family – 3.Chemical- Malathion
Chrysomelidae (2ml/L)Cypermethrin
Order –Coleoptera (5ml/L)

Blue Beetle Vegetative Moderate Irregular Holes Preying Boxer 1. Clean Cultivation
(Awlacophora in Leaf. Mantid 2. Chemical –Malathion
lewisi) (2ml/L),Fenvalerate
Family - Cypermethrin (5ml/L)
Chrysomelidae
Order – Coleoptera

Leaf Miner Vegetative Low Serpentine Dragonfly, Acephate 1. Trap Crop -Marigold
(Liriomyza trifolii) Mines on Damselfly (100 gm/ 2.Chemical-Indoxacarb
Family – leaves. Bigha) (1ml/L)
Agromyzidae
Order – Diptera
PESTS OF CUCUMBER……

Pumpkin Beetle(Aulacophora foveicolis) Damage caused by Pumpkin Beetle

Blue Beetle (Aulacophora lewisi) Leaf Miner(Liriomyza trifolii)

 BRINJAL
 Variety – Unknown
 Area – 8 Katha (0.4 Bigha)
 Fertilizer – 10:26:26 (30 Kg /Bigha), FYM (3-4 Kg /Bigha)
 Intercultural Operation – Hand Weeding ( 15 DAS, 45 DAS).
 Irrigation source – Well
 Frequency – Immediate after transplanting ,up to 60 DAT , Twice in a
month – Then according to need

Pest Complex

Name of the Growth Level of Nature & Natural Management

pest Stage at incidence damage Enemy Farmers Recommendation
which symptom Practice
pest
occurs

Leaf Folder/ Vegetative Moderate Upward Rove Beetle Monosil 1. Spray application of B.t
Roller curling of (Paederus (Monocro var.kursataki @1Kg/ha
(Eublemma leaves,Leaf fuscipes) Tophos) . 2. Chemical-Cypermethrin(5ml/L)
olivacea) remain Cartap hydrochloride(2g/L)
F – Noctuidae small,shows
Order - mosaic
Lepidoptera pattern.

Hadda Beetle Vegetative Low Scrap upper Preying Boxer 1. Collection & Destruction of infested
(Henosepilachna epidermis of Mantid 2.leaves along with insect.
vigintioctopunctata leaves. 3.CHEMICAL-Cypermethrin (5ml/L)
Family – Profenofos(2ml/L)
Coccinellidae
Order –
Lepidoptera

Brinjal Leaf Vegetative Low Rosette Coccinella Acephate 1. Seed Treatment with Imidacloprid
Hopper Appearance, transversalis (5g/Kg of seed)
(Hishimonas Vector- 2. Entomo – Pathogenic Fungus
phycitis) Little leaf of – (Beauveria bassiana)
Family – brinjal 3. Chemical-Imidacloprid (0.3ml/L)
Cicadellidae
Order – Hemiptera

Mealybug Vegetative Moderate Stunted C. Acephate . 1.NSKE 5%

(Phenacoccus Growth, transversalis 2. Cryptolaemus montrouzieri
solenopsis) Honey Dew 3.Chemical- Malathion(2ml/L)
F- Pseudococcidae Secretion
O-Hemiptera
PESTS OF BRINJAL…….

Leaf folder Damage Symptom Hadda Beetle

Eublemma olivacea) ( Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata)

Rosette appearance Brinjal leaf hopper nymph Mealybug

(Phenacoccus solenopsis)
 TOMATO
 Variety – INDAM – 14301, PRIYA, JK
 Area – 8 Katha (0.4 Bigha)
 Fertilizer – Urea (15 – 20 Kg/ Bigha), FYM (3-4 Kg/ Bigha)
 Intercultural Operation – Hand Weeding (20 DAT, 35 DAT),
staking (35 DAT)
 Irrigation Source – Well
 Frequency – Immediate after transplanting, Up to 35 DAT,
twice in a month then according to need.

Pest Complex
Name of the Growth Level of Nature& Damage Natural Enemy Management
Pest Stage at incidence symptom Farmer’s Recommendation
which pest practice
occurs

Whitefly Vegetative Moderate Downward curling Coccinella Acephate, 1. Avoid cultivation of

(Bemisia of leaves transversalis Laser Super alternate host– Brinjal,Bhindi
tabaci) ,Vector of (Acephate+ 2.Judicious fertilizer &
F– Leaf Curl Virus Imidacloprid) irrigation management
Aleyrodidae 3.Yellow sticky trap
Order – 4.Chemical-
Hemiptera Imidacloprid
(.3ml/L)Thiamethoxam(.2g/L)

Mealybug Vegetative Moderate Honey Dew Coccinella Acephate 1. NSKE (5%)

(Phenacoccus secretion, Sooty transversalis 2. Cryptolaemus montrouzieri
solenopsis Mould. 3.Chemical.-
F– Malathion (2 ml/ L)
Pseudococcidae
Order –
Hemiptera

Leaf Miner Vegetative Low Serpentine Mines Wolf Spider Acephate 1. Trap crop – Marigold
(Liriomyza (Lycosa 2.Chemical –
trifolii) pseudoannulata) Indoxacarb (1 ml/L)
F– Thiamethoxam(2g/L)
Agromyzidae
Order – Diptera
 CAULIFLOWER

 Variety – Minar Poushali, LAL SHIT

 Area – 15 Katha (0.75 Bigha)
 Fertilizer – 10 : 26 : 26 (30 Kg/ Bigha) Gobar Sar (2 Ton/Bigha)
 Intercultural Operation – Hand Weeding(15 DAT, 30 DAT),
Earthing up (20 DAT)
 Irrigation Source – Well
 Frequency – Immediate after transplanting , at 20 DAT, 45 DAT.
 PEST COMPLEX:
Name of the Growth Stage Level of Nature & Natural Enemy Management
Pest at which pest incidence damage Farmer’s Recommendation
occurs symptoms Practice

Cabbage Vegetative Low Larvae feeds Preying Mantid Monosil 1. Hand Picking,Mechanical
Butterfly gregariously (Mantis destruction of caterpillar
(Pieris on leaves. religiosa),Ground
Brassicae) beetle 2.Chemical-
Family – (Inthia sexguttata) Cypermethrin
Pieriidae (1ml/L)Indoxacarb(0.5ml/L)
Order -
Lepidoptera

Diamond Back Vegetative Moderate Bite holes on Preying Mantid Acephate, 1. Trap Crop-Bold
Moth leaves. (Mantis religiosa), Monosil seeded Mustard
(Plutella Sracp upper Ground beetle 2. B.t var.
xylostella) epidermis (Inthia sexguttata) kurstaki@1Kg/ha
Family – and papery 3.Chemical-
Plutellidae appearance. Cypermethrin@
Order – (30g a.i./ha)Deltamethrin@
Lepidoptera ( 10 g a.i./ha)

Tobacco Vegetative Low Irregular Ground Beetle, Acephate 1. Trap Crop – Castor
caterpillar bore holes on (Inthia sexguttata) 2. Chemical-
(Spodoptera leaves. Preying mantid Novaluron(1L/ha)
litura) (Mantis religiosa) Spinosad(0.3ml/L)
Family –
Noctidae
Order –
Lepidoptera

Cabbage green Vegetative Low Feed Ground Acephate 1.Chemical- Spinosad

Semi-looper gregariously Beetle(Inthia (0.3ml/L)
(Tricoplusia ni) on leaves. sexguttata), Indoxacarb(0.5ml/L)
Family – Preying mantid
Noctuidae (Mantis religiosa)
Order –
Lepidoptera

Flea Beetle Vegetative High Irregular Preying Mantid BOXER Chemical- Malathion
(Monolepta small holes (Mantis religosa) (2ml/L)
signata) on leaves. Cypermethrin(5ml/L
F–
Chrysomelidae
Order –
Coleoptera

Aphid Vegetative Moderate Honey dew Coccinella Monosil 1.Border crop-Coriander

(Brevicorne secretion, transversalis 2.Yellow sticky trap
brassicae) , Sooty mould. 3Chemical-
(Myzus persicae) Imidacloprid(.3ml/L)
Aphididae,Hemi
ptera
 PESTS OF CAULIFLOWER………

Egg-mass of Tobacco Caterpiller Larvae of Diamond Cabbage Green Semi

Back moth

Flea Beetle Winged form of aphid Aphid(Brevicorne brassicae)

(Monolepta signata)
 BEANS

 Var – Unknown ( Desi variety)

 Area – 6 Katha (0.3 Bigha)
 Fertilizer – Urea ( 15 – 20 Kg/ Bigha), FYM – ( 3-4 Kg/ Bigha)
 I.O – Hand Weeding (15 DAS), staking(30 DAS)
 Irrigation source – Well
 Frequency – Immediate after sowing, 30, 45, 60 DAS.
 Pest Complex

Name of the Growth Stage Level of Nature & Natural Enemy Management
pest at which pest incidence Damage Farmer’s Recommendation
occurs symptom Practice

Blue Reproductive Low Bore inside Preying Mantid Acephate 1Avoid Dense planting
Butterfly Flower Bud, (Mantis 2 Remove and destroy
(Euchrysops green pod. religiosa) infested pods
cnejus) 3.Ccemical-Spinosad
F– 45SC(0.3ml/L)
Lycaenidae ,Indoxacarb 14.5 SC
O– (0.5ml/L)
Lepidoptera

Plume Moth Reproductive Low Bore holes on Preying Mantid Acephate 1.Light trap
(Exelastis flower bud, 2.Crop rotation with
atomosa) Tender pod. non-host crop
F– 3.Chemical-
Pterophoridae Spinosad, Indoxacarb
O–
Lepidoptera

Bean Aphid Vegetative Very High Black sooty Coccinella Monosil 1.Yellow sticky trap
(Aphis &Reproductive Mould transversalis 2.Trap Crop – Marigold
cracivora) Formation. 3.Chemical-
F-Aphididae Acephate
O-Hemiptera (1.5g/L)Imidacloprid
(0.3ml/L)

Pod Bug Reproductive Moderate Shrivelling, Preying Mantid Acephate 1.Removal of alternate
(Clavigralla Drying of pods. weed host,2.NSKE 5%
gibbosa) 3.Chemical-Malathion
Family – ( 2ml/L),Cypermethrin
Coreidae ( 5ml/L)
Order –
Hemiptera
PESTS OF BEANS....

BEAN APHID/JAB POKA

(Aphis cracivora)

POD BUG
(Clavigralla gibbosa)
 ARHAR

 VARIETY-Unknown (Desi Variety)

 AREA- 5 Katha(0.25 Bigha)
 FERTILIZER-Urea(15-20 Kg/Bigha),Gobar Sar(2 Ton/Bigha)
 INTERCULTURE OPERATION-Hand Weeding(15 DAS, 30
DAS),Earthing UP(30 DAS)
 IRRIGATION SOURCE- Well(using pump)
 IRRIGATION FREQUENCY- Immediately after sowing, Pre -
flowering Stage, Pod Development Stage
PEST COMPLEX
Name of the Growth Level Nature & Natural MANAGEMENT
pest Stage Of Damage Enemy Field Recommendation
Incidence Symptom Practice

COWBUG Vege- Very Wilting, Preying Mantid Acephate Use Malathion(2ml/L),

(Oxyrachis tative high Reduction of Cypermethrin(5ml/L)
tarandus) plant vigour.
F-
Membracidae
O-Hemiptera

REDGRAM Vege- Very high Rolling of Dragonfly, Monosil B.t. var kurstaki @
LEAF tative leaves along Damselfly 1 Kg/ha
WEBBER the margin, CHEMICAL-
(Grapholita Web spines Cypermethrin (5ml/L),
critica) along the Roll Cartap hydrochloride
F-Tortricidae and scrapping (2 g/L)
O- of upper
Lepidoptera epidermis,
Faecal matter
present inside
roll.
PESTS OF ARHAR….

COWBUG REDGRAM LEAF WEBBER

(Oxyrachis tarandus) (Grapholita critica)

SOME NATURAL ENEMIES FOUND IN THE FIELD……..

Coccinella transversalis Coccinella grub DAMSELFLY

SPIDER WOLF SPIDER

(Lycosa pseudoannulata)

ROVE BEETLE SYRPHID FLY LARVAE EXUVIA

(Paederus fuscipes)
POLLINATOR FOUND IN THE FIELD……

FLOWER BEE
CONCLUSION-
 Pest infestation causes a huge loss in agricultural productivity in
KALPATAHR village as farmers are maximum not skilled and unaware
about proper management practice in appropriate time.
 Farmers use only some usual chemical insecticide , they are completely
unaware about use of bio-pesticides ,bio-control agents and IPM practice.
 They are not at all concern about environmental safety issues.
 Population maximum below poverty level is also a cause of not showing
any eager for using improved management practices.
 PATHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF THE CROP
Plant Pathology is the study of causes of suffering plants and their
managements. We observed the different pathological problems
occurs in different crops in our RAWE study and recommended
affective measures to control the problems. We have mainly taken the
symptoms of the effected crops by eye observations and recommend
them preventive measures as early as possible by the help of clinical
diagnostic method.
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
➢ To identify the major plant diseases, present in our study area.
➢ To know the management practices adapted by the farmers of
the area.
➢ To find out the knowledge gap if any between the scientific
management practices and the practices adopted by the farmers.
To help the farmers to manage the plant diseases effectively
causing severe loss to their crops
METHODOLOGY
• The study was carried out in certain steps. The steps are as
follows:
➢ Selection of plot.
➢ Sampling.
➢ Calculation of disease incidence and percent disease infection.
➢ Finding out the management practices adopted by farmers.
➢ Finding the knowledge gap out.
➢ Recommendation of management practices if needed.
SAMPLING PATTERN FOR CALCULATING PERCENT
DISEASE INFESTATION
• Sampling from the field is done in a zigzag manner. We have
taken four sampling from near the four corners keeping some
distance from the edges of the plot and one sampling from the
middle of the field to minimize error in sampling and
eliminating any kind of biasness.

RATE CHART USED FOR CALCULATION OF PERCENT

DISEASE INFESTATION:
Rating Score Disease Incidence

0 No incidence
1 1-5% leaf area affected
2 6-20% leaf area affected
3 21-50% leaf area affected
4 >50% leaf area affected

Disease incidence:
(No of Plants Infected/No of Plant Observed) × 100
Disease severity =
Sum of all numerical ratings × 100
Total No of Rating × Maximum Score
DISEASE ANALYSIS
CROP: BRINJAL
Local name: Unknown
Causal organism: Exobasidium vexans
Common Name: Phomopsis Blight
Symptoms: 1. On leaves small circular spot appears with irregular
blackish margin.
2. Lesion also develops on petiole, stem, blighting affecting portions.
3. On Fruits disease appear as sunken & dusky spot which later merge
to form rotten.
Disease severity: 35.43%
Disease incidence: 23.7%
Source of cultivated seed: Market (Desi variety)

Phomopsis Blight of Brinjal

CROP: TOMATO
Local name: Navi Dhosa
Common Name: Late Blight of Tomato
Causal organism: Phytophthora infestans
Symptoms: 1. First symptom appear as water soaked light brown
lesion on leaf blade.
2. Characteristic with concentric ring with whitish growth of fungus
can be seen on the lower surface of the leaves.
3. The fungus also infects the fruit & detoriate
✓ Disease severity: 47.89%
✓ Disease incidence: 29.78%
✓ Source of cultivated Seed: Market( PRIYA,JK)

Late Blight of Tomato

Bacterial Wilt of Tomato

✓ Local name: N.A
✓ Common Name: Bacterial Wilt of Tomato
✓ Causal organism: Ralstonia solanacearum
✓ Symptoms: 1. Rapid Wilting without yellowing of the leaves
2. Stems infected by wilting towards the ground(Vascular
bundle destroyed)
3. On later stage, Brown discoloration will appear
✓ Disease severity: 45.28%
✓ Disease incidence: 27.66%

✓ Source of cultivated Seed: Market(PRIYA,JK)

Bacterial Wilt of Tomato

Tomato leaf curl virus
✓ Local name: N.A
✓ Common Name: Tomato leaf curl virus
✓ Causal organism: Tomato leaf curl virus
(Begomovirus)
✓ Vector: Whitefly
✓ Symptom :1. Upward curling of leaves
2. Necrotic leaf spot
 3. Crinkling of the leaves
✓ Symptoms: 1. Ring Spot on petioles or stems
2. Necrotic leaf spot
3. Crinkling of the leaves
✓ Disease severity: 44.36%
✓ Disease incidence: 23.59%
✓ Source of cultivated Seed: PRIYA, JK

Tomato leaf curl virus

 CROP:RICE
✓ Local name: Lakhir Goo
✓ Common Name: False Smut
✓ Causal organism: Ustilagonoidea virescens
Symptoms: 1. Individual rice grain transformed into a mass of yellow
fruiting bodies
2.growth of velvety spores that enclosed floral parts
3.The smut ball appears first in small size then grows up
4.It is seen between the hulls and encloses the floral parts
✓ Disease severity: 52.89%
✓ Disease incidence: 49.32%
✓ Source of cultivated Seed: Lalat, Swarna

False Smut of Rice

CROP: CUCUMBER
✓ Local Name: Unknown
✓ Common Name: Downy Mildew of Cucumber
✓ Causal Organism: Pseudoperonospora cubensis
✓ Symptoms: 1.The spots are yellow angular .
2. On the lower side of the leaves Downey
pustules growth appears, the entire leaves quickly die.
✓ Disease Severity: 63.55%
✓ Disease Incidence: 40.43%

✓ Source of cultivated seed:,Market( Local)

Downy Mildew of Cucumber

CROP: MUSTARD
✓ Local Name: Leaf Spot
✓ Common Name: Alternaria blight of Mustard
✓ Causal Organism: Alternaria brassicicola
✓ Symptoms: Spots appeared as black colour and big in size with
concentric ring(Target board effect)
✓ Disease Severity: 53.85%
✓ Disease Incidence: 47.26%
✓ Source of cultivated seed: Local

Alternaria blight of Mustard

CONCLUSION:
➢ A proper systemic frame work is needed for building a proper
disease management programme to increase the yield towards
the optimum level.
➢ Clean cultivation, use of plant protection chemicals, relevant bio
control agent should be applied as a complete integrated disease
management programme.
➢ The attitude of the farmers towards the scientific agriculture is a
key factor for the implying proper disease control techniques.
➢ So as to conclude we can see that with very limited indigenous
technical knowledge, farmers of this village are unable to
control the disease severity. But with increased Govt. support &
technical help these problems can be easily eradicate
completely.
 WEED SCIENCE

CONCEPT OF WEED:
The term WEED derived from German word WEYT,
Dutch word WEET &WEED,
Belgian word WEEDT.
▪ TULL(1731) used the term WEED for unwanted plant (HORSE
HOEING HUSBANDRY).
▪ “A PLANT GROWING WHERE IT IS NOT DESIRED” -
WSSA(1956).
▪ “WEED ARE THE PLANTS WHERE THEY ARE NOT
WANTED”-Blatchely (1912).

▪ Weed is a plant out of place and out of time.

Problems of weed

• Reduction the crop yield.

• Reduced the quality of animal products.
• Harbouring the insect pest, pathogen.
• Increase cost if cultivation.
• Limited choice of crop.
• Health hazards for man.
Beneficial aspect of weed:

• Food for human.

• Feed and fodder for animal.
• Prevention of soil erosion.
• Green manuring, composting, mulching.
• Indicators of nutrient deficiency.
• Medicinal value.
• Nitrogen fixation.
1.Identification of weed flora
weed Botanical Family Morphology Associate Picture
name cropbermunda

BERMUDA Cynodon poaceae 1. Stems are Rice, wheat, maize,

GRASS erect, mustard, sorghum
dactylon slightly
flattened.
etc.

2. It has
fibrous root
system.

3. Reproduce
through
rhizome.

MANAGEMENT

➢ FARMER’S PRACTICES:
APPLY GLYPHOSATE, PARAQUAT,DIQUAT

➢ OUR INTERVENTION

CULTURAL PHYSICAL CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL

CROP HAND HOEING CLADIFOP PROPARGYL NIL

ROTATION
TILLAGE DICLOFOP P METHYL(@1kg a.i./ha)
ALTER TIME
HAND WEEDING DIQUAT
OF
SOWING MULCHING PARAQUAT(before crop sowing in fallow
OF CROP land)

DALAPON(@0.5kga.i./ha)
 2.
weed Botanical Family Morphology Associate Picture
name crop

Annual Cyperus CYPERACE 1. Stems are Rice.

nutsedge AE erect,
iria triangular.

2. It has
fibrous root
system.

3. Reproduce
through
seed.

Management:

Farmers practices: Apply glyphosate only.

Our intervention:
CULTURAL PHYSICAL CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL

✓ CROP ✓ HAND HOEING ✓ CLADIFOP PROPARGYL ✓ APPLICATION OF

ROTATION Bactra verunata.
✓ TILLAGE ✓ DICLOFOP METHYL
✓ MAINTAIN ✓ APPLY DR. BIO
✓ HAND ✓ DIQUAT
PROPER SEDGE(MYCO
WEEDING
PLANT ✓ PARAQUAT HERBICIDE)
POPULATION ✓ MULCHING
✓ EPTC
✓ REMOVE ✓ MOWING OR
WEED FROM ✓ METRIBUZIN
CUTTING
THE FIELD
BUND

✓ COVER CROP
CULTIVATION

3.
weed Botanical Family Morphology Associate crop Picture
name
CROTON Croton Asteracae 1.HERB, CABBAGE,
2.WOODY CAULIFLOWER,
bonplandi WELL
BRINJAL,
anum BRANCH
ED TOMATO
STEM.
3.OVATE
LANCEOL
ATE
LEAVES.
4. DEEP
ROOT
SYSTEM.

Management:
Farmers practices: they does not take any management practices to control this
weed.
 Our intervention:

CULTURAL PHYSICAL CHEMICAL BIOLOGI

CAL

✓ CROP ✓ HAND ✓ GLYPHOSATE NIL

ROTATION HOEING ✓ 2,4-D
✓ MAINTAIN ✓ TILLAGE ✓ FLUCHLORALIN
PROPER ✓ HAND ✓ PENDIMETHALIN
PLANT WEEDING
POPULATION (15 DAS)
✓ REMOVE ✓ MULCHING
WEED FROM ✓ PERIDICAL
THE FIELD CUTTING
BUND FROM THE
BASE
✓ SUMMER
PLOUGHING
weed Botanical Family Morphology Associate crop Picture
name
NOTESHA Amaranth AMARAN ▪ ERECT CABBAGE,
THACEAE ANNUAL
K us viridis HERB CAULIFLOWER,
▪ STEM 6- TOMATO,
100CM POTATO,
TALL
▪ GLABRO PUMPKIN,
US OR BRINJAL
PUBESC
ENT
LEAF
▪ GREEN
FLOWER
▪ DEEP
ROOT
SYSTEM

Management:

Farmers practices: 1. APPLCATION OF PARAQUAT BEFORE SOWING OF

CROP.

Our intervention:
 cultural PHYSICAL CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL

✓ CROP ✓ HAND HOEING ✓ GLYPHOSATE NIL

ROTATION ✓ TILLAGE ✓ 2,4-D
✓ MAINTAIN ✓ HAND ✓ FLUCHLORALIN
PROPER WEEDING(at ✓ PENDIMETHALIN
PLANT 15 and 30 ✓ OXYFLUORFEN
POPULATION DAS)
✓ REMOVE ✓ MULCHING
WEED FROM ✓ MOWING OR
THE FIELD CUTTING
BUND ✓ SUMMER
✓ MAINTAIN PLOUGHING
HIGH DOSE ✓ STALE SEED
OF K & P2O5 BED
.

WEED BOTANICAL FAMILY MORPHOLOGY ASSOCIATE PICTURE

NAME CROP

BON Ludwigia ONAGRACEAE ▪ STOUT MUSTARD,

LABONGO parviflora SUCCULENT Brinjal
HERB Tomato
UPTO 3M Rice
TALL Maize
▪ WELL
BRANCHED
STEM,
WOODY IN
NATURE
▪ LNCEOLATE
OR
BROADLY
ELLIPTICAL
▪ YELLOW
COLOUR
FLOWER
▪ CLOVE LIKE
FRUIT

MANAGEMENT
Farmer’s practice: Application of paraquate before sowing of the crop

OUR INTERVENTION
CULTURAL PHYSICAL CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL

✓ CROP ROTATION ✓ HAND ✓ GLYPHOSATE Altica cyanea (steel

HOEING blue beetle)
✓ MAINTAIN ✓ 2,4-D
PROPER PLANT ✓ TILLAGE
✓ FLUCHLORALIN
POPULATION
✓ HAND
✓ PENDIMETHALIN
✓ REMOVE WEED WEEDING
FROM THE FIELD ✓ OXYFLUORFEN
✓ MULCHING
BUND
✓ MOWING OR
✓ COVER CROP
CUTTING
CULTIVATION
✓ SUMMER
PLOUGHING

6.

WEED BOTANICAL FAMILY MORPHOLOGY ASSOCIATE PICTURE

NAME CROP

CHHAYA Arva ASTERACEAE ✓ Short Brinjal,

lanata herb Tomato,
✓ Well Cauliflower,
branched Cabbage,
✓ Annual Pea
in nature
✓ Having
deep
root
system
✓ White
colour
flower
cluster.
 MANAGEMENT
Farmers practices: Apply only Paraquat before the sowing of the crop.
Remove the weed from the field bund.
Periodical cutting also done.
OUR INTERVENTION

CULTURAL PHYSICAL CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL

✓ CROP ✓ HAND ✓ ALACHLOR NIL

ROTATION HOEING ✓ 2,4-D
✓ MAINTAIN ✓ MOWING ✓ FLUCHLORALIN(@1kg
PROPER ✓ HAND a.i./ha.)
PLANT WEEDING ✓ DNOC
POPULATION ✓ MULCHING ✓ OXYFLUORFEN
✓ AVOID HIGH ✓ CUTTING
DOSE OF ✓ SUMMER
FERTILIZER PLOUGHING
✓ CLEAN SEED
SHOULD BE
SOWN.
7.
WEED BOTANICAL FAMILY MORPHOLOGY ASSOCIATE PICTURE
NAME CROP

CROW Dactyloctenium POACEAE o ANNUAL RICE,

FOOT ageyptium GRASS WHEAT,
GRASS o STEM OAT,
SLENDER MAIZE,
, SORGHUM,
HOLLOW, JUTE,
SOLID AT SESAME
NODE
PORTION
ONLY
o CLUSTER
FLOWER
AT
APICALL
PORTION,
JUST LIKE
CROW
FOOT
o FIBROUS
ROOT
SYSTEM
o VERY
SIMILAR
TO RICE
AT
SEEDLING
STAGE

MANAGEMENT:
FARMER’S PRACTICES:
• APPLY GLYPHOSATE.
• HAND WEEDING.
• WEEDING BY CONOWEEDER IN RICE FIELD.
 OUR INTEERVENTION:

CULTURAL PHYSICAL CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL

✓ CROP ✓ USE KONO ✓ GLYPHOSATE NIL

ROTATION WEEDER IN ✓ DICLOFOP
✓ MAINTAIN RICE FIELD ✓ ISOPROTURON
PROPER ✓ TILLAGE ✓ CLADINOFOP
PLANT ✓ HAND PROPARGYL
POPULATION WEEDING(at ✓ BUTACHLOR
✓ REMOVE 20-25 DAS) ✓ PROPANIL
WEED FROM ✓ MULCHING ✓ ALACHLOR
THE FIELD ✓ SUMMER (@1kg a.i./ha.)
BUND PLOUGHING
✓ HIGH DOSE
OF N
FERTILIZER

8.
WEED BOTANIC FAMILY MORPHOLOGY ASSOCIATE PICTURE
AL NAME CROP

HAZAR Phylanthu PHYLANTHACEA ▪ ANNUAL TOMATO,

DANA s niruri E HERBH BRINJAL,
▪ BROD CABBAGE,
LEAVES GRAM, PEA
PLANT
▪ HAVING
DEEP
ROOT
SYSTEM
▪ SEEDS ARE
SMALL
▪ PLENTY OF
SEEDS ARE
PRODUCE
D IN
SEASON

MANAGEMENT:
FARMER’S PRACTICE:
• HAND WEEDING AT 20 DAS.
• APPLICATION OF PARAQUAT ONLY.
OUR INTEREVENTION:
CULTURAL PHYSICAL CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL

✓ CROP ROTATION ✓ HAND ✓ GLYPHOSATE NIL

✓ MAINTAIN WEEDING ✓ 2,4-D
PROPER PLANT ✓ MULCHING ✓ ATRAZIONE
POPULATION ✓ MOWING OR ✓ FLUCHLORALIN
✓ REMOVE WEED CUTTING ✓ PENDIMETHALIN
FROM THE FIELD ✓ SUMMER ✓ OXYFLUORFEN
BUND PLOUGHING
✓ COVER CROP
CULTIVATION

9 .Identification of weed flora

WEED BOTANICAL FAMILY MORPHOLOGY ASSOCIATE PICTURE

NAME CROP

DHOLA Commelina POACEAE ✓ ANNUAL RICE,

SHAK benghalensis GRASS SORGHUM,
✓ BROAD SESAME,
LEAVES BRINJAL,
WEED TOMATO,
✓ SUCCULENT PUMPKIN
HOLLOW
STEM
✓ FIBROUS
ROOT
SYSTEM

MANAGEMENT:
FARMER’S PRACTICE: HAND WEEDING AT 20 -25 DAS
APPLY PARAQUAT BEFORE SOWING OF CROP
 OUR INERVENTION :

CULTURAL PHYSICAL CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL

✓ CROP ✓ HAND ✓ GLYPHOSATE NIL

ROTATION HOEING ✓ ISOPROTURON
✓ MAINTAIN ✓ HAND ✓ PROPANIL(@1kga.i./ha.)
PROPER WEEDING ✓ BUTACHLOR
PLANT ✓ MULCHING ✓ DICLOFOP P ETHYL
POPULATION ✓ MOWING
✓ REMOVE OR CUTTING
WEED FROM ✓ SUMMER
THE FIELD PLOUGHING
BUND
✓ HIGFH DOSE
OF N
FERTILIZER
✓ MAITAIN
PROPER
DEPTH OF
WATER IN
RICE FIELD

10.Identification of weed flora

WEED BOTANICAL FAMILY MORPHOLOGY ASSOCIATE PICTURE

NAME CROP

CHIRCHITA Achyranthus ASTERACEAE ▪ HERBACIOUS IN MAINLY

aspera NATURE NON
▪ NOT MORE CROPED
THAN 1M TALL SITUATION
▪ TERMINAL
INFLORESCENCE
▪ BROAD LEAVES
WEED
▪ DEEP ROOT
SYSTEM
▪ PROPAGATED
THROUGH SEED

MANAGEMENT:
FARMER’S PRACTICE: ONLY CUT THE WEED
OUR INTERVENTION:
CULTURAL PHYSICAL CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL

✓ REMOVE WEED ✓ BURNING ✓ GLYPHOSATE NIL

FROM THE FIELD THE WEED ✓ PARAQUAT
BUND ✓ MOWING OR ✓ DIQUAT
CUTTING
✓ SUMMER
PLOUGHING

11.Identification of weed flora

WEED BOTANICAL FAMILY MORPHOLOGY ASSOCIATE PICTURE

NAME CROP
GALINSOGA Galinsoga ASTERACEAE • ANNUAL CABBAGE
parviflora BROAD CORIANDER
LEAF CAULIFLOWER
HERB TOMATO
• YELLOW MUSTARD
COLOUR
FLOWER
• DEEP
ROOT
SYSTEM

MANAGEMENT:
FARMER’S PRACTICE:
▪ HAND WEEDING

▪ APPLICATION OF GLYPHOSATE BEFORE SOWING OF THE CROP.

OUR INTERVENTION:

CULTURAL PHYSICAL CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL

✓ CROP ROTATION ✓ HAND HOEING ✓ GLYPHOSATE NIL

✓ MAINTAIN ✓ TILLAGE ✓ 2,4-D
PROPER PLANT ✓ HAND ✓ FLUCHLORALIN
POPULATION WEEDING ✓ PENDIMETHALIN
✓ MULCHING ✓ OXYFLUORFEN
 ✓ REMOVE WEED ✓ MOWING OR
FROM THE FIELD CUTTING
BUND ✓ SUMMER
✓ COVER CROP PLOUGHING
CULTIVATION

12.Identification of weed flora

WEED BOTANICAL FAMILY MORPHOLOGY ASSOCIATE

NAME CROP PICTURE
GOAT Ageratum ASTERACEAE ✓ ERECT, RADISH
WEED
conyzoids OFTEN BRINJAL
BRANCHED POTATO
ANNUAL TOMATO
HERB ARHAR
✓ BROADLY MUNG
OVATE LEAF
✓ WHITE
FLOWER
✓ DEEP ROOT
SYSTEM
✓ PROPAGATRD
THROUGH
SEED

MANAGEMENT:

FARMER’S PRACTICE:

▪ Application of paraquat before sowing of crop

▪ Hand weeding

OUR INTERVENTION:

CULTURAL PHYSICAL CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL

✓ CROP ✓ HAND ✓ GLYPHOSATE NIL

ROTATION HOEING ✓ 2,4-D
✓ MAINTAIN ✓ TILLAGE ✓ FLUCHLORALIN
PROPER ✓ HAND ✓ PENDIMETHALIN
WEEDING ✓ OXYFLUORFEN
 PLANT ✓ MULCHING
POPULATION ✓ MOWING OR
✓ REMOVE CUTTING
WEED FROM ✓ SUMMER
THE FIELD PLOUGHING
BUND
✓ COVER CROP
CULTIVATION

13.Identification of weed flora:

WEED BOTANICAL FAMILY MORPHOLOGY ASSOCIATE PICTURE

NAME CROP

False Eclipta alba Asteraceae ✓ ANNUAL HERB NON CROP

daisy ✓ MUCH SITUATION
(keshut) BRANCHED,
SLENDER,
REDDISH STEM
✓ LANCEOLATE
LEAF
✓ DEEP ROOT
SYSTEM
✓ WHITE FLOWER

MANAGEMENT:

FARMER’S PRACTICE: APPLY ONLY PARAQUAT BEFORE SOWING OF CROP

OUR INTERVENTION:

CULTURAL PHYSICAL CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL

 ✓ REMOVE ✓ TILLAG ✓ GLYPHOSATE NIL
WEED ✓ MULCHING ✓ ANILIFOS
FROM ✓ MOWING OR ✓ PARAQUAT
THE CUTTING ✓ DIQUAT
FIELD ✓ SUMMER
BUND PLOUGHING

CONCLUSION OF WEED IDENTIFICATION:

➢ In broad sense weed mainly harmful to both human and crop, reduces the quality of
grain, extent loss of nutrient and also yield of crop from the field occur. They harbor
insect, pest, pathogen and parasite.
➢ On the other hand it has also some beneficial use like it is used as medicinal purpose,
also used as mulching material, feeds for livestock, ritual purpose, repelling pest,
attracting beneficial insect.
➢ So we can use weed with judicial and proper management in proper way without
affecting the crop and human being.
➢ For controlling the weed should be applied integrated system, because only one
method cannot control the we
➢ ed below threshold level.

• PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF WEED FOR WEED INDICES

The aspect of ecology which underlines the description, distribution, and

classification of weed community is called phytosociology of weed.
 OBJECTIVE:
1. To gather information about species wise distribution of weed in a given area.
2. Comparison of weed in crop weed ecosystem.
• Method: quadrat method (1m2 area).

Phytosociological studies of weed for weed indices in mustard

NAME OF WEED NUMBER

Argemone mexicana 30

Cynodon dactylon 300

Portulaca oleracea 5

Ageratum conyzoids 4

TOTAL 339

WEED INDICES

▪ Weed indices are use to study the effect of weed on crop.

▪ The common indices are
▪ Weed infestation
▪ Weed index
▪ Weed control efficiency
▪ Smothering efficiency

OBJECTIVE OF WEED INDICES

❑ To study the weed and crop response to weed control treatment

❑ To study the efficiency of herbicide
❑ To determine the efficiency of intercropping system in suppression of weed

Weed index
• It refers to the reduction in crop yield due to the presence of weed in comparison to
weed free plot.
• Weed index = (y1-y2)/y1

Y1= yield from weed free (hand weeded) plot

y2= yield from treated plot
• It is represent percentage (%) wise

Yield of mustard in weed free (hand weeded) plot is 2 q

Yield of mustard in herbicide treated plot is 1.5 q
Weed index = (2-1.5)/2× 100% = 25%

Conclusion of weed index

• Here, the weed index is 25%, it means that farmers get 25% more yield in weed free
plot than treated plot in the same amount of land.
• Generally, yield of weed free plot greater than that of treated plot (but in some cases
like atrazine or simazine yield of treated plot is higher than weed free plot, in this case
were index is negative.
STUDY ON FARMING SYSTEM

➢ Farming system:

Farming system refers to an ordered combination of crops

grown, livestock produced, husbandry methods and cultural
practices followed.

It is a mix of farm enterprises to which farm families allocate

its resources in order to efficiently utilize the existing
enterprises for increasing the productivity and profitability of
the farm. These farm enterprises are crop, livestock,
aquaculture, agro-forestry and agri-horticulture
(Sharma et al 1991).

➢ Research methodology:
 • Study area: Kalpathar village in Chhatna block of
Bankura district, West Bengal.
• Selection of farmers: Random basis, truly representing
the whole village.
• Data collection: Field visit and interview of the farmers
based on prestructured questionnaire.

➢ Objective of study:
1. Main Objective of farming system is to bring the poor
farmers over poverty level.
2. Efficient use of different farming components.
3. Sustainable production.
4. Balancing the bio-diversity.
5. Efficient use of soil nutrient.

➢ Enterprise of farming system:

• Crops
• Vegetables
• Livestock
• Fruits
• Flower
• Dairy
• Poultry
• Piggery
• Bee keeping
• Goatary
➢ Principles of farming system
 Ecologically
sustainable

Cyclic Rational

Key
principles

➢ Crop husbandry based on farming system:

• Farmer no :1
• Farmers name: BAUL LOHAR

Land Season
situation
Kharif Rabi Pre kharif

Low land Rice Mustard Fallow

✓ Crop: Rice

✓ Area of Cultivation: 6 Bigha

✓ Variety: Swarna, Lalat

✓ Duration: 120-130 Days

✓ Growth Stage: Reproductive(Flowering)

✓ Land Situation: Low land

➢ Input:
 Sowing Seed Spacing Sowing Seed
Time Rate (cm*cm) Method Treatment

rd
3 week 6-8 15*15 Transplanting Soak with 5%salt
of June to Kg/ Bigha solution over night
nd
2 week
of July

➢ Nutrient management:
Sowing Seed Spacing Sowing Seed
Time Rate (cm*cm) Method Treatment

rd
3 week of 6-8 15*15 Transplanting Soak with 5%salt
nd Kg/ Bigha solution over
June to 2 night
week of
July

➢ Water management:
Irrigation Irrigation No. of Time of Irrigation
System Method Irrigation
Surface Flooding 8-10 15-20 Days interval upto 100
(depend on DAT
rainfall)

➢ Intercultural operation:
Operation Type Operation Time Operation Method
 Weeding 25 DAT Hand Weeding
55 DAT

➢ Cost of cultivation:

Seed Fertilizer Pesticide Irrigation Human Land Total

(Rs) (Rs) Rs Cost Labour Preparation Cost
(Rs.) (Rs) (Rs.) (Rs.)

400 450.00 Isoproturon 1400.00 5000.00 1000.00 8920.00

(10:26:26) 20SL- (30 no.
470.00 Rs.200 labour)
(DAP)

➢ Output:

Yield Selling Price (Rs.) Total (Rs.)

0.6 ton 17000.00/ton 10200.00

➢ Profit = Gross Return – Cost of Cultivation:

= (10200.00 – 8920.00)
= Rs. 1280.00
➢ Yield Gaps:
The farmer thought of getting yield of 0.9 ton. But he actually
got yield of 0.6 ton. So, the yield gap was 0.3 ton.

➢ Constraints of Production:
1. Scarcity of Water.
2. Disease and pest incidence and lack of proper identification.
3. Weed Infestation.
 ✓ Crop: Mustard
✓ Area of Cultivation: 3 Bigha
✓ Variety: Sita
✓ Duration: 100-110 Days
✓ Land Situation: lowland
➢ Input:

Sowing Seed Rate Spacing Sowing Seed

Time (cm*cm) Method Treatment

rd
3 week of .5-1.0 kg/Bigha 30*10 Broadcasting Seed
October – treatment
st with Bavistin
1 week of
@2 g/Kg
November

➢ Nutrient management:

Fertilizer Dose Time of Method of

Name Application Application

1.10:26:26 12 kg Basal Broadcasting

2. FYM 1 ton Basal Broadcasting

 ➢ Water management:

Irrigation System Irrigation Method No. of Irrigation Time Of

Irrigation

Surface Flooding 1-2 Flowering, Siliqua

Formation

➢ Interculture operation:

Operation Type Operation Time Operation Method

Weeding 20-25 DAS Hand Weeding

40 DAS

➢ Cost of cultivation:

Seed Fertilizer pesticide Irrigation Human Land Total

(Rs) (Rs) (Rs) Cost Labour Preparation Cost
(Rs.) (Rs) (Rs.) (Rs.)

50.00 432.00 Acephate 800.00 3750.00 300.00 5482.00

(10:26:26) Rs 150 (15 no.
labour)
➢ Output:

Yield Selling Price (Rs.) Total (Rs.)

0.3 ton 4000.00/ton 12000.00

➢ Profit = Gross Return – Cost of Cultivation:

=(12000.00 – 5482.00)
 = Rs. 6518.00

➢ Yield Gaps:
The farmer thought of getting yield of 0.5 ton. But he actually
got yield of 0.3 ton. So, the yield gap was 0.2 ton.
➢ Constraints of Production:
1. Scarcity of Water.
2. Disease and pest incidence and lack of proper identification.
3. Weed Infestation.
4. Post-Harvest Losses.
5. Market Price is Low.
6. Uneven distribution of Rainfall.

• Farmer no-2
• Farmer’s name: Prakash Bauri

Land situation Season

Kharif Rabi Pre kharif

Mid land Fallow Tomato,Cabbage Fallow

✓ Crop: Cabbage
✓ Area of Cultivation: 10 Katha
✓ Variety: Rajdhani Samrat
✓ Duration: 90 – 100Days
 ✓ Growth Stage: Reproductive(Fruiting)
✓ Land Situation: Mid Land
➢ Input:

Sowing Seed Rate Spacing Sowing Seed

Time (cm*cm) Method Treatment
st
1 Fornight of 200-250gm 45*45 Line Sowing NIL
October /Bigha

➢ Nutrient management:

Fertilizer/ Dose Time of Method of

Manures Application Application

1. 10:26:26 20 kg/Bigha Basal Broadcasting

2. FYM 500 kg/Bigha Before Land Broadcasting

Preparation

➢ Water management:

Irrigation System Irrigation Method No. of Irrigation Time Of

Irrigation
Surface Furrow 3 30-35 DAS,
45-50DAS,
60-65DAS

➢ Interculture operation:

Operation Type Operation Time Operation Method

Weeding , 20-25 DAS Hand Weeding

Earthing up 30-35 DAS
 ➢ Cost of cultivation:

Seed Fertilizer Pesticide Irrigation Human Land Total

(Rs) (Rs) (Rs/Kg) Cost Labour Preparation Cost
(Rs.) (Rs) (Rs.) (Rs.)
600 500 Nil 600 3200.00 700 5600
(16 no.
labour)

➢ Output:

Yield Selling Price (Rs.) Total (Rs.)

4 ton 5000 /ton 20000

➢ Profit = Gross Return – Cost of Cultivation:

= (20000 – 5600.00)
= Rs. 14400
➢ Yield Gaps:
The farmer thought of getting yield of 5ton. But he actually
got yield of 4 ton. So, the yield gap was 1 ton.

➢ Constraints of Production:
• Scarcity of Water.
• Disease and pest incidence and lack of proper input
 • Lack of proper hybrid seed.

➢ Crop: Tomato
• Area of Cultivation:1 bigha
• Variety: JK hybrid
• Duration: 105-110 Days
• Growth Stage: Reproductive (Fruiting Stage)
• Land Situation: Medium

➢ Input:

Fertilizer Dose Time of Method of

Name Application Application
1. Cow Dung 500 kg Basal Broadcasting

2. 10:26:26 15 kg Basal Broadcasting

➢ Water Management:

Irrigation Irrigation No. of Time Of Irrigation

System Method Irrigation
Surface Furrow 3 After sowing,
Flowering
Fruit Development.

➢ Intercultural Operation:
 Operation Type Operation Time Operation Method

Weeding, 20-25 DAS Hand Weeding

earthing up, 30 DAS By spade
staking 45 DAS With bamboo pole
Profit = Gross Return – Cost of Cultivation:

= (7000 – 3300.00)
= Rs.3700
➢ Yield Gaps:

The farmer thought of getting yield of 1.5 ton. But he actually got
yield of 1 ton. So, the yield gap was 0.5ton.

➢ Constraints of Production:

1. Scarcity of Water.

2. Disease and pest incidence and lack of proper identification.

3. Weed Infestation.

4. Lack of proper hybrid seed.

➢ IFS (Integrated Farming System):

• Integrated Farming System is a whole-farm
management system which aims to deliver more
sustainable agriculture
• Integrated Farming System describes a set of
agricultural activities organised in different functional
units such as Crop Husbandry, Livestock, Apiculture,
Fishery
➢ FARMING SYSTEM MODEL

Conclusion:
• In Kalpathar Village as well as in Bankura District Dryland
Farming system strictly operates.
• The land under cultivation needs to be increased as most of the
villagers are marginal to small farmers.
• Various resources need to be utilised more efficiently and
mechanization needs to be implemented in high amount to
increase the yield.
• But still we would say with very limited resources and
indigenous technical knowledge (ITK) this village is doing
pretty good and within a decade it will be considered as a
progressive and developed village.

Acknowledgement:

Thanks to
➢ The Progressive Farmers and villagers of Kalpathar who
provided us with all the information and also foods in some
cases but in return we could offer them nothing.
➢ Our respected Associate Dean Dr P.K.Patra Sir
➢ Our co-ordinator Mr. Tarashankar Murmu Sir
➢ Our Soil-Science guide Dr Sujit Mal Sir
➢ Our Entomology guide Dr Pranay Rai Sir
➢ Our Pathology guide Mr. Mrinmoy Mandal Sir
➢ Our Weed Science guide Dr Shyamali Das Ma’am
➢ Special guidance provided Dr Anita Hansda Ma’am
➢ Special guidance provided by Prof. S.K.Acharya Sir
➢ Special guidance provided Dr Dhananjay Dutta Sir