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Unix Commands

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9 views

Unix Commands

Uploaded by

nagvarahala
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1 – SYSTEM INFORMATION

# Display Linux system information


uname -a

# Display kernel release information


uname -r

# Show which version of redhat installed


cat /etc/redhat-release

# Show how long the system has been running + load


uptime

# Show system host name


hostname

# Display the IP addresses of the host


hostname -I

# Show system reboot history


last reboot

# Show the current date and time


date

# Show this month's calendar


cal

# Display who is online


w

# Who you are logged in as


whoami
2 – HARDWARE INFORMATION
# Display messages in kernel ring buffer
dmesg

# Display CPU information


cat /proc/cpuinfo
# Display memory information
cat /proc/meminfo

# Display free and used memory ( -h for human readable, -


m for MB, -g for GB.)
free -h

# Display PCI devices


lspci -tv

# Display USB devices


lsusb -tv

# Display DMI/SMBIOS (hardware info) from the BIOS


dmidecode

# Show info about disk sda


hdparm -i /dev/sda

# Perform a read speed test on disk sda


hdparm -tT /dev/sda

# Test for unreadable blocks on disk sda


badblocks -s /dev/sda
3 – PERFORMANCE MONITORING AND
STATISTICS
# Display and manage the top processes
top

# Interactive process viewer (top alternative)


htop

# Display processor related statistics


mpstat 1

# Display virtual memory statistics


vmstat 1

# Display I/O statistics


iostat 1
# Display the last 100 syslog messages (Use
/var/log/syslog for Debian based systems.)
tail 100 /var/log/messages

# Capture and display all packets on interface eth0


tcpdump -i eth0

# Monitor all traffic on port 80 ( HTTP )


tcpdump -i eth0 'port 80'

# List all open files on the system


lsof

# List files opened by user


lsof -u user

# Display free and used memory ( -h for human readable, -


m for MB, -g for GB.)
free -h

# Execute "df -h", showing periodic updates


watch df -h
4 – USER INFORMATION AND
MANAGEMENT
# Display the user and group ids of your current user.
id

# Display the last users who have logged onto the system.
last

# Show who is logged into the system.


who

# Show who is logged in and what they are doing.


w

# Create a group named "test".


groupadd test
# Create an account named john, with a comment of "John
Smith" and create the user's home directory.
useradd -c "John Smith" -m john

# Delete the john account.


userdel john

# Add the john account to the sales group


usermod -aG sales john
5 – FILE AND DIRECTORY COMMANDS
# List all files in a long listing (detailed) format
ls -al

# Display the present working directory


pwd

# Create a directory
mkdir directory

# Remove (delete) file


rm file

# Remove the directory and its contents recursively


rm -r directory

# Force removal of file without prompting for


confirmation
rm -f file

# Forcefully remove directory recursively


rm -rf directory

# Copy file1 to file2


cp file1 file2

# Copy source_directory recursively to destination. If


destination exists, copy source_directory into
destination, otherwise create destination with the
contents of source_directory.
cp -r source_directory destination
# Rename or move file1 to file2. If file2 is an existing
directory, move file1 into directory file2
mv file1 file2

# Create symbolic link to linkname


ln -s /path/to/file linkname

# Create an empty file or update the access and


modification times of file.
touch file

# View the contents of file


cat file

# Browse through a text file


less file

# Display the first 10 lines of file


head file

# Display the last 10 lines of file


tail file

# Display the last 10 lines of file and "follow" the file


as it grows.
tail -f file
6 – PROCESS MANAGEMENT
# Display your currently running processes
ps

# Display all the currently running processes on the


system.
ps -ef

# Display process information for processname


ps -ef | grep processname

# Display and manage the top processes


top

# Interactive process viewer (top alternative)


htop

# Kill process with process ID of pid


kill pid

# Kill all processes named processname


killall processname

# Start program in the background


program &

# Display stopped or background jobs


bg

# Brings the most recent background job to foreground


fg

# Brings job n to the foreground


fg n
7 – FILE PERMISSIONS

PERMISSION EXAMPLE

U G W
rwx rwx rwx chmod 777 filename
rwx rwx r-x chmod 775 filename
rwx r-x r-x chmod 755 filename
rw- rw- r-- chmod 664 filename
rw- r-- r-- chmod 644 filename

# NOTE: Use 777 sparingly!

LEGEND
U = User
G = Group
W = World

r = Read
w = write
x = execute
- = no access
8 – NETWORKING
# Display all network interfaces and ip address
ifconfig -a

# Display eth0 address and details


ifconfig eth0

# Query or control network driver and hardware settings


ethtool eth0

# Send ICMP echo request to host


ping host

# Display whois information for domain


whois domain

# Display DNS information for domain


dig domain

# Reverse lookup of IP_ADDRESS


dig -x IP_ADDRESS

# Display DNS ip address for domain


host domain
# Display the network address of the host name.
hostname -i

# Display all local ip addresses


hostname -I

# Download http://domain.com/file
wget http://domain.com/file

# Display listening tcp and udp ports and corresponding


programs
netstat -nutlp

9 – ARCHIVES (TAR FILES)


# Create tar named archive.tar containing directory.
tar cf archive.tar directory

# Extract the contents from archive.tar.


tar xf archive.tar

# Create a gzip compressed tar file name archive.tar.gz.


tar czf archive.tar.gz directory

# Extract a gzip compressed tar file.


tar xzf archive.tar.gz

# Create a tar file with bzip2 compression


tar cjf archive.tar.bz2 directory

# Extract a bzip2 compressed tar file.


tar xjf archive.tar.bz2
10 – INSTALLING PACKAGES
# Search for a package by keyword.
yum search keyword

# Install package.
yum install package
# Display description and summary information about
package.
yum info package

# Install package from local file named package.rpm


rpm -i package.rpm

# Remove/uninstall package.
yum remove package

# Install software from source code.


tar zxvf sourcecode.tar.gz
cd sourcecode
./configure
make
make install
11 – SEARCH
# Search for pattern in file
grep pattern file

# Search recursively for pattern in directory


grep -r pattern directory

# Find files and directories by name


locate name

# Find files in /home/john that start with "prefix".


find /home/john -name 'prefix*'

# Find files larger than 100MB in /home


find /home -size +100M
12 – SSH LOGINS
# Connect to host as your local username.
ssh host

# Connect to host as user


ssh user@host

# Connect to host using port


ssh -p port user@host
13 – FILE TRANSFERS
# Secure copy file.txt to the /tmp folder on server
scp file.txt server:/tmp

# Copy *.html files from server to the local /tmp folder.


scp server:/var/www/*.html /tmp

# Copy all files and directories recursively from


server to the current system's /tmp folder.
scp -r server:/var/www /tmp

# Synchronize /home to /backups/home


rsync -a /home /backups/

# Synchronize files/directories between the local and


remote system with compression enabled
rsync -avz /home server:/backups/
14 – DISK USAGE
# Show free and used space on mounted filesystems
df -h

# Show free and used inodes on mounted filesystems


df -i

# Display disks partitions sizes and types


fdisk -l

# Display disk usage for all files and directories in


human readable format
du -ah

# Display total disk usage off the current directory


du -sh
15 – DIRECTORY NAVIGATION
# To go up one level of the directory tree. (Change into
the parent directory.)
cd ..

# Go to the $HOME directory


cd

# Change to the /etc directory


cd /etc

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