Journal of Social Sciences Review (JSSR) DOI: https://doi.org/10.54183/jssr.v3i2.

246

How to Cite This Article: Imtiaz, M., Hassan, K. H. U., & Akmal, F. (2023). Analyzing Spelling Errors
Committed By English as a Second Language (ESL) Learners at Secondary School Level. Journal of Social
Sciences Review, 3(2), 181-189. https://doi.org/10.54183/jssr.v3i2.246

Analyzing Spelling Errors Committed By English as a Second

Language (ESL) Learners at Secondary School Level

PhD. Scholar, Department of Education, Superior University, Lahore,

Muhammad Imtiaz
Punjab, Pakistan.
Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Superior University, Lahore,
Khawaja Hisham ul Hassan
Punjab, Pakistan.
Lecturer, Department of Education, Superior University, Lahore, Punjab,
Farhana Akmal
Pakistan.

Vol. 3, No. 2 (Spring 2023) Abstract: Analyzing spelling errors committed by English as a second language
Pages: 181 – 189 (ESL) learners at the secondary school level was the major purpose of the present
research. Deliberating which types of spelling errors English learners committed
ISSN (Print): 2789-441X
and what are the causes behind the committing spelling errors were the main
ISSN (Online): 2789-4428 purpose of the current research. It was a case study research design based on a
cross-sectional survey design in nature by applying a qualitative research
Key Words approach and was conducted in Govt. High school Kangan Pur, district Kasur. Data
were collected from 45 students of the 10th class who were selected by applying a
Spelling Error, Learner, Secondary
purposive sampling technique via a structured group interview protocol. Thematic
School, English as Second
analysis was done of the gathered information. Results show that the majority of
Language the pupils committed omission, substitution, insertion, and transition spelling
errors. The most committed type of spelling error is ‘omission error’. They felt
difficulty in writing correct spelling due to a lack of vocabulary, reading habits,
Corresponding Author: self-concept, motivation, and spelling system. Moreover, the mother tongue,
Muhammad Imtiaz education system, untrained English teachers, poor reading and listening skill,
Email: [email protected] and proofreading are the causes of committing spelling errors. The major cause
of committing spelling error by learners at secondary school level was native
language.

Introduction
The status of the English language in Pakistan syntactic, and structural errors in his first
cannot be weakened because of its imperial language learning. Similarly, the same is the case
heritage. According to Rehman (2011), English of a second language learner though adult and
not only functions as the government’s official fully conscious, faces the spelling problem and
language but also gets societal prestige. He also goes through errors. The common errors include
observes that proficiency in the English language morphological, phonological, syntactic, and
is regarded as a useful tool for obtaining context errors, problems in conveying meaning,,
admittance to a university. Valika (2017) notes a and the influence of the mother language on
clear correlation between educational attainment Foreign Language (L2) learning skillss (Hasnain,
and English language proficiency. & Muhammad, 2022).

In the area of applied linguistics, analyzing Waris (2014) emphasizes that English
errors is important, as well as in foreign and language proficiency is directly correlated with
second language learning. As a first language job prospects in Pakistan. Greater employment
learner, a child faces many morphological, possibilities result from improved English
Muhammad Imtiaz, Khawaja Hisham ul Hassan, and Farhana Akmal

language abilities. The proper and improper use trainees encounter (Al-Bereik and Al-Mekhlafi,
of English in this situation is crucial (Ahmad, 2015). Even after graduating from high school,
Khan, & Ullah, (2021). entering college, or beginning their careers,
students who have not learned effectively
Due to the standards, their original language
continue to make the same writing mistakes,
has for word pronunciation and spelling, learning
which can impede their growth and development.
English as a 2nd language (L2) can be difficult for
Therefore, writing mistakes can negatively
beginners. When learning a second language,
impact pupils in a number of ways. Practice
learners encounter difficulties because the
writing things aloud speeds up the process of
structure of their mother tongue becomes
acquiring their pronunciation (Claim Rosenthal
ingrained in their linguistic sense and they are
and Ehrin, 2010). The current research proposes
trying to utilize the second language (Nor and
that a student can communicate his/her thoughts
Rashid, 2018). The linguistic instinct of the
more clearly if he/she has a command of spelling
student must be altered in various ways to suit
and openly in writing. A bad impression of the
the comprehension of the second language,
students is made due to poor spelling, but it also
which necessitates developmental phases and
stamps down his /her communication as the
repeated exposure to the language (Ismail and
reader who has to problem with the message of
Zuriyani, 2019; Kocatepe, 2017). During the
the writer (Barcroft, 2017)
learning process, the speaker hears noises that
are distinct from the ones they intuitively
recognize and must come up with theories about Literature Review
how they are used. In so far as they may be able Concept of Spelling Errors
to sound out or form a word in their 2nd language Spelling is the learner's ability to write a word
without being expressly aware of the specific correctly; if learners do not know about the
norm they are using, second-language learners spelling, they cannot write the sentence correctly
may have understood awareness about the which will make readers confused with their
orthographic grammar of the English language words or sentences. Before learning about the
(Altamimim & Rashid, 2019). new language, we must be familiar with the
To write words, spelling is remembered as alphabet, where t h e learners should write and
critical. The possibility of typographical errors in spell the character. Not only that, the students
writing could alter and complicate the meaning must know many vocabularies in order to do the
and comprehension of written content. writing correctly. If students knows about many
Therefore, it is crucial to spell words correctly in vocabularies, the error will be less than a
order to communicate the content's precise students that know less vocabulary. Students do
meaning. According to Babayiit and Stainthorp misspell because they are sure if the word that
(2010), grammar and phonological abilities they write is right, but the reality, the word that
significantly influence writing success in this they write is wrong or error (Mekhlafi, 2016).
situation. Therefore, it can be said that spelling is
a crucial component of a fundamental ability What is a spelling error?
needed by pupils. Correct spelling allows authors The point when a student delivers a wrong bit of
to convey their ideas and thoughts within a composing/sentence since he hasn't been
consistent framework that is simple for readers educated right standards to compose it is called a
to grasp. Spelling must be accurate in order for spelling error. There are diverse sorts of
writing to be successful. mistakes; however, here just two classes are said:

The most frequent mistake in paper spelling 1. Things the understudies have not yet
is one of the many challenges Arabic English learned in the second dialect.

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 Analyzing Spelling Errors Committed By English as a Second Language (ESL) Learners at Secondary School Level

2. Things that meddle with the principles of not botches. A mistake, be that as it may, is
their L1 (sentence structure, articulation, viewed as more genuine (Perveen & Akram, 2017).
language structure, social developments,
and so forth) (Alta Mimi, 2019). Type of Spelling Error
The candidates' misspellings have been
Errors vs. Mistake categorized into general error groups that are
The difference between a mistakes and errors linked. By gathering together comparable
must be explained clearly. Regarding how mistake patterns, categories were created. In
mistakes and errors vary, there are two widely keeping with the initial Aspects of Writing
held patterns of thought. The first contends that research, the collective term for the collection of
blunders are simply another word for errors, studies created by Cambridge Assessment and its
while the second makes the contrary assertion. A forerunner, UCLES, the "types" of mistake were
supporter of the latter viewpoint, Lee (1990), kept as straightforward as possible. The following
views "errors" from two distinct perspectives, groups were created as a result:
namely psycholinguistics/or Native speaker  Rules-Based error: singling/doubling, text
speaking and Applied linguistics or English pronunciation;
Language Teaching (ELT) (Bennui, 2018).  Phonetic error: wrong consonant, ‘e’ for
‘y’, homophones, error of vowel, error of
Error and Slip-up to Brown morpheme.
Dark Colored (2005) separates mix-ups and  Omission: single or paired letters
errors. He portrays that when a student bombs in transposition and omission
following the set guidelines and standards of  Writing error: end of word missing or
dialect, which are instructed to him, he commits spacing
errors. Also, when he conflicts with the dialect  Multiple errors.
controls accidentally, he makes mistakes. In Where a misspelling could be classified
reality, he doesn't know the exact principles of under more than one category (for example,
that dialect. He is compelled to make errors due across, which is both a doubling mistake and the
to numerous sources. It might be the local addition of a new letter), the most
speaker's mom's dialect meddles, or he sums up glaring/specific error type was chosen, in this
(Moats, 2021) instance, doubling) (Elliott, 2020).

Difference of Errors and Mix-ups Reasons for Spelling Error

Norrish (1983) stated that errors and mix-ups are According to Sekha Al Bareiki (2012), there are
unmistakably separated. He states errors are many different causes of pupils' writing
"methodical deviation when a student has not mistakes. These included the English spelling
learned something and reliably misses the system, phonology, inadequate spelling teaching
point." In addition, he says that when a blunder in schools and universities, students lack of
is made efficiently by a remote dialect student, it interest and earnestness, bad reading and
is a result of the absence of information on the hearing skills, and their lack of drive. (p. 272). So
right shape. He characterized botches as there are so many causes that can a students have
"conflicting deviation." At the point when a in spelling. To make good spelling, One’s has to
student has educated in a specific right frame, master the cause of the spelling error,
and he utilizes this conflictingly, this deviation is correspondence of English letters, English rules,
known as a misstep. As the aftereffect of this, the poor spelling system, un-trained teachers,
analyst has concentrated on understudies' errors, mother tongue, poor reading habits,
proofreading, etc. (Bahloul, 2017.)

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Muhammad Imtiaz, Khawaja Hisham ul Hassan, and Farhana Akmal

Statement of the Problem sectional survey design in nature by applying a

Spelling is considered an essential component of qualitative research approach. The population for
written language. It has been seen for many years the present study comprised all students of the
that students of Govt. The high school of Kangan 10th class of the Govt. High school Kangan Pur was
Pur continuously faces spelling errors whenever situated in the district Kasur. Data were collected
the teachers conduct the assessments. They from 45 students of the 10th class who were
attempt to papers thoroughly and neatly, but selected by applying a purposive sampling
they achieve a poor scores on English tests. The technique via a structured group interview
reason behind the poor performance is found that protocol. The interview protocol was pilot tested
they make spelling error because, at any level of by different English teaching experts. On the
academic education, the student is to be able to bases of their instruction, the interview protocol
communicate with teachers to represent their was modified for the final application. While
learning or learned thought by giving paper conducting the interview, the researcher divided
pencil test. The potential mistakes in written students into three groups. The researcher
spelling reduce their marks because it may conducted interviews with each group separately
change the meaning and understanding of in the same space at a single point in time. The
written answers, which makes them unclear. This gathered data was arranged, coded, and analyze
force the researcher studies why students make a manually. Thematic analysis was done.
spelling error. To find out the answer to this
question, the researcher selected the topic Results and Findings
“Analyzing spelling errors committed by English It was found in the continuous diagnostic test of
as a Second Language (ESL) learners at the English at different times by the English teachers
secondary school of Kangan Purr, district Kasur.” while teaching English that students make
spelling errors. These mistakes occurred due to
Research Objectives imperfect written parts of a word, e.g., defective
The research objectives of the present study are syllables at the start, central and last positions;
given below: inaccurate written prefixes and suffixes;
1. To identify the major types of spelling errors imperfect written digraphs such as oo, ea,ch, ou,
committed by English as a second language sh, oa, ck,ie, ph, ee, ei, and faulty consonant and
(ESL) learners at the secondary school level; vowel letters. This type of mistake occurs when a
2. To explore the main causes of committing an student does not hear or mishear a written vowel,
error by English as a Second Language (ESL) consonant, a syllable in the beginning, middle,
learners. and final positions of a suffix or a prefix correctly.
So, spelling mistakes show that students do not
know how to spell English words. Teachers see
Research Questions
students’ spelling ability by his/her writing
1. Which types of spelling errors do English as a
ability. If he/she commits lots of spelling errors it
second language (ESL) learners commit at the
shows student has poor writing ability. In this
secondary school level;
regard, students were interviewed to know about
2. What are the main causes of committing an
their comments regarding committing spelling
error by English as a Second Language (ESL)
errors. It was found from the assessment results,
learners?
which were periodically conducted by English
teachers, that students commit the following
Research Methodology types of spelling errors due to phonological and
For the present study, the researcher adopted a orthographic problems:
case study research design based on a cross-

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 Analyzing Spelling Errors Committed By English as a Second Language (ESL) Learners at Secondary School Level

It has been found that the majority of the more words which has double consonants
students in 10th class commit spelling errors due such as; ‘ee’, ‘dd’, ‘ff’,‘gg’, ‘tt’, ‘ss’, etc.
to phonological problems. This types of error
Homophonic Words: It was found in the test that
occur due to pathetic speech or slipping of the
majority of the students committed spelling error
tongue. The most common spelling errors which
of the words which have same sound and
students commit are omission, substitution,
different meaning, e.g. they wrote ‘be’ as ‘bee’,
distortion, and additions.
and ‘rest’ as ‘wrest’. Mistakenly, while writing
such type of words they commit error.
Omission Error
After administering the paper pencil test and Substitution Error
observing the spelling errors which were
It was also observed in the test that the majority
committed by 10th-class students, their errors
of the students committed substitution error
were categorized into four types, as mentioned
while writing in English test. While writing they
above. One of them is omission error. While
commit this error as ‘mistrust’ as ‘mestrust’,
committing this type of error, students
‘destroy’ as ‘distry’ due to not clearly hearing the
mistakenly delete a letter from the written word.
word being a native speaker. In these words, they
Some examples of omission error found in
‘i’ into ‘e’ in the first word and ‘e’ into ‘i’ in the
students’ tests are:
second word. While committing this type of error,
Some letter has different Sound: It had seen in the students make the following mistakes:
paper pencil test that students commit spelling
Substitution of Vowel: It was seen in most of the
mistake when they write the ‘words’ in; which
student’s papers that while writing the word,
some letter has different sound when it placed
they replaced the vowel as ‘girl ‘garl’, ‘bear’ as
after or before the ‘vowel’, e.g. ‘g’ flag and
‘beer’. While committing this type of error in
garage. In these words, ‘g’ has different sound.
these words, they replaced ‘a’ instead of ‘i’ and
So, while writing the word ‘garage’, they commit
‘e’ instead of ‘a’.
the error as ‘garaj’
Substitution of Consonants: It was observed that
Silence Letter: It was found that in students’ paper
students of 10tth class commit this type of error
pencil test in High School Kangan Pur that
due to resembling in sound of the consonants e.g.
majority of the students also commit spelling
they write‘abuse’ as ‘abuz’, ‘accurate’ as
errors of the words in which letter is ‘silence’ e.g.
‘akurate’. in these words, they replace ‘cc’ into
the word ‘form’ and Knife’. in these words, ‘r’
‘k’. Moreover, they replace ‘s’ into ‘z’.
and ‘k’ are silent. In writing, they commit
spelling mistake as ‘fom’ and ‘nife’. Moreover,
Insertion Error
majority of them commit this type of mistake
It was also seen in the students’ English paper
while writing the word ‘palm’ as ‘pam’ because
answer sheet that majority of the students use
‘l’ is silent.
excess of letter in the words due to not having
Double Consonant Error: It was found by the appropriate knowledge. Students commit this
English teachers that the majority of the students type of error in the word . They wrote the word
committing spelling error for words which has ‘exam’ as ‘exaam’, and ‘why’ as ‘whay’,
two double consonants because they do not know ‘primary’ as ‘primaray’. In these words majority
the use of double consonant, e.g., ‘commit’, of the students use ‘a’ extra letters. Majority of
‘recommendation’, ‘accept’, . While writing these the students committed the following types of
words, they wrote them as ‘commit’, and insertion errors:
‘recomendation’. in these have they omitted ‘m’
and ‘c’. Moreover, they alos committed error of

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Muhammad Imtiaz, Khawaja Hisham ul Hassan, and Farhana Akmal

Consonants Doublling: In the students paper Q 3: Which types of difficulties do you feel to learn
pencil test, it was seemed that majority of the English as a subject?
students committed vowel doublling insertion To respond this questionnaire, majority of the
errors while writing words, e.g., ‘ff’, ‘ss’, ‘ll’, ‘ss’, students said that before we learn about English
‘gg’ respectively. as second language we should came to know
about the rules of the letters to write and spell
Transposition Error the character correctly. Along with that, we must
Minority of the students found in the 10th class of have lots of English words vocabulary in order to
secondary school Kangan Pur who commit this of make the writing correctly which is difficult for
type of error in paper pencil test of English us because while teaching English neither
Language. They committed this type of errors teaches us English with rules of the letters nor we
while writing the word as they change the actual effort to learn English to increase vocabulary.
place or mis-orderring the letters in words Secondly, majority of them said that they
unconsciously, e.g. ‘bycicle’ instead of ‘bicycle’, have no reading habit to be expert in spell the
‘shoes’ as ‘shose’, ‘friend’ as ‘freind’, ‘people’ as words which lead incorrectly spell the English
‘pepoel’, ‘election’ as ‘electoin ’ etc. words. If a learner who has good reading habit
always spell as word accurately. Due to lack of
Views of the Students this practice, they spell wrongly the words. The
Q 1: When students were asked that are errors were wrongly spelt words confused them to
part and parcel of the language learning process? understand the information given by the book
After detecting the types of spelling errors from writers. Therefore, to create good connection
their test which were conducting in different between author and readers, it is important to
period of time by English teachers, to find the understand and use the correct spelling of the
causes of committing these errors, students were words. To know how to spell English words
interviewed. On the response majority of the correctly is compulsory for learner to avoid
students said that error is basic and necessary in spelling errors.
learning process because whenever one’s commit Thirdly, according to majority of them that
mistake, actual it is the first step towards the they read English as subject. While learning
success of learning. In the same way, spelling is English in the class, whatever teacher teaches
seems as an compulsory element of writing any them, their self-concept do not clear about the
language. The correct spelling of the language lesson. The development of self- concept boost
convey the sensible message to the reader and esteem of the learner to spell accurately. Majority
text with wrong spelling create the ambiguity for of them said that they have no interest to learn
the reader. English. So they not bother to develop their self-
concept in the class which lead them to be expert
Q 2: When they were asked to the students that what in good spelling.
do you perceive, what “English as Language” is?
In the response, the majority of them said that Fourthly, according to majority of them,
English as Language is a very difficult language major hurdle in path of learning English as
for us because, being a native, we face lots of second language is motivation. In out school,
challenges to learn it as language because we majority of them asserted that they hat reading
little know about its rules of selling and English. No one has interest to learn English due
pronouncing the words. Moreover, English has to its hardness. According to them they are all
different patterns understanding as compare to demotivated to learn English. They study English
our mother to tongue. just examination perspective not for life skills.
Due to lack of motivation, majority of them do

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 Analyzing Spelling Errors Committed By English as a Second Language (ESL) Learners at Secondary School Level

not pay attention to learn English. Resultantely, instruction at schools, they do not know how to
poor performance in English in the form spelling produce a word correctly for appropriate spelling.
errors.
P oor Reading and Listening Skill: According to
Lastly, according to majority of students said majority of the students, they committed spelling
that spelling system is best way to learn English errors due poor reading and listening skill.
accurately. In our school teacher little know Majority of them said that they accepted that
about the spelling system and they teach us they little know how to pronounced the word
English via conventional method of teaching correctly for suitable spelling. Majority of them
which become the hurdle on the way to learn asserted that they little know processes of
English. In addition to, linguistics do allow to syllable pronounced the word into its speech
alter the system of spelling. If they give sound part because their teacher do no teach
permission to the modern linguist to bring them the basic instructions for spelling a
spelling reform according to modern era, spelling particular word during teaching. So, they are not
errors might be minimize by the students. able to employ a basic rule to spell a particular
word. Consequently, due to lack of the reading
Q 4: According to your point of view, what are the and listening skill, they committing spelling
causes of spelling errors? error.
To respond this question, majority of the
Proofreading: According to majority of the
students said that there are lots of causes of
students, in our school, or in Pakistani
spelling errors which are under below:
examination system, given time is not
Education System: Majority of the students said accordance with our ability. According to them,
that they are facing spelling problem due to poor they are slow writer and allocated time for
education system in Pakistan. They said, they solving paper in too short. They said, in allocated
lean their mother tongue since the day when they time they just hardly manage to solve all question
open the eyes in their home but education system which are in the question paper. They could not
force them to learn English when they start to go spare time for proofreading. Due to not practicing
in the school. At this stage it is very difficult for proofreading, spelling mistake remains in the
them to learn English as foreign language. paper and resultantly, examiner observed
According to majority of them, their educational spelling errors.
system do not support them to trained them in Mother Tongue: According to majority of the
English at very beginning level at school by student’s mother tongue is the major cause of
providing trained English teachers. spelling error or learning English because
according to them there, there is wast difference
English Teachers: Majority of them said that their
between mother tongue system and English
own English teachers became the cause of
language system. So, in view of majority of the
committing spelling errors. They are not trained
students, native language is the second big cause
in teaching English. They do not know how to
of committing spelling errors.
teach English. They teach them English by old
conventional method of teaching. While teaching Being a native language speaker, our mother
English, they just read the lesson, they order the had influence on us. Our mother tongue has its
students to solve the exercise given at the end of own letter based script of writing but English
every lesson. Their teachers do not tell them the Language has its own characters based script and
rules of reading, writing, speaking, and listening orthographically, being learners of English as
skill of English language.Due to deficiency of second language facing spelling problems in
teachers’ guidance, lack of proper spelling words especially who had different sound of the
same letters.

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Muhammad Imtiaz, Khawaja Hisham ul Hassan, and Farhana Akmal

Majority of them said that when they read They were lacking in vocabulary because neither
word of English Language they could not get a their teachers teach them English with rules of
word is meant to be and remained misinformed the letters nor they make effort to learn English
which become the cause in failure to speak to their increase vocabulary. Ahmed, (2017)
clearly. As a result, the sound from the stated that 55% of the students made spelling
vocalization remained u n clear. To be the master errors due to ignorance of rules restriction of
spelling, it is necessary the vocalization should be English Language. Present research also found
good which is the key to write down what the that due to lacking vocabulary, they could not
speakers says correctly. develop the sense of whatever their English
teachers teach them in the class of English
Conclusion and Discussion subject. In addition to, spelling system is best
Analyzing spelling errors committed by English way to learn English accurately but in school,
as a second language (ESL) learners at the their teacher little knows about the spelling
secondary school level was the major purpose of system and they teach them English via
the present research. The main objective of the conventional method of teaching which become
present research was deliberately the which types the hurdle for them on the way to learn English.
of spelling errors do the English learners So far as the concern of the causes of
committed and what are the causes behind the committing spelling errors, the major cause of
committing spelling errors. In this regard, a this action is poor education system which do not
conclusion was drawn from the finding which support and train them in English at very
arrived from results. It is concluded that students beginning level at school by providing trained
of the 10th class who were observed in the high English teachers. Merriam, (2018) found in her
school of Kangan pur committed four types of research that learning environment is the leading
spelling errors which are omission, substitution, cause of spelling errors because due poor
insertion, and transition error. While committing education system. It was found in present
omission errors, majority of them omitted the research that teachers are not trained in teaching
letters which has different sound when it placed English. They fail to develop English skill in
with vowel. The most committed error of this students. So, due to their poor reading and
type is ‘silence letters’ and the words which has listening skill, they commit spelling errors. In
the same sound. The students who committed hand research it was also found that mother
substitution error, majority of them replace language in another major cause of committing
vowel and consonants. Moreover, majority of the spelling errors. Rass (2015) also asserted that
students who committed insertion errors, mother tongue also effect learning English.
inserted both consonants and vowel but very less Another cause of committing spelling error is
students committed transition errors. Moreover, proofreading. In Pakistani examination system,
the most committed spelling errors by English as given time is not accordance with students’
a second language (ESL) learners at secondary ability. They are slow witter and allocated time
school level was omission errors. When it was for solving paper in too short. Therefore, in
explored the causes behind these errors, majority allocated time they just hardly manage to solve
of the students said that they were facing all question which are in the question paper. They
difficulties in learning English in their school. could not spare time for proofreading. Due to
Moats, (2021) asserted that majority of the shortage of time, they could not practice
students committed transition errors. Perveen proofreading. Resultantly, spelling mistake
and Uzma, (2014) found in their research that remains in the answer sheet and the examiner
majority of the student committed spelling errors observed spelling errors. Therefore, on the bases
due to mispronunciation or wrong pronunciation. of research finding it is recommended that policy

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 Analyzing Spelling Errors Committed By English as a Second Language (ESL) Learners at Secondary School Level

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Journal of Social Sciences Review | Vol. 3 no. 2 (Spring 2023) | p-ISSN: 2789-441X | e-ISSN: 2789-4428 189