Cihan University

Department
Medical Laboratory Analysis

Prepared By:
Ahmad Ali Kamal

2022-2023
1. Definition:
* Computer: A computer is a machine or device that performs processes,
calculations and operations based on instructions provided by a software
or hardware program. It has the ability to accept data (input), process it,
and then produce outputs.
* RAM: Random Access Memory is a memory scheme within the
computer system responsible for storing data on a temporary basis, so that
it can be promptly accessed by the processor as and when needed. It is
volatile in nature, which means that data will be erased once supply to the
storage device is turned off. RAM stores data randomly and the processor
accesses these data randomly from the RAM storage. RAM is considered
"random access" because you can access any memory cell directly if you
know the row and column that intersect at that cell.
* ROM: (read-only memory) is a non-volatile memory type. This means
it receives data and permanently writes it on a chip, and it lasts even after
you turn off your computer. The data is coded to not be overwritten, so
it's used for things like your printer software or your startup programs.
* Operating System: An Operating System (OS) is a software that acts as
an interface between computer hardware components and the user. Every
computer system must have at least one operating system to run other
programs. Applications like Browsers, MS Office, Notepad Games, etc.,
need some environment to run and perform its tasks.
* ALU: An arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a digital circuit used to perform
arithmetic and logic operations. It represents the fundamental building
block of the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer. Modern CPUs
contain very powerful and complex ALUs. In addition to ALUs, modern
CPUs contain a control unit (CU).
* GUI: A graphics-based operating system interface that uses icons,
menus and a mouse (to click on the icon or pull down the menus) to
manage interaction with the system.
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* Windows: is a graphical operating system developed and published by
Microsoft. It provides a way to store files, run software, play games,
watch videos, and connect to the Internet.
* Virus: A computer virus is a type of malware that attaches to another
program (like a document), which can replicate and spread after a person
first runs it on their system. For instance, you could receive an email with
a malicious attachment, open the file unknowingly, and then the computer
virus runs on your computer. Viruses are harmful and can destroy data,
slow down system resources, and log keystrokes.

2. Classity:
2.1 computer content:
* Hardware: Computer hardware is a collective term used to describe any
of the physical components of an analog or digital computer. The term
hardware distinguishes the tangible aspects of a computing device from
software, which consists of written, machine-readable instructions or
programs that tell physical components what to do and when to execute
the instructions.
* Software: software is a set of instructions, data or programs used to
operate computers and execute specific tasks. It is the opposite of
hardware, which describes the physical aspects of a computer. Software
is a generic term used to refer to applications, scripts and programs that
run on a device. It can be thought of as the variable part of a computer,
while hardware is the invariable part.
2.2 Computer component:
* Input: Following are some of the important input devices which are
used in a computer:
• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Joy Stick

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 • Light pen
• Track Ball
• Scanner
• Graphic Tablet
• Microphone
• Magnetic Ink Card Reader (MICR)
• Optical Character Reader (OCR)
• Bar Code Reader
• Optical Mark Reader (OMR)

* CPU: Central processing unit (CPU) is the central component of the

Computer System. Sometimes it is called as microprocessor or processor.
It is the brain that runs the show inside the computer. All functions and
processes that is done on a computer is performed directly or indirectly
by the processor.
* Output: An output device is a piece of computer hardware that receives
data from a computer and then translates that data into another form. That
form may be audio, visual, textual, or hard copy such as a printed
document.
* Auxiliary memory: An Auxiliary memory is referred to as the lowest-
cost, highest-space, and slowest-approach storage in a computer system.
It is where programs and information are preserved for long-term storage
or when not in direct use. The most typical auxiliary memory devices
used in computer systems are magnetic disks and tapes.

2.3 The main device of input unit:

An input device is any hardware device that sends data to a computer,
allowing you to interact with and control it. The picture shows a Logitech
trackball mouse, an example of an input device.

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The keyboard and mouse are the most commonly used or primary input
devices on a computer. However, other devices also input data into a
computer.
2.4 The pros of computer:
Computer processing is an action or series of actions that a
microprocessor, also known as a central processing unit (CPU), in a
computer performs when it receives information. The CPU is a type of
electronic “brain” for a computer system, and it executes a series of
instructions that are fed to it by software programs installed onto a
computer’s hard drive and loaded into random access memory (RAM).
Though modern computer systems have become much faster and more
complex than their earlier counterparts, they still perform the same basic
type of computer processing.
2.4.1 The Advantage of computer:
* High speed: One of the reasons for the improvement in the quality of
life is the personal computer's speed. The modern computer offers great
speed, helping us to do our tasks within a matter of seconds.
* Accuracy: Humans make errors. Hence, while complex calculations,
we check once with the calculator. The fact that computers are extremely
accurate makes them quite reliable. You'll trust the information or answer
that a calculator gives, just due to its accuracy.
* Automation: A lot of tasks can be automated saving a lot of time. For
example, instead of manually calculating some values like mean, median
of a large dataset, we just use excel. This saves a lot of time ensuring
100% accuracy.
* Storage: The storage capacity of computers is usually in Giga-Bytes
(GBs) or more. We can store videos, images, games, etc. on our
computers and access them easily after downloading them.

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* Ease of Access: Let's say we have to search for a book in a library and
we don't know anything except the name of the book. It would be an
arduous task. But, on a computer, just type the name of the file, and voila!
This ease of access provided by our personal computer contributes
towards saving our time and efforts.
*Multitasking: means working on multiple tasks simultaneously. Suppose
you read an article online and you need to write down the meanings of the
words that are unfamiliar. You, then search on Google, note down the
meaning on a word file and continue reading the article. This is one example
of multitasking offered by computers.
* Better understanding of data: A computer supports a lot of tools for data
analysis and mining. Organizations make use of the benefit of computers
to support data analysis and visualization helpful for decision making.
* Reduced Cost for online ventures: Affordable Computers and Laptops
with internet connectivity are a boon for start-ups that function online. It
lowers the cost by reducing infrastructure, inventory, and rent expenses.
Just they need a team with laptops and internet connectivity with a
software license relevant to their industry.
2.4.2 The characteristic of computer:
* Automatic: Most of its algorithm is automatic and the computer is most
famous for its automatic characteristics. This is one of the major causes
that’s why the computer has huge popularity.
* Speed: Speed is another great fetcher of computers. It can work really
first. A task that humans need a year to complete but the computer only
needs a day.
* Accuracy: The computer can calculate accurately, infect this accuracy
is the most important reason that’s why it is more popular nowadays in
every aspect of our life.

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* Diligence: This kind of character can be found in every kind of machine.
A computer can work restlessly. It doesn’t need to rest like a human or
any other animal.
* Versatility: As I said before, the computer has a wide range of use in
our life. It can be used for various purposes. Actually, we can’t even think
of our life without a computer. From scientific research to daily
homework in every aspect of our life, the computer has lots of use.
* Power of remembering: This is one of the most important
characteristics of a computer. Day by day the capability of data storage
of a computer is raising. Now the general size of a hard disk is one terabit.
Although computer scientists are working to improve this capacity.
* No IQ: Everyone knows that a computer has no IQ. It can’t work by
itself without any command by a human. You can describe it as a
disadvantage of the computer.
* No Feelings: Like any machine, a computer has no feelings like a
human. The computer can not measure is right or wrong. Yes, this is a
negative fact but this is also a common characteristic of computers.
2.5 Computer types and categories:
Types of computer Depending upon the internal structure and
subsequent features and applicability, computer system is categorized as
follows:
* Mainframe Computer: It is high capacity and costly computer. It is
largely used by big organizations where many people can use it
simultaneously.
* Super Computer: This category of computer is the fastest and also
very expensive. A typical supercomputer can solve up to ten trillion
individual calculations per second.

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* Workstation Computer: The computer of this category is a high-end
and expensive one. It is exclusively made for complex work purpose.
* Personal Computer (PC): It is a low capacity computer developed for
single users.
* Apple Macintosh (Mac): It is a sort of personal computer
manufactured by Apple company.
* Laptop computer (notebook): It is a handy computer that can be easily
carried anywhere.
2.6 Examples of operating system:
* Microsoft Windows: Without doubt the most popular of the OS,
although it really is a set of distributions (an operating environment) built
to provide older Operating Systems (such as MS-DOS) with a supporting
graphical interface and a set of software tools. Its first version appeared
in 1985 And since then it has not stopped updating in more powerful and
diverse versions, as Microsoft, its mother company, prevails in the market
of digital technologies.
* GNU / Linux: This term refers to the combined use of the kernel free
from the Unix family called “Linux”, along with the GNU distribution,
also free. The result is one of the main protagonists in the development
of free software, whose source code can be freely used, modified and
redistributed.
* UNIX: This portable, multi-tasking, multi-user operating system was
developed early in 1969, and over the years its rights to copyright they
have passed from one company to another. In reality it is a family of
similar OS, many of which have become commercial and others are free
format, all from the Linux kernel.
* Fedora: It is essentially a general-purpose Linux distribution, which
emerged after the discontinuation of Red Hat Linux, with which he is
closely linked but which emerged as a community project. It is another
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indispensable name when it comes to talking about free software and
open source, in its three main versions: Workstation, Cloud and Server.
MacOS: The Machintosh operating system, also known as OSX or Mac
OS X, whose environment is based on Unix and has been developed and
sold as part of Apple-brand computers since 2002. Part of this family of
software was released by Apple as an open and free source operating
system called Darwin, to which they later added components such as
Aqua and the Finder, to obtain the interface on which Mac OS X, its most
recent version, is based.
2.7 How can you find out the virus in you device?
* Slow computer performance (taking a long time to start up or open
programs)
* Problems shutting down or restarting
* Missing files
* Frequent system crashes and/or error messages
* Unexpected pop-up windows
* New applications (toolbars, etc.) that appear without you downloading
them
* Overworked hard drive (the fan makes sounds and seems to be
whirring and working hard when you aren’t doing much)
* Emails that send autonomously from your accounts
* Browser lag or redirects
* Malfunctioning antivirus programs or firewalls
3. Types of memory and give example:

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3.1 Read Only Memory (ROM):
* Mask ROM: ROM that is “masked off,” or covered by opaque plates
called photomasks
* PROM: Programmable read-only memory
* EEPROM: Electronically erasable programmable read-only memory
* EPROM: Erasable programmable read-only memory
3.2 Random Access Memory (RAM):
* DDR (double data rate)
* DRAM (dynamic RAM)
* SRAM (static RAM)
* SDRAM (synchronous dynamic RAM)
3.3 Flash memory:
* Flash Memory Cards: A flash memory card is a removable, transferable
method of memory storage. It is designed to increase the memory
capacity of the item it is plugged into and is available in various sizes.

* Flash Memory USB Drives: A flash memory stick is designed to plug

into the USB drive of various devices including PCs and smart TVs. They
act as external, removable storage devices.

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3.4 Cache memory:
* Level 1 (L1) cache or Primary Cache
* Level 2 (L2) cache or Secondary Cache
* Level 3 (L3) cache or Main Memory

4. Drawing the computer component:

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