Volume 9, Issue 6, June – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24JUN1456

Environmental Sanitation – A Therapy for Healthy

Living for Sustainable Development. A Case
Study of Argungu Township Kebbi State,
North Western Nigeria
Abdullahi Muhammad
Adamu Augie College of Education PMB 1012, Argungu, Kebbi State
Department of Geography

Abstract:- Environmental sanitation is the principle and allocation model for sanitation facilities in the town. In
practice of creating healthful and hygienic conditions in addition to creating a deeper understanding of how people
the environment to promote public health and welfare, handle their refuse in Argungu town, this study also provides
improve quality of life and ensure a sustainable insight into diseases caused by poor environmental sanitation
environment. However, environmental sanitation which in Argungu town and the impact that poor environmental
remains a catalyst for achieving healthy living has been sanitation has on health. Furthermore, the findings of these
neglected in most developing countries. In Nigeria, it is studies could assist community health personnel,
common to see people defecating in the open. The ugly environmental extension workers, and scientists at local,
side of this is that street gutters are left untidy and filled state, and federal levels as well as Non-Governmental
with dirt, and marketplaces are covered with waste and Organizations (NGOs) in understanding the environmental
discarded items. Worrisomely, the story remains the same sanitary situation of Argungu town for proper planning and
in rural places where there is hardly any proper waste decision-making. Additionally, the findings could provide a
management technology. All types of waste are dumped valuable resource for environmental and health scientists, city
into nearby bushes and forests while human faeces are planners, and academicians. It can also be useful to those who
discharged into streams and rivers from which people wish to conduct similar research in the future.
obtain their water. This is what motivated the researchers
to investigate the level of sanitation in Argungu Township Reports coming from national and international media
in Kebbi State. Data for this study was collected through houses across the developing world on environmental
a structured al interviewing method. The total number of sanitation are worrisome and ugly. In both rural and urban
households in five (5) metropolitan wards as contained in areas most especially in Nigeria, the story remained the same.
the national immunization house listing schedule is 16, Every year there are reported cases of frequent floods across
594. However, a systematic sampling method was applied major cities and villages in Nigeria like Ibadan, Kano, Lagos
to arrive at the sample. After every count of fifty and Port Harcourt. The floods are directly or indirectly
households, one household was selected making a total of attributed to poor drainage systems or gutters, blockage of
313 households for the research. The study revealed that drainages and thereby blocking of the normal flow of run-off
people have neglected the sanitation of their environment. water. However, there are reported cases of outbreaks of
In Conclusion, the study recommends the use of a some diseases in most of our communities such as Malaria,
community participation model of sanitation which Typhoid, Dysentery, and Cholera among others due to the
outlines the role expected by each individual toward presence of weeds or vegetation around our compounds or the
ensuring a free and hygienic environment. discharge of domestic waste directly into existing water
sources like River and streams. Therefore, all that we have
Keywords:- Systematic Sampling, Environmental Sanitation, described above are problems that result from insufficient
Catalyst, Sustainable Environment, Community environmental sanitation exercises in our communities.
Participation.
Considering the importance of environmental sanitation
I. INTRODUCTION to national development the Federal government of Nigeria
during military rule. Usually the last Saturday of every month
There has been a lot of concern regarding sanitary to be environmental sanitation day. On this day every
conditions in rural and urban areas of many developing household is expected to clean surroundings including
countries. A lack of sanitary management, such as improper compounds, gutters, marketplaces, motor parks among
positioning of sanitary facilities (or lack of facilities) can others. In addition, different aspects and issues related to
degenerate into many health problems. The purpose of this environmental sanitation were fully backed by edicts and
study is to develop a geographical information science (GIS) laws of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. The word
based approach for improving the sanitary situation in environmental sanitation is a very broad term and can be seen
Argungu Township. The study seeks to develop an optimal “as principles and practice affecting healthy and hygienic

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Volume 9, Issue 6, June – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
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condition in the environment to promote public health and movement was restricted for certain hours, with all these on
welfare, improve quality of life and ensure sustainable the ground the usual reports of open defecation, frequent
environment’’. This research was focused on environmental floods, and outbreak of water-related sicknesses have
sanitation in Argungu Township in Kebbi state, North- dominated the national dailies when it comes to discussions
Western Nigeria. In 2018 and 2024 there were serious on environmental sanitation issues in Nigeria. However,
reported cases of flooding which destroyed several houses several studies have been conducted in the past on the issue
most especially in the old township, and every year there were of environmental sanitation in Nigeria. But all the work was
reported cases of rampant malaria cases among the centred on the environmental sanitation in southern parts of
inhabitants of the area which affected almost all irrespective Nigeria. Studies such as Ademukwe, 2013, WHO 2008,
of gender. In 2017-2018 cases of outbreak of cholera which Mmon 2003, Ekong 2013, Nwachuku 2008. This is in fact
resulted in the death of many people including children and what necessitates the researcher to focus on environmental
adults. That was why the researchers decided to conduct sanitation in Argungu Township, Kebbi state, northwest
research on environmental sanitation in Argungu Township Nigeria with the hope of bringing recommendations to those
with the view of creating awareness of the danger of a dirty in positions of leadership. This research helps to bridge the
environment. gap in knowledge since there is no documentary evidence on
sanitation in the study area.
 Statement of Research Problem.
The Federal government of Nigeria under the military  Research Objective(S)
rule have set aside every last Saturday of every month to be a The objectives of the study include:
national environmental sanitation day. On this day every
community and household are expected to come out and  To highlight ways of discharging solid and liquid waste in
participate in keeping the environment clean and tidy. This is Argungu township.
because environmental sanitation was regarded as therapy for  To identify diseases that most likely affect inhabitants of
healthy living for instance. The Buhari-led administration Argungu Township especially during the rainy season.
also spent millions of naira toward educating citizens on the  To find out the primary water source (domestic) in
importance of keeping the environment clean and tidy via Argungu township.
national and international media houses (Vanguard News  To itemize how the inhabitants of Argungu township
Paper, 2015). However, many environmental laws and edicts engage in environmental sanitation.
were promulgated to safeguard the environment and to make
it attractive to everyone. These laws include abolishing of use  Scope and Limitation of the Study
of chemicals while fishing in our local rivers, prohibition of This research is restricted to Argungu Township which
dumping of domestic and industrial waste into water sources, comprises five (5) metropolitan wards are Kokani South,
land reclamation and oil spillage laws among others Kokani North, Galadima, Gwazange and Dikko Ward
www.premiumtimesng.com. Moreover, apart from the giant respectively. This research was restricted to households
stride, made by the Federal government of Nigeria, respective residing within these five (5) wards. They were selected for
state governments including that of Kebbi state have also interviewing and limited to those who have been in the area
declared the last Saturday of every month to be environmental from 2018 to 2024
sanitation day (Daily Trust 2017). Where vehicular
 Study Area

Fig 1 Study Area Map

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Volume 9, Issue 6, June – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24JUN1456

Argungu town is located along the valley of River Rima, Therefore, the data collectors will bear the burden of
at a distance of about 58 kilometres north-east of the state translating the questions in Hausa to enable them to respond
capital Birnin Kebbi. The town is geographically located correctly to the questions.
between latitude 120 30' 33'' N to 120 40' 54'' N and longitude
40 20' 54'' E to 400 30' 54'' E covering an area of about 428  The Questions Covered the Following Areas
km and an elevation of about 241metres above the sea level.
The geology of the area is made up of young sedimentary rock  Socio-demographic profile of respondents.
of Gwandu formation, Ilo and Rima. The soil of the area is  Number of households per compound.
the upland and Fadama soil, while the upland soil is sandy  Availability of toilet facilities or latrines.
and drained well-drained, the Fadama soil is generally clay  Data on types of waste generated in the compound.
and hydromorphic. The area is generally drained by river  Data on access to incinerators or any dumping area for
Rima and blessed with numerous rivers, streams, and lakes. waste disposal.
Ponds and pools and also characterised by a vast flood plain  Data on waste management.
(Fadama) covering up to 5km wide. The area enjoys tropical
 Availability of modern toilet system (water close).
continental climate characterised by two distinct seasons. The
 Data on where they defecate in the compound or bush or
wet season lasts from May to October, and the dry season
riverside.
lasts for the remaining periods of the year. It has an annual
rainfall of between (773-800mm). Temperature is generally  Data on sources of drinking water.
high between 210C in the Hammatan period to about 400C  Data on how they carry environmental sanitation.
between April and June (Kebbi State Meteorological Agency  Data on how they sanitize their drainage, gutters/
2023). The vegetation is Sudan savannah, but the natural has compounds.
been altered in many places by human activities giving rise to
parkland vegetation. Hausa, Fulani and Zabarmawa are the  Method of Data Analysis
three major tribes in the area. Farming, Fishing, and tertiary The method used in the analysis of information
activities are the major occupations of the Hausa (Kabawa) collected from the field involved the use of simple descriptive
and Zabarmawa, while Fulani is into herding livestock. Other statistics. All information was presented by the use of tables,
ethnic tribes in the area include Igbo, Yoruba, Nupe and the Bar graphs, Pie charts, and histograms. Therefore, the data
minor tribes of the country. collected was subjected to an SPSS spread sheet and Excel.

II. METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION  Sampling Frame

The researchers obtained the information required using
The method used in collecting data involved the use of households from five (5) wards of the township. Therefore,
preliminary surveys of the study area (Argungu Township). the total number of households within the five wards as
The first survey involved going around the five major contained in the national immunisation and house listing
metropolitan wards that make up Argungu Township. The schedule serve as sampling frame where the sample
essence of this is to see things as they are and understand the population will be obtained.
situation on the ground. The second visit is to see ward heads
of metropolitan wards and explain the purpose of the  Sampling Size and Method
research. The third visit involved going to the primary The estimated population given by or contained in the
healthcare department of Argungu local government to see national immunization household listing schedule will be
the focal person in charge of national immunisation to obtain used to determine the sample size. Therefore the estimated
the population of households of these wards. The fourth visit, population as contained in the national immunisation
involved the administration of interviewing using village household listing schedule for each ward is given as:- Kokani
head of each ward. South, 5137, Kokani North 2939, Galadima 1125, Dikko
ward 4063 and lastly Gwazange ward was 3330 households.
 Tools for Data Collection Therefore, using systematic sampling after a count of 50
Data for this research was collected using the structural household one sample will be taken. Since the number of
interviewing method in all five (5) wards in Argungu households in the five wards is 16,594. Three hundred and
Township. This becomes necessary during a preliminary Thirteen households (313) were taken as samples.
survey conducted in the study area which reveals that the
majority of the inhabitants especially those from Old  Summary of the Number of Households in Five Wards in
Township cannot read and write in English efficiently. Argungu Township Metropolitan

Table 1 Summary of the Number of Households in Five Wards in Argungu Township Metropolitan
S/N Wards Number of Household Sample
1 KOKANI SOUTH 5137 102
2 KOKANI NORTH 2939 42
3 GALADIMA 1125 22
4 DIKKO 4063 81
5 GWAZANGE 3330 66

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TOTAL 16594 313

Source: Kebbi State Primary Healthcare, Argungu Local Government, 2024

III. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF THE RESULT

Table 2 Sociodemographic Profiles of Households

Responses FREQ Percentage
Gender
Male 295 94%
Female 18 06%
Total 313 100%
Marital status
Married 290 93%
Single 20 06%
Divorce 3 01%
Total 313 100%
Major occupation
Farming 185 59%
Civil servant 105 34%
Trading 23 07%
Total 313 100%
Age
15-35 years 120 38%
36-54 years 170 54%
55 and above 23 08%
Total 313 100%
Educational level
Primary/Quranic 180 58%
SSCE/OND/NCE 110 35%
HND/BSC 23 07%
Total 313 100%
Source: Fieldwork 2024

The table above describes the sociodemographic respondents was collected and the result indicates that 59%
profiles of households of five (5) metropolitan wards in (185) are farmers and 34% (105) are civil servants and 7%
Argungu town. The data collected revealed that 94% (295) (23) engage in trading. However, this finding was supported
out of 313 households are males and 61% (18) households out by the work of Benjamin et al (2021), which stated that
of 313 interviewed are females. This finding may not be a farming and fishing are the major occupations of people of
surprise because in traditional African society most especially Argungu local government of Kebbi state. Another
in Hausa land, males are the head of the household as well as development question was asked on the age of households
the breadwinner. Secondly, data was sourced on the marital and data revealed that 38% (120) are between the ages of 15-
status of households. Data revealed that 93% representing 35 years old and 54% (170) are between the ages of 36-54
(290) households are married and only 6% (20) are single, or years old while, 8% (23) are above 55 years old. On the
yet to be married while 1% (3) have their marriage separated educational level of respondents, data revealed that 58%
or divorced. This revelation is in line with Hausa culture and (180) households are primary and Quranic school levels and
predominantly Muslim society where boys and girls are given 35% (110) have obtained Secondary/National Diplomas and
to marriage between the age of 18 when they reach puberty Nigerian Certificate in Education holders while 7% (23) are
stage. Thirdly, information on the major occupation of Higher National Diploma and Bachelor degree holders.

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Volume 9, Issue 6, June – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24JUN1456

 Access to Toilet Facilities

Fig 2 Toilet Facility at Home

Source: Fieldwork 2024

Here question was asked to find out whether households have access to toilet facilities in their compounds. Here data revealed
that 303 households agreed that, they have toilet facilities in their compound while, 10 stated that they do not have toilets in their
compounds having 97% and 3% of the data collected respectively.

Fig 3 Type of Toilet Facility in the Compound

Source: Field Work 2024

The analysis above indicated that 51% (160) households stated that, the type of toilet facilities in their compounds are pit
latrine and 45% (140) have a water close system while 4% (30) households stand neutral to the question.

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Volume 9, Issue 6, June – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
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Fig 4 Number of People in the Compound

Source: Field Work 2024

However, questions were asked to determine the number of people under the care of the household. Data revealed that 54%
(170) have at least 1-5 people under the care of a household and 31% (100), have 6-10 people while 15% (43) have 12 and above
under their care.

Fig 5 Where do you ease yourself

Source: Field Work 2024

The figure above indicated that 96% representing (300) households interviewed show that, they do ease themselves in the toilet
and 1% (5) stated that, they do ease themselves in open places while 3% representing (8) shows that they do ease themselves in the
river. This finding is not a new thing. It was supported by Akinbode (2012) that in urban areas more than 80% of the residents have
access to a toilet system and hence open defecation is minimal which can only be seen in rural places or peri-urban areas of most
developing countries.

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Fig 6 Duration of Washing Toilet

Source: Field Work 2024

Furthermore, questions were also asked to ascertain the times that households wash their toilet facilities. The information
hereby reported that 34% representing (106) household washes their toilet daily and 61% representing (190) said that, they wash
their toilet every week and lastly 5% representing (17) household stated that, they do so on a monthly basis.

Fig 7 Presence of Sanitizer in the Toilet

Source: Field Work 2024

The above figure indicated that 230 households out of 313 used as samples stated that, they have antiseptics such as Dettol,
Detergent and soap in their toilets in 73% of the data collected while, 27% representing (83), categorically stated that such items
are not found in their toilets. This may be due to the harsh economic situation facing the country.

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Volume 9, Issue 6, June – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
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 Waste Generated and Disposal

Fig 8 Wast Generated

Source: Field Work 2024

To understand the kind of waste generated by individual households in Argungu township. The question was asked for that
purpose and the result indicate that 85% (265), generate solid waste and 15% (48) said that, they generate liquid waste in their
compounds.

TYPE OF WASTE
80%

38%
2%

BACKYARDS FRONT OF COPOUND COLLECTION CENTRE

Fig 9 Type of Waste

Source: Field Work 2024

However, to know where respondents dispose of their waste. Data revealed that 2% (5) disposed of their waste in backyards
and 80% (270) stated that, they dispose of their waste in front of their compounds while 12% (38) carry their waste to collection
centres.

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Volume 9, Issue 6, June – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
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Fig 10 Incenerators at their Domain

Source: Field Work 2024

In addition to this information on whether the respondents have incinerators in their domain was asked and data revealed that
4% (12) said yes to the question and 96% (301) stated that, they do not have incinerators within their reach.

Fig 11 Waste Discharge

Source: Fieldwork 2024

The above figure indicates that 14% (43) discharge their liquid waste directly into the river 59% (185) pour their contents into
the gutter (drainages) and 27% (85) pour their liquid waste directly on the road within their domain.

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Volume 9, Issue 6, June – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
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Fig 12 Sweeping The Compound

Source: Field Work 2024

To provide reliable information to the readers. A question was asked to the households on how often they sweep their
compounds. Information collected revealed that 77% (240) households said that, they clean their compounds daily and 19% (66)
stated that, their sanitation is on weekly basis while, 4% (13) said that, they do clear their compounds on monthly basis.

Fig 13 Sanitation Exercise

Source: Fieldwork 2024

The above figure indicated that 96% (302) do not observe sanitation as prescribed by the federal government of Nigeria on the
last Saturday of every month. While, 4% (11) households stated that, they observed sanitation on every last Saturday of the month.

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Fig 14 Sanitary Inspection

Source: Fieldwork 2024

Here information is collected to determine whether sanitary officers (Duba Gari in Hausa) go around the compound for
inspection. The result indicates that, 7% (23) said yes to the question and 93% (290) categorically stated that sanitary inspectors do
not go around within their domain.

Fig 15 Clean the Drainages

Source: Fieldwork 2024

In addition to this, information was collected to ascertain whether households clean their gutters/drainages around their
compound regularly. Information here reported that 3% (9) said that, they do regularly clean their gutters and 97% (304) said NO.

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Fig 16 Use of Community Leaders

Source: Fieldwork 2024

Moreover, the question was asked to assess respondents’ opinions on the use of community leaders in ensuring a clean
environment. Data revealed that 94% (295) have agreed on the move and 6% (18) disagree with the view.

Fig 17 Reinforcement
Source: Fieldwork 2024

The above figure indicated that 100% (313) of the respondents revealed that, the government either Federal, State, or Local
Government are not reinforcing the people while discharging the sanitation exercise.

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Fig 18 Source of Water

Source: Fieldwork 2024

In another development, the question was asked to determine the source of water supply in the study area. Data collected
revealed that 67% (210) have their water from boreholes and 7% (23) has their water from open dug well while 19% (60) collect
their water from the tap and 7% (20) obtain their water from the river.

Fig 19 Quality of Water

Source: Fieldwork 2024

In addition to this, the above figure describes the quality of water sources in the area. Information collected revealed that 93%
(290) described the water source as good and 2% (6) described the source as poor while 5% (17) described the source as fair.

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Fig 20 Positoin of Water Source in Relation to Toilet

Source: Fieldwork 2024

To provide reliable information to the reader. Questions were asked to describe the position of the water source in their toilet
facilities and data collected revealed that 86% (270) described the water source as far from the toilet and 4% (13) described the
source as close to the toilet while 10% (30) stand neutral to the question.

Fig 21 Common Diseases in the Study Area

Source: Fieldwork 2024

The figure above describes the common diseases in the study area. Information collected that 4% (13) described that, dysentery
as the common illness in their compounds and 42% (130) described typhoid as the common disease in their compound while 54%
(170) described malaria as the most common disease in the study area. This finding was supported by UNICEF, 2008, which
described the following diseases related to poor sanitation and those include intestinal worms, cholera, dysentery and polio.

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IV. SUGGESTIONS REFERENCES

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their citizens to fully participate in the program. The [12]. Kebbi State meteorological Agency 2023.
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[14]. Vanguard news paper (2015), environmental
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[15]. Daily Trust, (2017), Kebbi state revives monthly
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[16]. Kebbi government partners world fish programme to
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nwest.35: Retrieved 04/01/2024

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