1. Question 1. What Is A Node And Links?

Answer :
In a network the devices at different endpoint located at a different
location are called nodes and the physical communication medium
they using is called links.
2. Question 2. What Are The Layers Of The Osi Reference Model?
Answer :
There are 7 OSI layers:
1. Physical Layer
2. Data Link Layer
3. Network Layer
4. Transport Layer
5. Session Layer
6. Presentation Layer
7. Application Layer

3. Question 3. Describe Domain Name System

Answer :
There are two types of client/server programs:
● First is used directly by the user, such as email
● Second supports other application programs
The Domain Name System (DNS) is a supporting program that is
used by other programs such as to find the IP address of an email
recipient.
4. Question 4. What Are The Difference Between Domain And Work
Group?
Answer :
Find the difference between domain and workgroup:
Domain:
● Server is responsible for data safety
● Centralize administration
● Main aim is to secure data
● Best suite in company environments
Workgroup:
● Every PC is responsible for its own security
● No centralize administration
● Main aim to save hardware resource
● Best suite in the school, training institute, cyber cafe

5. Question 5. Define Fully Qualified Domain Name And Partially

Qualified Domain Name
Answer :
In hierarchical namespace, names are defined in an invertedtree
structure with the root at the top. The tree can have only 128 levels:
level 0 (root) to level 127. Each node in the tree has a label, which is
a string with a maximum of 63 characters. The root label is a null
string (empty string). In this tree, all the labels have a different
name, which guarantee the uniqueness of the domain names. A full
 domain name is a sequence of labels separated by dots (.).
The domain names are always read from the node up to the root.
● Fully Qualified Domain Name
If a label is terminated by a null string or empty string, it is called a
fully qualified domain name (FQDN).
● Partially Qualified Domain Name
If a label is not terminated by a null string, it is called a partially
qualified domain name (PQDN). A PQDN starts from a node, but it
does not end with the root.

6. Question 6. Describe Attenuation, Distortion, And Noise In Brief?

Answer :
o Attenuation: When a signal travels through a medium, it
loses some of its energy due to resistance of the medium.
This loss of energy is called the Attenuation. This is the
reason why a wire carrying electric signals gets warm.
Some of the electrical energy in the signal is converted to
heat. To overcome this problem, amplifiers are used to
amplify the signal. Unit of the decibel is used to find out if
a signal has lost or gained strength. The decibel
(dB) measures the relative strengths of two signals or one
signal at two different points. If decibel is negative then a
signal is attenuated and if the positive signal is amplified.
Formula: Where PI and P2 are the variable and the powers of a
signal at points 1 and 2, respectively.
o Distortion: When the signal travels through the medium
from one point to another it may chance to change the
form or shape of the signal. It is called distortion.
Distortion can occur in a composite signal made up of
different frequencies. Each signal component has its own
propagation speed through a traveling medium and,
therefore, its own delay in reaching the final destination.
Means signal components at the receiver have phases
different from what they had at the sender.
o Noise: The third cause of impairment is Noise. Following
types of noise are possible.
o Thermal noise.
o Induced noise.
o Crosstalk noise.
o Impulse noise.
This noise may corrupt the signal.Thermal noise is produced due to
the random motion of electrons in a wire which creates an extra
signal not originally sent by the transmitter. Induced noise comes
from sources such as motors and other electronic appliances.
These devices act as a sending antenna, and the transmission
medium acts as the receiving antenna. Crosstalk is the effect of one
wire on the other. Impulse noise comes from power lines, lightning
etc.
7. Question 7. What Is Ip?
Answer :
An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label
assigned to each device (e.g., computer, printer) participating in a
computer network that uses the Internet Protocol
for communication.

8. Question 8. What Are The Difference Between Hub And Switch?

Answer :
Hub is a layer 1 device. It will out the signal from all of its port
except the one from where It’s insert. It is unable to detect the
collision. It works on single collision and a single broadcast domain.
Switch is layer 2 device. It maintains a CAM table that store the MAC
address of devices attached to its port. CAM table is used to make
the forwarding decision. It works on per port collision and single
broadcast domain.
9. Question 9. What Is A Layer?
Answer :
Layer is a completely logical partition of PDU (protocol data unit)
process. That define how the information travels from one computer
to another over the network.

10. Question 10. What Is Tcp/ip?

Answer :
It is commonly known as TCP/IP, because its most important
protocols, the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet
Protocol (IP), were the first networking protocols defined in this
standard.
11. Question 11. Explain Hidden Shares. How Do They Work?
Answer :
Hidden or administrative shares are share names with a dollar sign
($) appended to their names. Administrative shares are usually
created automatically for the root of each drive letter. They do not
display in the network browse list.

12. Question 12. What Is The Difference Between Arp And Rarp?
Answer :
The address resolution protocol (ARP) is used to associate the 32
bit IP address with the 48 bit physical address, used by a host or a
router to find the physical address of another host on its network by
sending a ARP uery packet that includes the IP address of the
receiver. The reverse address resolution protocol (RARP) allows a
host to discover its Internet address when it knows only its physical
address.

13. Question 13. What Is Client/server?

 Answer :
Clients and Servers are separate logical entities that work together
over a network to accomplish a task. Many systems with very
different architectures that are connected together are also called
Client/Server.
14. Question 14. What Is Mac Address?
Answer :
It is the 48 bit hardware address of LAN card. MAC address is
usually stored in ROM on the network adapter card and it is unique.
15. Question 15. What Are The Perquisites To Configure Server?
Answer :
•LAN card should be connected:
•Root (partition on which window is installed) should in NTFS
•Server should be configured with a static IP address

16. Question 16. How We Will Configure Ads?

Answer :
Start ==> RUN ==> DCPROMO
17. Question 17. How Will You Test Lan Card?
Answer :
Ping 127.0.0.1
If getting reply its fine

18. Question 18. What Is Map Drive?

Answer :
A special feature that will map network resource to my computer.

19. Question 19. What Is Proxy Server?

Answer :
Most large businesses, organizations, and universities these days
use a proxy server. This is a server that all computers on the local
network have to go through before accessing information on the
Internet. By using a proxy server, an organization can improve the
network performance and filter what users connected to the
network can access.
20. Question 20. Which Are The Bootable Files Of 98 And Xp?
Answer :
In windows98 it is command.com
In XP it is NTLDR

21. Question 21. In Which Partition Linux Is Installed?

Answer :
Linux doesn’t support windows file system that contain partition
scheme. It (Linux) has its own file system known as ext2, and ext3.
it will install only on it.In linux file system it will install on / (root)
partition.
22. Question 22. What Is Size Of Swap?
Answer :
It’s the hard disk space that is used as RAM for fast processing. In
window it’s known as virtual memory and could be set as per
retirement via this path
My Computer ==> properties ==> advance
In Linux it’s known as SWAP space and generally taken the double
size of physical RAM For example if you have 256 (MB) DDR
physical ram then swap space would be 512 MB.
23. Question 23. What Is Full Form Of C.m.o.s?
Answer :
Complementary metal oxide semiconductor

24. Question 24. How Will You Check Ip Address Without Using
Network Place?
Answer :
Start ==> Run ==> Command ==>ipconfig

25. Question 25. What Is Attenuation?

Answer :
The degeneration of a signal over distance on a network cable is
called attenuation.
26. Question 26. What Is Cladding?
Answer :
A layer of a glass surrounding the center fiber of glass inside a fiber-
optic cable.

27. Question 27. What Is Netbios And Netbeui?

Answer :
NETBIOS is a programming interface that allows I/O requests to be
sent to and received from a remote computer and it hides the
networking hardware from applications.
NETBEUI is NetBIOS extended user interface. A transport protocol
designed by Microsoft and IBM for the use on small subnets.

28. Question 28. What Is Beaconing?

Answer :
The process that allows a network to self-repair networks problems.
The stations on the network notify the other stations on the ring
when they are not receiving the transmissions. Beaconing is used in
Token ring and FDDI networks.
29. Question 29. What Is Terminal Emulation, In Which Layer It Comes?
Answer :
Telnet is also called as terminal emulation. It belongs to application
layer.
30. Question 30. What Is Frame Relay, In Which Layer It Comes?
Answer :
Frame relay is a packet switching technology. It will operate in the
data link layer.
31. Question 31. What Do You Meant By "triple X" In Networks?
Answer :
The function of PAD (Packet Assembler Disassembler) is described
in a document known as X.3. The standard protocol has been
defined between the terminal and the PAD, called X.28; another
standard protocol exists between hte PAD and the network, called
X.29. Together, these three recommendations are often called "triple
X".
32. Question 32. What Is Sap?
Answer :
Series of interface points that allow other computers to
communicate with the other layers of network protocol stack.

33. Question 33. What Is Subnet?

Answer :
A generic term for section of a large networks usually separated by
a bridge or router.

34. Question 34. What Is Subnet Mask?

Answer :
It is a term that makes distinguish between network address and
host address in IP address. Subnet mask value 0 defines host
partition in IP address and value 1 – 255 defines Network address.
35. Question 35. Describe Various Network Type?
Answer :
Local Area Networks Local area networks (LANs) are used to
connect networking devices that are in a very close geographic area,
such as a floor of a building, a building itself, or a campus
environment.
Wide Area Networks Wide area networks (WANs) are used to
connect LANs together. Typically, WANs are used when the LANs
that must be connected are separated by a large distance.
Metropolitan Area Networks A metropolitan area network (MAN) is
a hybrid between a LAN and a WAN.
Content Networks Content networks (CNs) were developed to ease
users’ access to Internet resources. Companies deploy basically two
types of CNs:
1.Caching downloaded Internet information
2.Distributing Internet traffic loads across multiple servers
Storage Area Networks Storage area networks (SANs) provide a
high-speed infrastructure to move data between storage devices
and file servers.
Advantage
 o Performance is fast.
o Availability is high because of the redundancy
features available.
o Distances can span up to 10 kilometers.
o Management is easy because of the centralization
of data resources.
o Overhead is low (uses a thin protocol).
Disadvantage of SANs is their cost.
Intranet An intranet is basically a network that is local to a company.
In other words, users from within this company can find all of their
resources without having to go outside of the company. An intranet
can include LANs, private WANs and MANs.
Extranet An extranet is an extended intranet, where certain internal
services are made available to known external users or external
business partners at remote locations.
Internet An internet is used when unknown external users need to
access internal resources in your network. In other words, your
company might have a web site that sells various products, and you
want any external user to be able to access this service.
VPN A virtual private network (VPN) is a special type of secured
network. A VPN is used to provide a secure connection across a
public network, such as an internet. Extranets typically use a VPN to
provide a secure connection between a company and its known
external users or offices. Authentication is provided to validate the
identities of the two peers. Confidentiality provides encryption of the
data to keep it private from prying eyes. Integrity is used to ensure
that the data sent between the two devices or sites has not been
tampered with.

36. Question 36. What Is The Hello Protocol Used For?

Answer :
The HELLO protocol uses time instead of distance to determine
optimal routing. It is an alternative to the Routing Information
Protocol.

37. Question 37. What Are The Three Type Of Routing Tables And What
Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of These?
Answer :
The three types of routing tables are fixed, dynamic, and fixed
central.
o A fixed table must be manually modified every time there is
a change.
o A dynamic table changes its information based on network
traffic, reducing the amount of manual maintenance.
o A fixed central table lets a manager modify only one table,
which is then read by other devices. The fixed central table
 reduces the need to update each machine's table, as with
the fixed table. Usually a dynamic table causes the fewest
problems for a network administrator, although the table's
contents can change without the administrator being
aware of the change.
38. Question 38. What Is Packet Filter?
Answer :
Packet filter is a standard router equipped with some extra
functionality. The extra functionality allows every incoming or
outgoing packet to be inspected. Packets meeting some criterion
are forwarded normally. Those that fail the test are dropped.
39. Question 39. Bootp Helps A Disk Less Workstation Boot. How Does
It Get A Message To The Network Looking For Its Ip Address And
The Location Of Its Operating System Boot Files?
Answer :
BOOTP sends a UDP message with a subnet work broadcast
address and waits for a reply from a server that gives it the IP
address. The same message might contain the name of the
machine that has the boot files on it. If the boot image location is
not specified, the workstation sends another UDP message to query
the server.
40. Question 40. What Is A Dns Resource Record?
Answer :
DNS resource record is an entry in a name server's database. There
are several types of resource records used, including name-to-
address resolution information. Resource records are maintained as
ASCII files.

41. Question 41. What Protocol Is Used By Dns Name Servers?

Answer :
DNS uses UDP for communication between servers. It is a better
choice than TCP because of the improved speed a connectionless
protocol offers. Of course, transmission reliability suffers with UDP.
42. Question 42. What Is The Difference Between Interior And Exterior
Neighbour Gateways?
Answer :
Interior gateways connect LANs of one organization, whereas
exterior gateways connect the organization to the outside world.

43. Question 43. What Is Region?

Answer :
When hierarchical routing is used, the routers are divided into what
we call regions, with each router knowing all the details about how
to route packets to destinations within its own region, but knowing
nothing about the internal structure of other regions.
44. Question 44. What Is Multicast Routing?
 Answer :
Sending a message to a group is called multicasting, and its routing
algorithm is called multicast routing.
45. Question 45. What Is Traffic Shaping?
Answer :
One of the main causes of congestion is that traffic is often busy. If
hosts could be made to transmit at a uniform rate, congestion would
be less common. Another open loop method to help manage
congestion is forcing the packet to be transmitted at a more
predictable rate. This is called traffic shaping.