Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education

Syiah Kuala University

Faculty of Engineering
Jl. Tgk. Syech Abdul Rauf No. 7, Darussalam – Banda Aceh

Solid Waste Management

Dr. Edi Munawar

Chemical Engineering Department
Syiah Kuala University
Contact: [email protected]
 Solid Waste Management

What should be done…?

Waste Prevention
Preference level

Reuse

Recycling

Energy Recovery

Landfilling

Waste volume
Solid waste management hierarchy
Dr. Edi Munawar
 Why we should manage waste?

 Waste degrades water, soil, and air quality; does

environmental and ecological harm.
 Waste does harm to human health.
 Waste is a symptom of inefficiency; wastes money.
 Waste is unpleasant aesthetically.

Dr. Edi Munawar

 Ways to manage waste

Three components of
waste management:
1. Source reduction, or
reducing the amount
of waste entering
the waste stream, is
best.
2. Recovery (recycling
and composting) is
next best.
3. Disposal is the least
desired option.
Dr. Edi Munawar
 Reduce

Waste prevention or common term use Reduce is a

process to minimization the amount of waste is
generate. Waste minimization involves redesigning
products and/or changing societal patterns to prevent
the creation of waste
Advantage:
 Efficient production practices.
 Economic returns.
 Public image.
 Quality of products produced.
 Environmental responsibility.

Dr. Edi Munawar

 Reduce

 Source reduction, or preventing waste in the first

place, is a better option than disposal.
 Personal/consumer behavior:
 Use fewer items
 Buy less-packaged and longer-lived goods
 Reuse items
 Manufacturer behavior:
 Make goods with less packaging
 Make longer-lived goods
 Adopt more-efficient production methods

Dr. Edi Munawar

 Reuse

Reuse is to use an item again after it has been used.

This includes conventional reuse where the item is
used again for the same function, and new-life reuse
where it is used for a different function.
Reuse has certain potential advantages:
 Energy and raw materials savings.
 Reduced disposal needs and costs.
 Refurbishment can bring sophisticated,
sustainable, well paid jobs to underdeveloped
economies.
 Cost savings.
 Some older items were better handcrafted and
appreciate in value
Dr. Edi Munawar
 Recycling

Why recycling symbol made of three arrows…?

Dr. Edi Munawar

 Recycling

Recycling consists of three steps:

Dr. Edi Munawar

 Recycling

 Collecting materials that can be broken down and

reprocessed in order to manufacture new items
 Diverts ~55 million tons of materials away from
disposal each year
 Items are taken to materials recovery facilities
(MRFs), where workers prepare them for
reprocessing.
 Once readied, these materials are used in
manufacturing new goods.

Dr. Edi Munawar

 Recycling

For recycling to work, consumers must buy goods

made from recycled materials:
 Many paper products
 Many glass and metal products
 Some plastic products
 “Glassphalt” for paving
 City park benches, etc.
 Pages of our textbook

Dr. Edi Munawar

 Recycling

Financial incentives
 Over 4,000 U.S. communities have “pay-as-you-
throw” trash collection; people who waste more
pay more.
 Eleven U.S. states have “bottle bills,” laws that
mandate that consumers get money back for
returning bottles and cans to where they were
purchased.

Dr. Edi Munawar

 Forces driving recycling

 Businesses see opportunities to save money.

 Entrepreneurs see opportunities for new
businesses.
 Municipalities desire to reduce waste.
 People feel satisfaction in recycling responsibly.
 In many cases the latter two are driving recycling,
and many programs today are run at an economic
loss.

Dr. Edi Munawar

 Growth of recycling

Recycling has grown rapidly and can expand further.

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 Recycling rates

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 Recycling rates by state

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 Recycling in USA

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 Recycling in USA

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 Recycling in USA

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 Recycling in USA

 In 1999, recycling and composting activities

prevented about 64 million tons of material from
ending up in landfills and incinerators. Today, this
country recycles 32% of its waste, a rate that has
almost doubled during the past 15 years.
 50% of all paper, 34% of plastic soft drink bottles,
45% of aluminum cans, 63% of all steel packaging,
and 67% of all major appliances are now recycled.
 20 years ago, only one curbside recycling program
existed in the United States, which collected several
materials at the curb. By 2005, almost 9,000 curbside
programs had sprouted up across the nation. As of
2005, about 500 materials recovery facilities had
been established to process the collected materials.
Dr. Edi Munawar
 Solid Waste Management

1. Waste Collection
2. Waste Disposal
3. Organization of Waste Management: Legal
Situation in Austria

Dr. Edi Munawar

 Waste Collection

at the beginning, collected waste was brought out of

town and used in agriculture.

Dr. Edi Munawar

 Waste Collection

First alternatives in the 19th century

 1876 in London a first MSWI (Municipal Solid Waste
Incinerator) was built after a bottleneck in
disposing waste in the surroundings of London.
 1893 first MSWI on the continent in Hamburg (after
an epidemic of cholera the farmers regretted to
take over waste)

Dr. Edi Munawar

 Waste Collection

Collected waste was dumped (waste disposal)

95 years ago the first waste bins “System Colonia” were

introduced in Vienna in 1913

Dr. Edi Munawar

 Waste Collection

87 years ago in Linz (1921)

Dr. Edi Munawar

 Waste Collection

Waste Collection today

Dr. Edi Munawar

 Waste Collection

Waste Collection today

Dr. Edi Munawar

 Waste Collection

Waste Collection today

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 Waste Collection

Waste Collection today

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 Waste Collection

Municipal Slid Waste Management

 Hazardous
Household Wastes
 Bulky Waste
 Electronic Waste

Treatment

Residual
Wastes Bio-Waste Paper Glass Plastics Metals
Landfilling Composting Recycling
Dr. Edi Munawar
 Waste Disposal

 An inadequate waste-disposal leads to pollution of

environment.
 In the 1970ies in Austria the connection between
uncontrolled dumps and pollution of ground water
was recognized

Dr. Edi Munawar

 Waste Disposal

Until the 1960-ies and 70-ies technical inadequate

landfills were in use:
 Unsuitable sites for landfilling (permeable soils,
above aquifers)
 No base liners and leachate collection
 Increasing content of pollutants in household
waste (new materials and products like plastics,
batteries, light bulbs, household chemicals, etc.)
 Additional production waste from commerce and
industry was disposed
 Numerable sites contaminated

Dr. Edi Munawar

 Waste Disposal

Contaminated sites are:

 Abandoned landfills
 Industrial sites, where hazardous substances were
handled inadequately
 In Austria, a total of 1,000 to 2,000 sites is
estimated, which have to be remediated, costs up
to 4.4 billions EUR

Dr. Edi Munawar

 Waste Disposal
~ 90 % of carbon
CH4 + CO2 GHG
3rd largest source

~ 10% of carbon 3rd largest source many other

Pollutants (heavy metals, chemicals, organic
Dr. Edi Munawar compounds, ……)
 Influence Waste Management on
Climate Change
The influence climate change on Yanamarey Glaciar ,
Cordillera Blanca (4.786 mdpl)

Dr. Edi Munawar

 Influence Waste Management on
Climate Change
The climate influence on Toboggan Glacier, Alaska
(549 m)

Dr. Edi Munawar

 Influence Waste Management on
Climate Change
The climate influence on Toboggan Glacier, Alaska
(549 m)

Dr. Edi Munawar

 Waste Disposal

Solid Waste Disposal in Sari Mukti, Bandung-Indonesia

Dr. Edi Munawar

 Waste Disposal

Solid Waste Disposal in Sari Mukti, Bandung-Indonesia

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 Waste Disposal

Solid Waste Disposal in Leuwi Gajah, Bandung-

Indonesia

Dr. Edi Munawar

 Waste Disposal

Solid Waste Disposal in Leuwi Gajah, Bandung-Indonesia

Dr. Edi Munawar

 Waste Disposal
Solid Waste Disposal in Leuwi Gajah, Bandung-Indonesia

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 Waste Disposal

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 Waste Disposal

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 Integrated Waste Management

Technical standards:
 Landfills
 Treatment plants: Incinerators, mechanical-
biological pre-treatment (MBP), composting,
specific treatment plants, e.g. for hazardous waste
Ecological standards:
 Control of emissions
 Saving of resources (recycling)

Dr. Edi Munawar

 Integrated Waste Management

Economic aspects:
 High technical standards are cost intensive
 Which combination of collection, treatment and
landfilling is available at reasonable costs
 Equity of costs for end-users (fee systems like pay
as-you-throw“)
Social aspects:
 Convenience for users

Dr. Edi Munawar

 Waste Management in Europe

In European countries:
 Different strategies and technologies
 Different state of development
Traditional disposal, mainly by landfilling without pre-
treatment, at the same time low share of recycling (eg.
in Greece, Italy, Spain and UK)

Dr. Edi Munawar

 Waste Management in Europe

Mainly thermal treatment

 e.g. in Belgium, France, Luxembourg where 40 to
60% of the municipal waste is incinerated

Integrated WM combining recycling:

 Composting, thermal treatment and landfilling. In
the Netherlands, Switzerland, or Denmark where
approximately 1/3 of waste is processed by
recycling and composting, 1/3 is thermal treated
and 1/3 is landfilled.

Dr. Edi Munawar