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    Done DM - 1b - PropositionalLogic - Summer - 2024

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    Done DM - 1b - PropositionalLogic - Summer - 2024

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    logic

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    logic

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    2 views22 pages

    Done DM - 1b - PropositionalLogic - Summer - 2024

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    logic

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    of 22

    Propositional Logic

    Course Code: CSC 1204 Course Title: Discrete Mathematics

    Dept. of Computer Science


    Faculty of Science and Technology

    Lecturer No: 1b Week No: 1 Semester: Summer 2023-24


    Lecturer: Sharifa Rania Mahmud, Assistant Professor
    Email: [email protected]
    Lecture Outline

    1.1 Propositional Logic


    • Logic
    • Propositional Logic
    • Propositions
    • Propositional Variables
    • Compound Propositions
    • Logical Operators
    • Truth Value & Truth Table
    • Truth Tables of Compound Propositions (next class)
    • Conditional Statements (next class)
    • Logic and Bit Operations (next class)
    Objectives and Outcomes

    • Objectives: To understand the importance of logic in


    mathematical reasoning, to understand proposition and
    propositional logic, symbol and usage of different types of
    logical operators.
    • Outcomes: Students are expected to be able to apply logical
    operators and analyze logical propositions via truth tables, be
    able to construct a truth table for a given compound
    proposition.
    Key Terms

    • Logic: Logic is the discipline that deals with the


    methods of reasoning.
    • Logic is the basis of all mathematical reasoning
    • The rules of logic specify the meaning of mathematical statements

    • Propositional Logic: The area of logic that deals


    with propositions is called the propositional logic.
    Key Terms

    § Proposition: A proposition is a declarative statement


    that’s either TRUE or FALSE, but not both.

    § Statements that are not propositions include


    • questions
    • Commands
    Key Terms
    § Propositional variable: A variable that represents a proposition.
    The conventional letters used for propositional variables are p,
    q, r, s, t,..
    § Compound proposition: A proposition constructed by combining
    two or more propositions using logical operators
    § Logical Operators: Operators used to combine propositions
    § Truth Value: The truth value of a proposition is true, denoted by
    T, if it is a true statement and false, denoted by F, if it is a false
    statement. Truth Value ==> Either True or False
    § Truth Table: A table displaying the truth values of propositions.
    Proposition: Examples

    Proposition Not Proposition

    3 + 2 = 32 Bring me coffee!

    3+2=5 3+2

    CSC 1204 is Katrina’s favorite Do you like Cake?


    class
    Every cow has four legs
    Logical Operators

    • Logical Operators ==> unary, binary


    • Unary:
    • Negation
    • Binary
    • Conjunction
    • Disjunction
    • Exclusive OR
    • Conditional/Implication
    • Biconditional
    Logical Operators: Symbols & Usage

    Operator Symbol Usage


    Negation ¬ NOT
    Conjunction Ù AND
    Disjunction Ú OR
    Exclusive or Å XOR
    Conditional ® if, then
    Biconditional « iff
    Propositional Logic : Negation

    • Let p be a proposition. The negation of p, denoted


    by ¬p (or`p), is the statement “It is not the case
    that p.”
    • The proposition ¬p is read “not p”
    • The truth value of the negation of p, ¬p, is the
    opposite of the truth value of p.
    Truth table for Negation of a Proposition
    Propositional Logic : Negation

    • Negation just turns a false proposition to true and


    the opposite for a true proposition.

    • Example1: P: I am going to town


    ¬ P: I am not going to town; or,
    It is not the case that I am going to town
    • Example2: p : “23 = 15 +7”
    ¬ p: It is not the case that 23=15+7
    Conjunction

    • Let p and q be propositions. The conjunction of p and


    q, denoted by p Ù q, is the proposition “p and q.”
    • The conjunction p Ù q is true when both p and q are
    true and is false otherwise.
    • Conjunction corresponds to English “AND”.

    • Example: Liana is curious AND clever.


    Truth Table for Conjunction
    Conjunction: Example

    • Example: p : ‘I am going to town’


    q : ‘It is going to rain’

    p Ù q: ‘I am going to town and it is going to rain.’

    • Note: Both p and q must be true to p Ù q be true


    Disjunction

    • Let p and q be propositions.


    • The disjunction of p and q, denoted by p Ú q, is the
    proposition “p or q.”
    • The disjunction p Ú q is false when both p and q are
    false and is true otherwise.
    • Disjunction is true when at least one of the
    components is true.
    • Disjunction corresponds to English “OR”.
    • Example: Abdullah is brave OR intelligent.
    Truth Table for Disjunction
    Examples of Conjunction &
    Disjunction
    Let,
    p:5<9
    q : 9 < 7.
    Construct the propositions p Ù q and p Ú q.

    Solution:
    § The conjunction of the propositions p and q is the proposition
    p Ù q : 5 < 9 and 9 < 7
    § The disjunction of the propositions p and q is the proposition
    p Ú q : 5 < 9 or 9 < 7

    Question: What are the truth values of p Ù q and p Ú q?


    Exclusive Or

    • Let p and q be propositions.


    • The exclusive or of p and q, denoted by p Å q, is the
    proposition that is true when exactly one of p and q is
    true and is false otherwise.
    Truth Table of Exclusive Or
    Books

    • Discrete Mathematics and its applications with combinatorics


    and graph theory (7th edition) by Kenneth H. Rosen [Indian
    Adaptation by KAMALA KRITHIVASAN], published by
    McGraw-Hill
    References

    1. Discrete Mathematics, Richard Johnsonbaugh, Pearson education, Inc.


    2. Discrete Mathematical Structures, Bernard Kolman, Robert C. Busby,
    Sharon Ross, Prentice-Hall, Inc.
    3. SCHAUM’S outlines Discrete Mathematics(2nd edition), by Seymour
    Lipschutz, Marc Lipson

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