CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION TO SIWES

This programme is under the umbrella of the Ministry of Education through the
Industrial Training Fund (ITF), was designed to help students acquire the
necessary practical education/experience in their fields of study. In 1974, the
Federal Government of Nigeria introduced the National Policy on Industrial
Training, called the Student’s Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES).
The Student’s Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is an accepted
programme which forms part of the approved academic standard in the degree
programme for Nigerian Universities.

1.1 Brief History

Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES), is a skills Development

programme initiated by the Industrial Training Fund (ITF), in 1973 to bridge
the gap between theory and practice among students of Engineering and
technology in Institutions of Higher Learning in Nigeria. It provides for on-the-
job practical experience for students as they are exposed to work methods and
techniques in handling equipment and machinery that may not be available in
their Institutions.

SIWES was established by ITF in 1973 to solve the problem of lack of adequate
practical skills preparatory for employment in industries by Nigerian graduates
of tertiary institutions. The Scheme exposes students to industry-based skills
necessary for a smooth transition from the classroom to the world of work. It
affords students of tertiary institutions the opportunity of being familiarized and
exposed to the needed experience in handling machinery and equipment which
are usually not available in the educational institutions. Participation in SIWES
has become a necessary pre-condition for the award of Diploma and Degree
certificates in specific disciplines in most institutions of higher learning in the
country, in accordance with the education policy of government. Duration of 6
months for the Universities.

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 1.2 Objectives and importance of SIWES

It is important to outline the objectives of SIWES; exclusively, the specific

objectives of the Students’ Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) as
outlined by Industrial Trust Fund are to:

i. Provide an avenue for students in institutions of Higher Learning to

acquire industrial skills and experience in their course of study, which are
restricted to Engineering and Technology including Environmental
Studies, Sciences and other courses that may be approved.
ii. Prepare students for the industrial work situation they are to meet after
graduation.
iii. Expose students to work methods and techniques in handling equipment
and machinery that may not be available in their Institutions.
iv. Make the transition from school to the world of work easier and enhance
student’s contacts for later job placement.
v. Provide students with an opportunity to apply their knowledge in real
work situation thereby bridging the gap between theory and practice; and
vi. Enlist and strengthen Employers involvement in the entire educational
process and prepare students for employment in Industry and Commerce.

1.3 The Role of the Industrial Training Fund (ITF)

The Industrial Training Fund (ITF) was established by the decree 47 of 1971
constitution and charged with the responsibility of promoting and encouraging
the acquisition of industrial skills, with the view of generating a collection of
indigenous trained work force, sufficient to enhance and meet the needs of the
economy so as to promote development. Supervision of students, organizing
orientation programs, and disbursing allowances to students are some of the
roles played by the industrial training fund in the implementation of SIWES.

1.4 The Scope of SIWES

The scheme covers all science and technological based students in
monotechnic, polytechnics and universities in Nigeria, resulting in a high
population of students, which is easily managed because of the public and
private industries that partake in the scheme. SIWES enables students acquire
industrial know-how in their field of study particularly in technological based
courses. It also enables students experience the application of theoretical
knowledge in solving real life problems.

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1.5 The Role of the Students
The roles of students before, during and after the SIWES experience include the
following:
1) To be present at institution’s SIWES orientation programme before going
on attachment.
2) To be dutiful to constituted authorities and comply firmly with all rules
and regulations of the organization where the student is attached.
3) To be regular and punctual at individual places of attachment.
4) To avoid change of place of attachment, except in unusual circumstances
5) To fill necessarily form and get it endorsed by their employers which will
be submitted to the ITF;
6) To record all training activities and other assignments in the log-book
7) To be diligent, honest, conscientious, take pride in the protection of
employer’s property throughout the attachment period.
8) To submit a comprehensive report, this is usually defended in some
institutions.

1.6 Roles of Employers

It is also important that students have idea of the duties of the employer and the
privileges that they could enjoy. The employers are expected to:

1) Partner with the institutions in the preparation of job provision for the
approved courses for SIWES;

2) Accept students for Industrial Attachment;

3) Offer welfare services – e.g. transport fare, medication and pay for
hospitalization if need be;

4) Participate fully in the assessment of students by completing the

necessary documents;

5) Permit students to utilize their facilities; and

6) Appoint an Industry-based Supervisor for students on attachment.

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 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 ABOUT THE WORKPLACE

2.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE ESTABLISHMENT OF ATTACHMENT

Mary Crest ICT Hub, which is located inside Best Gate Secondary School, at
No. 3b People’s Club Road, Onitsha Old Road, Onitsha, Anambra State is an
accredited JAMB CBT centre, it was formally known as Best Gate Secondary
School ICT centre when it was initially accredited in 2020.
The centre was created to meet the needed Emerging Information &
communication Technologies Services lapses with the area and to equip its
students with the necessary tools and knowledge.

The centre has a total capacity of 220 computer sets (20 as back up) seven 7
CCTV Camera, with a Star topology ceiling base cabling with Local Area
Network (LAN) connected to one central Server.

In the same year it was given accreditation by JOINT ADMISSIONS AND

MATRICULATION BOARD (JAMB) the centre Successful conducted JAMB
Examination without any glitch, which lasted for five (5) days, Three (3) section
per day with a capacity of 200 candidates per section and have also conducted
Anambra State Teachers Recruitment CBT exam.

2.2 OBJECTIVES OF ESTABLISHMENT

The following are the objectives of the establishment:
 To deliver a platform through which corporate bodies could host a
successful examination
 To make research easy for members of staff, students and the general public.

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2.3 MISSION STATEMENT

To pursue with integrity, vigour, commitment, dedication, transparency and

selflessness the realization of the objective of the mother body a uniform
standard in the conduct of examination and the placement of suitably qualified
candidates into the nation's tertiary institutions.

2.4 VISION STATEMENT

To be a world-class online examination and assessment platform through

delivery of best devices and network for examination bodies to reach out to
their candidates through online and rendering transparent services.

2.5 CORE VALUES

 Service
 Integrity
 Transparency
 Inclusiveness
 Excellence
 Probity

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 CHAPTER THREE
3.0 WORK EXPERIENCE
It was truly a great experience working for six months at Mary Crest ICT
Hub. The system permitted me to alternate between different engineering
working departments after some weeks. This has greatly improved my general
perception of what Engineering and quite particularly Electronics and Computer
Engineering is all about. Over the six months period of my Industrial Training
experience at Mary Crest ICT Hub, the following are the major areas of
activities and training which are outlined below:

 Orientation
 Creation of jamb user account
 Installation of jamb 2024 CBT user interface for registration
 Jamb registration
 System repair and maintenance
 Installation of jamb custom browser
 Networking
 Jamb exam invigilation
 Jamb correction of data

3.1 ORIENTATION

Orientation programme was held on the second day of assumption of duty as IT

student; the industrial based supervisor took out time to lecture us on various
topics patterning our roles in the organisation,

We were educated on how to carry out our assigned functions, to be cautious of

people who come to register impersonators, and strictly warned us not to
participate in any form of malpractice, as we definitely be fished out and have
to bear the consequence if caught and also how to handle some minor issue that
may arise in the course of our work.

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3.2 CREATION OF JAMB USER ACCOUNT

The CBT centre Admin created Jamb user account for the IT student, firstly
requesting for profile code, which was gotten by texting National Identity
Number (NIN) to a dedicated jamb code number, directed us to use our phone
line to text “USER (leave a Space) "YOURNIN"” and send to “55019”.

The above step was done in order to convert the NIN from candidate into user
so that new profile code will be assigned to us.

The profile code gotten from the above step was then used to create user
account for the IT students, which was all done from the centre Administrator’s
system.

With the account successfully created, a mail was received from jamb which
contains our details and a access password.

The password to access the CBT user login will always be sent to our e-mails
for each day, at the end of the day, the password becomes inactive and can’t be
used to login anymore. The password is normally sent by 2AM in the night.

Jamb User Account Successfully Logged In

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3.3 INSTALLATION OF JAMB 2024 CBT USER APPLICATION FOR
REGISTRATION

A system was assigned to each of us and we are required to download and

install the “Jamb online integrated e-registration suite” which could be
downloaded from the jamb site and could only be accessed through the
jamb intranet network, it’s not accessible with other networks.

When connected to the jamb intranet network, then went to the browser to
type the site “portal.jamb.gov.ng/installer/install.htm” for the download
of the required all the prerequisites, before launching the Application the
following prerequisite had to be downloaded and installed:

 Biometrics prerequisite (32 bit or 64 bit installation)

 Futronic biometrics prerequisite
 Windows redistributable prerequisite (32 bit or 64 bit installation)
 Microsoft .Net framework 4.5.1 (32 bit or 64 bit installation)
 Windows installer 4.5
 The application

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3.4 JAMB REGISTRATION
The registration of candidates online was down through jamb intranet network
using the already installed “Jamb online integrated e-registration suite”
application, by logging in with the username provided and the assigned daily
password from Jamb.

The procedure for the registration as follows:

 The candidate is required to get a profile code by which is gotten by
texting National Identity Number (NIN) to a dedicated jamb code
number, using their phone line to text “NIN (leave a Space)
"YOURNIN"” and send to “55019”, a profile code will be sent in
response to the message.
 Then the candidate is required to use the profile code to purchase the
jamb e-pin, which will differ by candidates choice to take mock exam or
not.
 After purchasing the e-pin, a jamb form template is issued to the
candidates to fill their details, choice of schools and courses are also
filled in the form and the candidate sign at the end of the form.
 The CBT centre user is to use the already filled candidate form to register
the candidate online, enter the student profile code, e-pin, basic details
taking from NIN to be confirmed by candidate, selection of candidate
choice of schools and courses, selection exam subject combination,
capturing of the candidate biometrics finger prints, capturing of passport
photo, selection of exam town and then submitting of the form which has
to be confirmed by the candidate and the CBT user with finger print of
both captured.
 The printing of the registration slip upon successful registration which the
candidate takes home.

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 Some of the candidates I registered

Total number of candidates each user registered

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3.5 SYSTEM REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE
At the end of jamb registration in February, our attention was shifted to
preparing and getting ready of the over 200 system ready for the examination,
each system will be powered on, in other to ascertain its state.
Some of the system required format the hard disk while some just resetting or
few professional touches to make it usable for the examination.

3.5.1 PROCEDURE FOR FORMATTING AND DRIVING A SYSTEM

Drivers are software’s that enable hardware’s in the system to function properly.
Every hardware has a number of drivers that run it. Drivers enable
upgrading/updating of hardware’s.

After formatting a system, all the drivers have to be installed back. Example of
software packages that provide system drivers are DriverPack and
DriverIdentifier. The procedure is thus explained;

i. The operating system to be installed after formatting is procured in a

storage device (CD, external hard drive, or flash) in compressed form.
ii. Important files present in the system must be extracted to an external
storage device.
iii. On start-up, the boot process is intercepted by immediately pressing
F9 key (in HP) or F12(in Dell), and then changing the boot device at
the BIOS.
The boot device is where the computer boots from and where an
operating system is saved. The four (4) boot device options are
a. Notebook Upgrade Bay or CD-ROM
b. Notebook Hard Drive
c. USB Hard Drive 1
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 d. Notebook Ethernet or Network
iv. When the boot device has been chosen, and system restarts, it searches
for the OS and starts up. Page for format pops up.
v. Option for format and deletion of partitions are listed, the partition to
be formatted is then chosen. And the raw partitions are divided if need
be.
vi. Windows is installed on main partition
vii. Then, some relevant selections like language, time and date are made.
viii. Connect device to an external storage and install an anti-virus
ix. Using either DriverPack or DriverIdentifier, drivers for the different
hardwares are reinstalled.
x. Then softwares are installed.

3.5.2 BASIC COMPUTER FAULTS AND SOLUTIONS

i. Heating up of the system:

Possible Causes
a. Dormant fan.
b. Evaporated processor paste.
c. Improperly connected heat sink or low conducting power of heat
sink.
d. Blockage of vent by dust or dirt.

Solution
a. Change of fan or properly connecting fan.
b. Application of more processor paste.
c. Opening up of system and placing the heat sink properly or change
of the heat sink to a more conductive one.
d. Dusting of the vent.

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 ii. Hanging of the system:

Possible Causes
a. Low or incompatible RAM.
b. Filled hard disk.
c. Heating up of system.

Solution
a. Increase RAM size.
b. Delete some files in the hard disk and install a cleaner or replace
the hard disk.
c. Heating up can be resolved using the aforementioned solutions.

iii. Dormant Keyboard

Possible Causes
a. Packing or “not using” a system.
b. Damage of the “flex” or connector.
c. Drenched keyboard.
d. Damage of one key causing the board to cut off all other keys.

Solution
a. Vigorously tapping the keys to restore function.
b. Disabling keyboard driver and restarting the system which auto-
enables it.
c. Change of flex or connector.
d. Change of keyboard.

iv. Inability to power on.

Cause: Bad IC on the board.

Solution: Locating and changing faulty IC.

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 v. Error disk display on starting up
Cause:
Weak or completely bad hard disk.
Solutions
a. Trouble shooting at the hardware section of the BIOS on start up
by immediately clicking the F9 key (on HP) or F12( on Dell).
b. If weak, try to transfer important file to an external storage device.
c. If bad, change hard disk.

vi. Unresponsive speaker

Possible Causes
a. Speaker driver needs update.
b. Undrived speaker.
c. Spoilt speaker.
d. Spoilt sound card.

Solution

a. Disable drive and restart the system, if it doesn’t work, drive or

update the speaker using DriverPack.
b. Format system.
c. Change speaker.
d. If changed speaker doesn’t work, troubleshoot sound card.

vii. Unresponsive screen touch

Possible Causes
a. Formatting and driving the screen, this results in problem because
some touch screens have drivers that cannot be deleted by formatting,
and redriving it removes the needed drive.

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 b. Formatting and driving with wrong drive.

Solutions
a. After formatting, do not drive the screen.
b. If screen doesn’t work, or works partially, then drive using HP
online support(for HPs) or Dell online support as the case maybe.
These online supports searches for the screen details and finds the
exact drive that support your screen touch, which you download
and install.

viii. Inability of USB ports to recognize devices.

Possible Causes
a. Dormant USB controller drive.
b. Poorly driven USB ports.
c. Driver needs to be updated.
d. Damaged USB ports.

Solution
a. Disable USB controller drive and restart the computer system.
b. Redrive USB controller.
c. Update USB controller drive.
d. Change USB hardware.

ix. Uncontrolled restarting of system.

Possible Causes s
a. Use of unlicensed or trial version of an operating system.
b. Virus infection.
c. Inability of the power connectors and power spider ICs to
efficiently distribute power.

Solution
a. Formatting and installation of licensed operating system.
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 b. Installation of an anti-virus, and performing a deep system scan to
identify and delete the malware.
c. Change of power connector and troubleshooting of motherboard to
identify faulty power ICs.

3.5.3 COMPUTER REPAIRS AND MAINTENANCE TOOLS

To accurately and easily troubleshoot a system, a computer engineering needs to

possess all the basic tools required for computer maintenance and other relevant
tools also. Some of these tools include;

3.5.3.1 Hardware Tools

i. Anti-static wrist band: The computer is made up of some of

components that require very little electric charges to operate. The
static electricity in the body may be far greater than the required
charge, thus the destruction of such component. The anti-static wrist-
strap is used to prevent static electricity charges from destroying the
computer parts by grounding your body.The metal clip is connected to
a bare metal part of the computer case like the metal case of a PC.

Anti-static wrist band

This can also be achieved partially but no safely by touching the

ground at intervals to discharge the static electricity to the ground.

16
ii. Tweezers: It is a tool used for picking up and manipulating objects
too small to be handled with the human hand.

A tweezer

iii. Long Nose Plier: It used to cut wires and can get in and out of tight
spots, unlike regular pliers.

A plier

iv. Soldering Iron: It is essential for repairs on mother board but with
extreme care. When used carelessly, it can destroy the board as well as
injure the engineer.

Soldering Iron

v. 8” Wire Cutter/ Stripper: It is for wire cutting and stripping

insulation on a single, multiple, fine stranded of wirecables with
plastic or rubber insulation.

17
 wire cutter

vi. Hot air blower/Work Station: This is used in desoldering parts that
are faulty or have been being wrongly soldered. It weakens the lead. It
is also used in the application of paste ( heat dependent gum) on
board.

Hot air blower

vii. Set of Screw Drivers: The different parts of the computer are made of
nuts and screws of different sizes, thus the need for multi-mouth screw
driver set. It is used in the loosening of nuts and screws.

Set of screw drivers

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viii. Paste flux: This is a heat dependent non-insulating joining paste used
to attach components on the board.

Paste flux
ix. Soldering wire/ lead: This is a metallic conductive joining material. It
is applied using the soldering iron at high temperature. Soldering on
the motherboard requires a high level of care as the soldering iron
lacks precision(mouth-size of 2mm-3mm)

Soldering lead
x. Multi-meter: It is used to measure voltage, current, continuity of wire
or motherboard, resistances at different points on the board and a lot
more.

A digital multi-meter

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 xi. Storage (USB Flash and External Hard disk): This stores all the
engineer’s working softwares. Without which the engineer can do so
little.
xii. Magnifying Lamp: It is used while working on the board to magnify
the size of the board for accuracy and speed.

Fig 3.11: A magnifying lamp

3.5.3.2 Software Tools:

Like hardware tools, there are a variety of software tools that can be used to
help technicians pinpoint and troubleshoot problems. Many of these tools are
free and several come with the Windows operating system. Examples are;

i. Disk Management tools: Initializes disks, creates partitions, and

formats partitions.

ii. ScanDisk : Checks the integrity of files and folders on a hard drive by
scanning the file system. These tools might also check the disk surface
for physical errors.
iii. Disk Cleanup: Clears space on a hard drive by searching for files that
can be safely deleted.

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 iv. HP Diagnostic tool: It troubleshoots the inactive hardwares and tries
activate them, on request. When unable to fix a problem, it gives the
cause of such problem(e.g missing drive).
v. DriverPack Online: It scans a system and then lists the missing
drives or drives that needs update in the system.
vi. Windows Update Diagnostic: It is a preinstalled software that scans
and updates system component drivers and also preinstalled softwares.
vii. HP Support Solutions Framework: It scans faulty systems and
provide online solutions.

3.5.3.3 PROTECTION TOOLS

Virus and spyware can damage operating systems, applications, and data.
Computers that have been infected may even have problems with
hardware performance or component failure, thus the need for protection
tools.

i. Windows Action Center: Checks the status of essential security settings.

The Action Center continuously checks to make sure that the software
firewall and antivirus programs are running. It also ensures that automatic
updates download and install automatically.
ii. Antivirus program: Protects the system against virus attacks.
iii. Antispyware program: Protects against software that sends information
about web surfing habits to an attacker. Spyware can be installed without
the knowledge or consent of the user.
iv. Windows Firewall: Runs continuously to protect against unauthorized
communications to and from your computer. But when a system has a
working anti-virus, the operating system automatically disables the
windows firewall, as the two perform same function.

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3.6 INSTALLATION OF JAMB CUSTOM BROWSER
Jamb specified browser to be used by each region, we downloaded the required
Custom Browser for Anambra state from the official jamb website, copied it to
flash drive and install in other systems.

Browser download for each region

Custom Browser interface

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3.7 NETWORKING
Network are component involve in connecting computer and application across
small and large distance.
Each computer on the network has access to the files and peripheral device
(such as printers or modems) on all the other computers on the network.

3.7.1 NETWORK TOPOLOGY

Common topology found in networking includes mesh topology star topology,
bus topology, ring topology, and others.
Network topology refers to the layout of the transmission medium and devices
on a network. Topologies use either a point to point or multipoint connection
scheme.

A connection scheme indicates how many devices are connected to a

transmission media segment or an individual cable.
An example of point-to-point connection scheme is a modem/ printer connected
to computer, direct cable connection between two computers.
An example of a multi point connection scheme is a star or bus topology
network.

a) Star Topology

This is a local area network topology where all the nodes are connected
individually to a central connecting device called a hub or switch. Signals travel
from the nodes to the hub which then sends signals to other nodes on the
network. A star topology network is scale able –i.e. it can be design and
redesign easily.

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 b) Bus Topology
A LAN topology where each node is connected to a single main bus cable, is
transmits data to all the nodes on the network. The bus is actually a series of
cable segments running from one node to the other. Break or faulty piece of
cable anywhere on the segment prevents all the computers on the segment from
being able to communicate.

c) Mesh Topology
This is a network topology where every node on the network has a separate wire
connecting it to every other node on the network. It provides each device with a
point-to-point connection to every other device in the network. This type of

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network has a high fault tolerance because failure of one node does not affect
data transmission between other nodes.

At NOC the topology adopted is the mesh topology.

3.7.2 TRANSMISSION MEDIA

 Wired media
 Wireless media

A. Wired Media

These are media which require the use of wires, lines and cables to transmit
communication signals. During my industrial training at NOC, I encountered
majorly three different types of wired network media namely:

I. Coaxial cable

A coaxial cable is an alternative for protecting data from noise. Coaxial cables
do not produce external electric and magnetic fields and are not affected by
them. This makes them ideally suited, although more expensive, for
transmitting signals.

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II. Twisted pair cable

In a twisted pair there are eight copper wire that are coated with different
colours; the colours are mix/orange, orange, mix/blue, blue, mix/green, green,
mix/brown and brown.

These colours are very important when terminating cables. The two most
common ways of terminating Ethernet cables are:

a) Straight-through method

b) cross-over method

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In straight-through method, in any way you put in your cable, the colour
adopted at both ends must be the same.
In a cross-over method all you need to do is to terminate one end with a straight
rule method and the other end would be that pin ‘1’ goes to pin ‘3’ and vice-
versa, the pin ‘2’ then goes to pin ‘6’ and also vice-versa.
I got to know that a cross-over cable is used to connect two similar devices like
a PC to a PC while a straight through cable is used to connect different devices
e.g. a PC to a router.

III. Fibre optic cable

At NOC the backbone upon which the network is built is fibre optic.

It is made of glass fibres instead of wire; it consists of a centre glass core

surrounded by several layers of protective material. The outer insulating jacket
is made of Teflon or PVC. The fibre optic cables transmit light rather than
electronic signals, thereby eliminating the problem of electrical interference.

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Optical fibres come in two types:
• Single-mode fibres

• Multi-mode fibres

Single-mode fibres have small cores while

Multi-mode fibres have larger cores. Used for short-distance communication
links.

B. Wireless Media

To fully explore the wireless added dimension, Communication system

designers have sought to use wireless media to reduce infrastructure cost and
complexity, when compared to wired communication systems. There is no need
to construct miles of telephone line poles or cable trenches.
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During my stay at NOC I was able to interact with the following devices:

3.7.3 NETWORK EQUIPMENT

Some network equipment:

I. Ethernet Radio

Is a device that sends and receive packets from one network to the other.

II. Router
A router is a device that forwards data packets between computer
networks, creating an overlay internetwork. A router is connected to two
or more data lines from different networks. When a data packet comes in
one of the lines, the router reads the address information in the packet to
determine its ultimate destination. Then, using information in its routing
table or routing policy, it directs the packet to the next network on its
journey.

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III. Switch
A network switch is a computer networking device that connects network
segments or network devices. It serves mainly for extension.

IV. Antenna
It’s a device that aid and enhances the signal strength and quality. Antennas are
not used alone; it is always attached to something mostly to an antennas. An
antenna is of two types in terms of direction Directional and Omni-directional.
Directional beams signal in one direction while Omni- directional beams signals
in all direction. Antennas are better propagated horizontally.

Unidirectional antenna parabolic grid

antenna

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 V. Twisted pair Cable
Twisted pair is the ordinary copper wire that connects home and many business
computers to the telephone company. To reduce crosstalk or electromagnetic
induction between pairs of wires, two insulated copper wires are twisted around
each other. Each connection on twisted pair requires both wires. Since some
telephone sets or desktop locations require multiple connections, twisted pair is
sometimes installed in two or more pairs, all within a single cable.

VI. Connectors
Rj-45 plug is the common name for an 8P8C modular connector using 8
conductors which pin down wires in a twisted pair cable.

VII. Crimping tool

Is a tool used to terminate category cables such as CAT1-CAT6 using an RJ-45
connector; it can also be used to cut cable to a desired length.

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VIII. LAN cable tester
This is used to test if a category cable has been well terminated, or develop a
fault.

3.7.4 IP ADDRESSING
An IP address is a unique identifier that is assigned to a host on a network. It is
also a unique identifier for a host or a node on a network. We have IPv4 and
IPv6. The most used being IPv4 (with 32bits).

Functions of IP Addressing
• For location of a device on the network
• It is assigned to allow hosts on one network to communicate to hosts on
another network
• IPv4 address is 32 bits divided in to four octets or bytes using dot ’.’

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Classes of IPv4 Addresses
IPv4 which is 32bits has class ranges from class A-E

Class A
This Class address can only be between 0 and 127. All 0’s reserved for default
route and ‘127’ is reserved for trouble shooting –loop back, therefore in reality
Class A valid address range that can be assigned to host on a network is 10-
126
Class B
Class B address can only be between 172 – 191

Class C
Class address can only be between 192 – 223
Class A-C is used for uncast.

Class D and E
Class D (224-239) used for multicasting
• Class E (240-255) for research purposes

Broadcast Address
This is the address used to send data to all hosts on a broadcast domain.
When all the host bits are on (‘1’) this is a broadcast address for all hosts
255 are reserved for sending broadcast message.

Subnet ting
The basic function of sub-netting is to define the class boundary.
To create subnets you take bits from the host portion of the IP address and
reserve them to define the subnet address.

Subnet Mask
The subnet mask for class A ranges from 255.0.0.0

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The subnet mask for class B ranges from 255.255.0.0
The subnet mask for class C ranges from 255.255.255.0
The first octet determines the class.
The ‘255’ above represent the network portion and the zeros represent the host
portion.

Private IP address ranges

The ranges and the amount of usable IP's are as follows:

10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255
Addresses: 16,777,216

172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255
Addresses: 1, 048, 5

3.7.5 TROUBLESHOOTING SKILLS

Troubleshooting is the process of finding problems and solving them.
Should a client unable to browse or unable to make calls via the IP phone, the
check begins with the cable being used if client is connected via LAN cable,
this is done using the LAN-cable tester, check the face plates to know if it is
working, check the patched panel and switches on the distribution rack where
they are kept. Ping the systems Ethernet port, ping the server etc.

3.8 INVIGILATION OF JAMB EXAMINATION

It was a great privilege to participate in the last JAMB examination invigilation
as “Centre Technical Staff”.
Major role played was to assist candidates that have issues with their system,
guiding them before exam starts on how to use keyboard in answering there
questions and attending to any with network issues with their system.

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3.9 CORRECTION OF DATA
Currently, at the centre, candidates who have seen their jamb result score and
wish to change their school/course of choice or any other correction is ongoing.
The change of institution and course can only be done at the CBT centre and
there is no limit one can change their choice, once they can afford the payment.

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 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 SUMMARY OF EXPERIENCES GAINED, OBSERVATIONS AND

CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED

4.1 SUMMARY OF EXPERIENCE GAINED

The participation in Industrial training by students helps in building their skills,
technical know-how and competencies. By the virtue of this training, I have
been able to acquire knowledge in the following areas in summary:

1. Gained knowledge on system networking.

2. Acquired knowledge on system repair
3. Troubleshooting of computer system.
4. Online registration of forms
5. Acquired understanding into the business of CBT centre

4.2 OBSERVATIONS

I. Punctuality: I observed the inspiring attitude to time consciousness

exhibited by some staffs in the organisation.
II. Good and cordial staff relationship: I noticed their cheerful behaviors
towards their fellow staff and their level of cooperation between
themselves in the office/workshop environment.
III. Readiness to Teach: This can be observed through my Supervisors
willingness and dedication in carrying us along through the duration of the
program.
IV. Assessment: The centre admin ensured to give us technical work and
other assignments for the aim of engaging and assessing us practically as a
prerequisite to successfully completing the program.

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4.3 CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED
As an IT student, I faced a few challenges. Listed below are the few challenges
I faced:

1. Duration of attachment: Due to the short term and ASUU strike

interfering with the school calendar, it was made mandatory that
students undergo the 400L SIWES for a period of 4 months, as
against the normal 6months allocated for it. This became a hindrance
as students were restricted to 4months of learning which is
insufficient for the program.

2. Lack of Experience: As an intern, I had limited practical experience

in the industry. Adjusting to the work environment and understanding
the complex activities posed initial difficulties. However, with
guidance from my mentors and continuous learning, I was able to
overcome this challenge.

3. Technical Complexities: The computer as an electronic component

with complex part, Understanding the complexities of the computer
motherboard, networking of systems, and Troubleshooting required
a steep learning curve. It took time to grasp the intricacies of the
various systems and their interconnections.

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 CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 CONCLUSION
The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) plays a
significant role in human resource development, it helps students develop
new skills and enlightens them of what the present society holds for them
after graduation and helps them adapt accordingly.

5.2 RECOMMENDATIONS
This SIWES program is the foundation of practical knowledge in university
education which exposes and prepares undergraduates for the life of
industrial work and as such should be emphasized in institutions.

Though I gained a lot of experience during the training period, some

measures still need to be taken to achieve greater efficiency and to help those
who will undergo SIWES in the future.

1. The government should ensure that the program is taken seriously, by

mandating the ITF staffs to visit the students on training. This will go a
long way in solving whatever challenge the student might be facing in his
or her place of attachment.

2. The government should see to it that more opportunities and vacancies

are provided in public offices and private establishments as well to
accommodate Industrial Training students.

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3. The industry/organization where students are attached should be
encouraged to pay stipends to the students. This will go a long way in
motivating the students. Also, students should be regularly monitored
during their period of attachment.

4. Students should also see the period of their attachment as a time to attend
conferences, meetings and seminars related to their field of study.

5. The students should seize this opportunity to improve on themselves and

not just time for making money.

6. Assessment of student should be done practically and orderly in the field

rather than through a written logbook

7. The school authorities should in subsequent times ensure henceforth that

the school calendar is tailored in such a way to recognize and
accommodate the SIWES program.

8. Proper guidelines and monitoring should be put in place to ensure strict

compliance.

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 REFERENCES

1. Technical report on student industrial work experience scheme, by

Odomo Ayodele Elijah Federal University, Otuoke.
Link: https://www.slideshare.net/AyoOdomomtn/my-siwes-report

2. Network Cabling Florida Center for Instructional Technology College of

Education, University of South Florida (1997-2013).

3. Copper based system Study guide v3.3, introduction to copper cable

networking

4. Fiber Optic based system Study guide v3.3, introduction to Fiber Optic
cabling

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