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Verilog 2

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9 views19 pages

Verilog 2

Uploaded by

garvitsrivastav2004
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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VERILOG -2

11-9-23
ECE/EEE/INSTR F215 (DIGITAL DESIGN)
PROF. ANITA AGRAWAL, BITS, PILANI- K.K.BIRLA GOA CAMPUS
INTEGER CONSTANTS

ANITA AGRAWAL CS/ECE/EEE/INSTR F215 10/6/2023 12:35 AM 2


INTEGER CONSTANTS

 Integer constants/numbers: decimal by default.


 Preceded by a minus sign for negative value. Default:
unsigned integer.
 Other number systems: hexadecimal, octal, binary should be
specified as such,

 'b or 'B : binary (0,1)


 'o or 'O : octal (0-7)
 'h or 'H : hex (0-9, A-F or a-f)
 'd or 'D : decimal (0-9)
10/6/2023 12:35 AM 3
ANITA AGRAWAL CS/ECE/EEE/INSTR F215
UNSIZED INTEGERS

 Integer default size (unsized): 32 bits (compiler defined)


 Sized value: must be preceeding the base declaration.
 Must be an unsigned decimal number
 Should specify the number of bits required to represent the
number.
 If the specified integer constant requires less bits than the
specified size, it is:
 left padded with zeros
 left padded with ’x’ or ‘z’ if leftmost is ‘x’ or ‘z’
ANITA AGRAWAL CS/ECE/EEE/INSTR F215 10/6/2023 12:35 AM 4
USE OF ‘-’ CHARACTER

 Can be used anywhere inside the number, except as the first


character.

 Only used to enhance readability, as spaces are not allowed inside


the numbers and are ignored by compiler.

ANITA AGRAWAL CS/ECE/EEE/INSTR F215


10/6/2023 12:35 AM 5
EXAMPLE

 16’b1001_1100_1110_0001

 197_832_001

ANITA AGRAWAL CS/ECE/EEE/INSTR F215 10/6/2023 12:35 AM 6


USE OF X & Z CHARACTERS

 The digits ‘x’ or ‘X’ and ‘z’ or ‘Z’ : unknown and high
impedance’ values, respectively.
 Can be used in binary, octal and hexadecimal numbers
(not in decimal)
 A single ‘x’ or ‘z’ extends to four bits if used in a
hexadecimal number, to three in octal, and one in
binary.
ANITA AGRAWAL CS/ECE/EEE/INSTR F215 10/6/2023 12:35 AM 7
EXAMPLES

 4’b01xx // last two bits of this four bit number unknown.

10/6/2023 12:35 AM 8

ANITA AGRAWAL CS/ECE/EEE/INSTR F215


USE OF ‘?’ CHARACTER

 Can be used as a digit instead of ‘z’ (high impedance) for readability


purposes, especially when the high impedance is a don’t care condition.
 Sets four bits to ‘z’ in hexadecimal numbers, three bits in octal and one
in binary.
 Cannot be used with decimal numbers.

ANITA AGRAWAL CS/ECE/EEE/INSTR F215 10/6/2023 12:35 AM 9


OPERATORS

ANITA AGRAWAL CS/ECE/EEE/INSTR F215 10/6/2023 12:35 AM 10


Operator Operator Operation Number
Type Symbol performed of
operands
Arithmetic * Multiply two
/ Divide two
+ Add two
- Subtract two
% Modulus two
** Power two
(exponent)
Arithmetic + Specifies one
(unary) sign of
operand
ANITA AGRAWAL CS/ECE/EEE/INSTR F215
- “ one 11

10/6/2023 12:35 AM
EXAMPLE
Let A=4’b0011, B=4’b0100, D=6, E=4, F=2

 A*B

 A+B

 B –A

 D/E

 D%E

 F = E ** F

 Note: If any operand bit has a value x, then the result of the entire expression is x. 12

10/6/2023 12:35 AM
ANITA AGRAWAL CS/ECE/EEE/INSTR F215
SOME MORE EXAMPLES……

Ex: W = 4’b101x, Y=4’b1011, then W+Y = 4’bx

 13 % 3 = 1 ; 13/3 = 4
 16 % 4 = 0 ; 16/4 = 4
 -7 % 2 = -1 ; -7/2 = -3
 7 % -2 = 1 ; 7/-2 = 3

ANITA AGRAWAL CS/ECE/EEE/INSTR F215 10/6/2023 12:35 AM 13


Operator Operator Operation Number
Type Symbol performed of
operands
Logical ! Logical one
negation
&& Logical two
and
|| Logical or two

Always evaluate to a 1-bit value, 0 (false) or 1 (true) or x(ambiguous if


any operand is x or z)
ANITA AGRAWAL CS/ECE/EEE/INSTR F215 10/6/2023 12:35 AM 14
A=4 B=0
A && B //evaluates to 0 ; logical 1 && logical 0
A || B //evaluates to 1; logical 1 || logical 0
!A // evaluates to 0
!B // evaluates to 1
Unknowns
A = 2’b0x; B =2’b10
A && B //evaluates to x ; equivalent to (x && logical 1)

Expressions
(a==2) && (b==3) //evaluates to 1 if both a ==2 and
b==3 are true, else to 0
10/6/2023 12:35 AM 15
ANITA AGRAWAL CS/ECE/EEE/INSTR F215
Operator Type Operator Operation Number of
Symbol performed operands
Relational > Greater than two
< Less than two
>= Greater than two
or equal

<= Less than or two


equal

Equality == Equality two


!= Inequality two
=== Case equality two

ANITA AGRAWAL CS/ECE/EEE/INSTR F215


!== Case inequality two 16

10/6/2023 12:35 AM
Relational operators:

Return values 1,0 or x when used in an expression

Akin to C language

ANITA AGRAWAL CS/ECE/EEE/INSTR F215 10/6/2023 12:35 AM 17


Equality operators:
•compares the two operators bit by bit
•Fills up with 0s in case of unequal lengths

Logical: ==, !=

Case: ===, !==

Logical operators, outputs: 1,0, x

Case operators, outputs: 1,0


ANITA AGRAWAL CS/ECE/EEE/INSTR F215 10/6/2023 12:35 AM 18
ANITA AGRAWAL CS/ECE/EEE/INSTR F215 10/6/2023 12:40 AM 19

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