Department of Electrical Engineering

EE361: Control Systems Lab

Course Instructor: Abdullah Mughees Date:

Lab Engineer: Muhammad Kashif Semester: Spring 2024

Session: 2021 – 2025 Batch: BSEE21

Lab 2: Modeling of Physical Systems as Transfer Functions

Name Roll No Total Marks (35)

Muhammad Mahad Azher BSEE21075

Graded on: _______________________________

Instructor’s Signature: _______________________________

Learning Outcomes
After completing this lab with the aid of MATLAB and Simulink, the students will be able to
 Model first and second-order systems in MATLAB and Simulink as transfer functions
 Predict the behavior of LTI systems by plotting their step and impulse responses
 Plot the poles and zeros of an LTI system using MATLAB.

2.1 Representation of LTI Systems as Transfer Functions

If we give an input r (t ) to an LTI (linear and time-invariant) system, its corresponding output
y (t ) can be calculated by convolving r (t ) with the system's impulse response g ( t ) .
y ( t ) =r ( t )∗g ( t )
The convolution operation is not very convenient to implement with common mathematical
methods. However, if we take the Laplace transform of the above equation, we get a very
useful result because convolution in the time domain corresponds to multiplication in the s-
domain.
Y ( s )=R ( s ) G ( s )
This result helps to represent any LTI system as a multiplicative gain from input to output.

Figure 2-1: Representation of a system as a transfer function

A transfer function is the representation of an LTI system in the s-domain. It represents the
ratio between the Laplace transforms of the output and the input of a system.
Y (s )
G ( s )=
R (s )
In practice, the transfer function G ( s ) is usually used as the preferred form of representation
of LTI systems instead of the impulse response g ( t ).
2.1.1 Algebraic Forms of Transfer Functions
As the transfer function is generally the representation of an n th order linear constant-
coefficient differential equation, one of its algebraic forms can be derived by performing the
following sequence of operations. Here, we represent the input of the system as r ( t ) and the
output as y ( t ) .
n n−1 m m−1
d y (t ) d y (t ) d r (t ) d r (t )
an + an−1 + … a 0 y ( t ) =bm +b m−1 + … b0 r ( t )
dt n dt n−1 dt m dt m−1
Applying Laplace transform on this differential equation, we get the following expression.
Note that this step goes with the assumption that all initial conditions are zero.
n n−1 m m−1
a n s Y ( s ) +an −1 s Y ( s ) … a 0 Y ( s )=bm s R ( s )+ bm−1 s R ( s) … b0 R ( s )

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Factoring out Y (s) and R(s) from both sides, we can rearrange this polynomial equation to
isolate the ratio of Y ( s ) and R ( s ).
m m−1 m−2 0
Y ( s ) b m s +bm −1 s +b m−2 s … b0 s
G ( s )= =
R ( s ) an s n +a n−1 s n−1 +an −2 s n−2 … a0 s 0

The G ( s ) as expressed in the preceding equation is, in essence, a ratio of two polynomials in
s-domain. But G(s) can also be represented algebraically in two other forms. Each form has
its own utility. The description of each of these forms is as follows.
Polynomial form: If the numerator and denominator in the fraction are written as
polynomials, it is known as polynomial form. This form is particularly useful with the direct
implementation of filters. As evident in the following equation, the coefficients in the
numerator are usually represented by b k and the coefficient in the denominator represented by
a k, where k is an integer from 0 to m for the numerator and 0 to n for the denominator. For all
physically realizable systems, the degree of numerator must be smaller than the degree of the
denominator, i.e., m<n.
m

m
bm s +b m−1 s
m−1
+ bm−2 s
m−2
… b0 s
0 ∑ bk s k
G ( s )= n n−1 n−2
= k=0
a n s + an−1 s + an−2 s … a 0 s0 n

∑ ak s k
k=0

ZPK or Zero-Pole-K form: sometimes it is useful to represent a transfer function in terms of

its poles and zeros. This representation is known as the zero-pole-gain form. To transform a
transfer function from polynomial to ZPK form, we just write the numerator and the
denominator as the product of its factors. The roots of the numerator polynomial, z k are
known as zeros of the system and the roots of the denominator polynomial, pk are known as
the poles of the system. The values of z k and pk may be complex numbers, depending on the
nature of the system. This form is particularly useful in analyzing the stability properties and
frequency response of the LTI systems.
m

( s− z0 ) ( s−z 1 ) … ( s−z m ) ∏ ( s−z k )

k=0
G ( s )=K =K
( s− p0 ) ( s− p1 ) … ( s− pn ) n

∏
k=0
( s− pk )

Residue form: If the fraction representing the transfer function G ( s ) is expressed as a sum of
partial fractions, it is known as the residue form. This form can have various representations,
depending on how we factor the partial fractions. The simplest form is as follows. K ( s ) is the
residue polynomial that remains when degree of the numerator is greater than that of the
denominator in G ( s ). Rk are the numerators of the partial fractions and pk are the system’s
poles.
R1 R2 R3 Rn
G ( s )=K ( s ) + + + …
s− p0 s− p1 s− p 2 s− pn−1

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2.2 Transfer Functions in MATLAB
Controls Systems Toolbox in MATLAB provides functions and applications to manipulate
and analyze transfer functions, which can be defined in either polynomial or ZPK form. We
can also find the response of an LTI system corresponding to impulse and step inputs.
2.2.1 Defining an LTI System in Polynomial Form
The function tf() defines an LTI system in polynomial form. One of the ways to use this
function is as follows.

sys = tf(num, den)

Here, num is an array with the coefficients of the numerator polynomial in descending
powers of s, den is an array with the coefficients of the denominator polynomial in
descending powers of s and sys is an object of type tf, returned by the function.
In the following example, we define a numerator and a denominator and build a transfer
function in the polynomial form. The value of the transfer function, assigned to sys object, is
then verified.
s
G ( s )= 2
3s +1
>> num = [1 0]; % coeffs of num poly s
>> den = [3 0 1]; % coeffs of den poly 3*s^2 + 0*s + 1
>> sys = tf(num, den); % build a system
>> sys % verify the TF of the system

2.2.2 Defining a Transfer Function in ZPK Form

A system represented in ZPK form can be created using the following function.
sys = zpk(Z, P, K)
In this function, Z is an array of zeros of the system, P is an array of poles of the system and
K is a scaling parameter, known as the system gain. In the following example, a system is
constructed in ZPK form and verified.
15 ( s−3 ) ( s−2 )( s−5 ) ( s−1 )
G ( s )= 2
s ( s−1 ) ( s−2 )
>> p=[1 2 1 0]; % define poles
>> z=[3 1 2 5]; % define zeros
>> k=15; % define gain
>> sys = zpk(z, p, k); % create system
>> sys % verify the system

2.2.3 Residue Form of a Transfer Function

The residue() function can be used to find the partial fractions expansion of a fraction
with given polynomial numerator and denominators. We pass the numerator and denominator

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polynomials to it and it returns the residue polynomial, R, the array of poles P and the array
of partial fraction numerators K. In the following example, the find out the partial fractions
expansion of the transfer function.
( s +2 )2
( s +1 )( s+ 3 )( s+ 4 )
>> a=poly([-2 -2]);
>> b=poly([-1 -3 -4]);
>> [R, P, K] = residue(a, b);
The result of this operation is the following.
R =
1.3333
-0.5000
0.1667
P =
-4.0000
-3.0000
-1.0000
K =
[]
This result represents the given transfer function in the following residue form.
4 1 1
− +
3 ( s+ 4 ) 2 ( s +3 ) 6 ( s+ 1 )

2.2.4 Plotting the Impulse Response of a System

The function impulse() can be used to plot the impulse response of an LTI system whose
transfer function has been defined using tf() or zpk() functions. In the following
example, an LTI system with the transfer function,
2
s +4 s +4
G ( s )= 3 2
,
s +8 s +19+12
is defined using tf() and its impulse response is plotted. Note that a new plot window
automatically opens up when this function is called.

>> num = [1 4 4];

>> den = [1 8 19 12];
>> sys1 = tf(num, den);

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>> impulse(sys1)

Figure 2-2: Impulse response of an LTI system

2.2.5 Plotting the Step Response of an LTI System

The function step() can be used similarly to plot the step response of an LTI system. In the
following example, a system is created in PZK form and its step response is plotted. In the
following example, an LTI system with the transfer function,
( s+ 2 )2
G ( s )= ,
( s +1 ) ( s +3 ) ( s+ 7 )
is defined using tf() and its step response is plotted.
>> z = [-2 -2];
>> p = [-1 -3 -7];
>> k = 1;
>> sys2 = zpk(z, p, k);
>> step(sys2)

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 Figure 2-3: Step response of an LTI system

2.2.6 Plotting the Pole-Zero Map of an LTI System

The function pzmap() plots the pole-zero map of an LTI system on a complex plane. In the
following example the poles and zeros of a simple LTI system, having the following transfer
function are plotted.
2
s +4 s +4
G ( s )=
3 2
s +8 s +19+12
Recall that the system has three poles at s=−1, s=−3 and s=−4 , and a pair of repeated
zeros at s=−2.
>> num = [1 4 4];
>> den = [1 8 19 12];
>> sys1 = tf(num, den);
>> pzmap(sys1)

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 Figure 2-4: Pole zero map of an LTI system

2.3 Polynomial Manipulation in MATLAB

Polynomial manipulation is crucial to Control Systems because the numerator and the
denominator of a transfer function are polynomials. MATLAB provides a handful of
functions to define polynomials and perform operations on them.
2.3.1 Finding Coefficients of a Polynomial
The poly() function can be used to find the coefficients of a polynomial from its roots. In
the following example, we use this function to find the coefficients of the polynomial with
the roots,
s=1, 3 , 4
Notice that the
>> b = poly([1 3 4])
2.3.2 Finding the Roots of a Polynomial
The roots() function returns the roots of a polynomial variable. In the following example,
we find the roots of the following polynomial. Notice that the function returns the roots as an
array.
3 2
s +8 s +19 s +12
>> roots(b)

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2.3.3 Evaluate a Polynomial
The function polyval() evaluates the polynomial at a given value of s. In the following
example, we find the value of the polynomial b defined above at s=5.
>> polyval(b, 5)
2.3.4 Product of Two Polynomials
The conv() can be used to find the coefficients of the product of two polynomials. In the
following example, we convolve the polynomials a and b.
2
a ( s ) =s +4 s+ 4
b ( s ) =s 3 +8 s 2 +19 s+ 12
>> a = [1 4 4];
>> b = [1 8 19 13];
>> c = conv(a, b);
2.4 Transfer Functions in Simulink
The transfer function of an LTI system can also be defined in Simulink using the 'Transfer
Function' block. This block is available in the Simulink library in the 'Continuous' section of
the navigation pane. The transfer function block in Simulink is shown in the following
diagram.

Figure 2-5: Transfer function block in Simulink

The transfer function for the block can be edited by double clicking the block and entering
the coefficients of powers of s for the denominator and the numerator as in the following
diagram.

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 Figure 2-6: Editing the transfer function

You can provide impulse, step, ramp or any well-defined input to this block and observe the
simulated output using the scope block.

2.5 Task 1: Op-Amp Integrator

Objective: Model and op-amp integrator and simulate its step response in MATLAB.
Consider the integrator circuit based on an operational amplifier given in Figure 2-7.

Figure 2-7: Op amp integrator

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1. Pre-Lab Use the impedance model of electrical elements to write down the transfer
function of the integrator from v ¿ to v out, in terms of R and C. [3
points]

−1
V out ( s )
G (s ) = RCs
=¿___________________________
V ¿ ( s)
2. Pre-Lab If a unit step is applied as v ¿ to this op-amp circuit, do you think v out will be?
Justify your answer considering the integrator’s mathematical properties. [2 points]
V ¿ (t)=u (t)
where (u(t)) is the unit step function, which is 0 for (t < 0) and 1 for (t > 0).
−1 −1
Vout(t)=
RC
∫ V in(t)dt = RC ∫ u ( t ) dt
−1
V out (t )= t ⋅u (t)
RC
This means that the output will be a negative ramp function starting from (t = 0), with a slope
of (-1/RC). The negative sign indicates that the output voltage decreases over time, which is a
characteristic of the op-amp integrator when a positive step input is applied. The rate of
decrease is determined by the product of the resistance (R) and the capacitance (C). The
larger the product (RC), the slower the output voltage decreases.

3. Using R=1 kΩ and C=100 μF , define the transfer function (found in part 1) of this op-
amp circuit in MATLAB. Plot its step response and paste a screenshot here. Describe the
output in terms of initial value and shape of the graph. Also, describe how its slope varies
over time. [5 points]

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  Initial Value: The graph starts at an initial value of 0 amplitude. This is expected as
the output of an integrator for a step input starts from zero.
 Shape of the Graph: The graph shows a straight line decreasing linearly over time.
This is the typical response of an op-amp integrator to a step input. The output is a
ramp function, which is represented as a straight line in the graph.
 Slope Variation: The slope of the graph is constant and negative throughout the time
period shown. This indicates a steady rate of decrease in amplitude with respect to
time. The slope of the graph is determined by the values of the resistance (R) and the
capacitance (C) in the op-amp integrator circuit. In this case, the slope is (-1/RC),
which remains constant over time
2.6 Task 2: Cruise Model of a Car
Objective: Simulate the first order differential equation of a cruising car in Simulink.
Investigate the behavior of the car if the load is changed.
The model of a car is given in the following diagram. Here, x represents the displacement of
the car and consequently, ẋ and ẍ represent its velocity and acceleration. The mass of the car
is m and a force u is applied to it by the engine to make it move forward or backward. [7]

Figure 2-8: Forces acting on a car

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1. Pre-Lab Using Newton's 2nd law, consider all the forces acting on the car and write down
the first order differential equation relating the velocity of the car, v= ẋ , in terms of the
engine force u and the car’s acceleration ẍ . Ignore the rolling friction between the car’s
wheels and the road. [3 points]
we can express the net force as the sum of these forces:
F=u−bv
Newtons second law: m . a = u – bv
Since acceleration (a) is the time derivative of velocity (v): m . dv/dt = u −¿ bv
dv 1
¿)
=¿_______________________
dt m

2. Pre-Lab Find the transfer function between velocity of the car and engine force, by
applying Laplace transform on the differential equation found in part 1.
[3 points]

Applying Laplace on both sides

m ⋅s V(s)= U(s) − bV(s)
Now, isolate V(s) on one side:
V(s) ⋅ (m⋅s+b) = U(s)

1
V (s )
G (s ) = =¿ _______________________
m. s +b
U (s )

3. Now simulate the car as a transfer function in Simulink with a constant engine force of
u=500 N applied to the car. Use m=1000 kg and b=50 Ns m−1 for the car. Run the
simulation for 100 s and insert the graph of the car’s speed here. Describe the behavior of
the car in terms of minimum and maximum values of the speed, settling time and shape of
the graph. [5 points]

37
  Minimum and Maximum Speed: The minimum speed of the car is at the start,
which is 0. The car then accelerates and reaches a maximum speed just above 508.

 Settling Time: The settling time is the time taken for the speed to reach and stay
within a certain range of the final value. In this case, the settling time seems to be
around 7-8 units of time. This is the time at which the car’s speed reaches near its
maximum and continues at that pace.

 Shape of the Graph: The shape of the graph is an S-curve, which is typical for
systems with a smooth acceleration and deceleration. The speed increases rapidly at
first (acceleration), then slows down as it approaches the maximum speed
(deceleration).
This shows that speed of the car is not much effected by external forces really.
4. Using your practical experience, how do you think the speed of the car would change if
an extra 500 kg is loaded on the car? Explain your answer. [3
points]
Ans: Adding an extra 500 kg to the car would likely result in slower acceleration, reduced
maximum speed, increased fuel consumption, longer braking distances, and potential changes
in handling and stability. The additional mass increases the inertia, making it more
challenging for the car to move and stop efficiently.

38
5. Update your Simulink model to incorporate the extra 500 kg mass and simulate it.
Explain any differences from your answer to previous part. [3
points]

Only slightly non noticeable change in the graph happened not any significant to display
differences after adding the addition weight. Which means that car’s pulling force is much
stronger to lift.
2.7 Task 3: Permanent Magnet DC Motor
Objective: Simulate the step response of a permanent magnet DC motor in Simulink using its
transfer function.
Consider a DC motor as shown in Figure 2-9: Permanent magnet DC motor. In this model,
the resistance and inductance of the armature are R and L respectively, the moment of inertia
of the rotor is J , the drag constatnt for the rotor is b and the back EMF and torque constants
are K e and K t respectively. The physical and electrical parameters of the motor are
J=0.01, b=0.1 , K e =K t =0.01 , R=1 , L=1. [8]

39
 Figure 2-9: Permanent magnet DC motor

1. Pre-Lab Write down a differential equation that relates the rotation speed of the motor,
ω=θ̇ , and its input voltage v . [4
points]

2. Pre-Lab Find the transfer function between ω and v . Use Ω(s) to represent the Laplace
transform of ω (t). Use L ( ω ( t ) )=Ω ( s ) . [4 points]

Ω (s )
G (s ) = =¿ __________________________________
V (s )

40
3. Use Simulink to simulate the rotational speed of the motor when a constant voltage (DC)
of 5 V is applied. Insert the graph here and describe the shape of the graph in term of
variation in the angular speed, and the initial and steady-state values. [5 points]

The angular speed increases rapidly at first, indicating a quick response to some kind of
stimulus or change in conditions. As time progresses, the rate of increase slows down. This
could be due to the system approaching its limit or due to a decrease in the driving force.

Steady-State Value: The graph eventually reaches a steady-state value, where the angular
speed no longer changes significantly. This value appears to be around 0.5. The steady-state
is typically reached when the forces driving the change are balanced by the forces resisting
the change.
4. Create a new polynomial having roots at s=−1, s=−2 using the poly() function.
[2 points]

5. Convolve the new polynomial with the characteristic polynomial of the PMDC motor
system using the conv() function. [2 points]

41
6. Find the resulting polynomial in the form of partial fractions using the residue()
function in MATLAB. [3 points]

7. Find the roots of the convolved polynomial using the roots() function. [2 points]

8. Use the polyval() function to evaluate the value of the polynomial at s=2.[2 points]

2.8 Task 4: Spring-Mass System

Objective: Simulate a mass-spring system in Simulink under the influence of a damper. Use
Linear System Analyzer app to analyze the step response of the system on varying the
amount of damping. Observe the sinusoidal response of the system against different driving
frequencies.

42
Consider the following spring-mass system. The mass of the block is m , the coefficient of
friction b , the spring constant k and the displacement x . A horizontal external force f ( t ) is
applied to the block. Consider rightwards as the positive direction for displacement, velocity
and acceleration.

Figure 2-10: Spring-mass system

1. Pre-Lab Recall the differential equation of this system derived in Lab 1. Transform the
differential equation into a transfer function, considering the external force F ( s ) as the
input and the displacement X ( s ) as the output. Write the transfer function in the
polynomial form in terms of m , b and k . The coefficient of the highest power of s in the
denominator must be 1.
[4 points]
(m s2+bs +k) X(s) = F(s)
1
X (s) m
F (s )
= b k
s 2+ s+
m m
1
= 2 where m=b=k=1
s + s +1

2. Pre-Lab If the system has the poles as given below, compare it with your system and find
b k
the values of and for your spring-mass system. [3 points]
m m
s=−0.5 ± √ i
3
2
b/m = -0.5 x sqrt(3)
k/m=(sqrt(3)/2)^2
−√ 3
b/m =
2
3
k/m =
4

43
3. Pre-Lab Is the system overdamped, underdamped or critically damped? [2 points]

b −√ 3
Since the damping ratio is = =
m√3 2
Since ζ is negative, it suggests that the system is underdamped. Therefore, the system is
underdamped.

4. Simulate the system in Simulink using the values found in the previous part and run the
simulation for 25 seconds. Insert the graph of the displacement here and describe the
shape of the curve, time period of oscillation (if they occur), initial and final values. Use
m=2 kg for the simulation. [5
points]

5. Use the Linear System Analyzer app to plot the step response of the system with the
following values of b and for each value, measure and record the parameters in the
subsequent columns. [5 points]

Oscillations? Peak Time Final

No. b
(Yes/No) Time Period Value
1 0 Yes Inf NaN 1.6983

44
2 0.25 Yes 4.4429 59.02 1.0371
3 0.5 Yes 4.421 28.49 1.002
4 1 Yes 4.7894 15.484 1
5 2 No 6.263 8.4326 1
6 10 No 71.727 38.53 0.9938

45
6. In this part, you will simulate the response of the system if a sinusoidal input force is
applied. A sinusoidal input can be modeled as follows, f ( t )= A sin ( ωt ), where A is the
amplitude and ω is the angular frequency of the oscillation. Simulate the system against
each of the following sinusoidal inputs. Explain how the displacement of the mass
behaves in terms of its frequency and amplitude of oscillations in each case. [4
points]

i. f ( t )=sin ( t )

ii. f ( t )=sin ( √23 t )

iii. f ( t )=sin ( 10 t )
iv. f ( t )=sin ( 100 t )

based on the simulation results depicted in the graphs:

1. f(t) = sin(t): The system shows regular oscillations with a moderate amplitude. This
suggests that the frequency of the input is close to the natural frequency of the system,
but not enough to cause resonance. The system is able to follow the input closely.
2. f(t) = sin(√3/2 t): The system still shows regular oscillations, but at a higher
frequency compared to the first case. This indicates that the frequency of the input is

46
 higher than the natural frequency of the system, but the system is still able to respond
to the input without significant distortion.
3. f(t) = sin(10t): The graph appears as a solid blue area due to the high frequency of the
input. This suggests that the frequency of the input is much higher than the natural
frequency of the system. The system is not able to follow the input closely, leading to
smaller oscillations.
4. f(t) = sin(100t): Only one significant spike is visible due to the very high frequency
of the input. This indicates that the frequency of the input is significantly higher than
the natural frequency of the system. The system is not able to respond to the input,
resulting in a very small amplitude of oscillation.

2.9 Task 5: RL Circuit [Extra Credit]

Objective: Model the transfer function of an RL circuit using MATLAB. Investigate the
effect of varying the values of R and L on its step response.
Consider the following circuit with the given values of the components and v i and v o as
labeled on the circuit.

Figure 2-11: RL circuit

1. Pre-Lab Using your knowledge of RL circuits, what do you expect the v o to be at t → ∞ if

the input voltage is v i=1V ? [2 points]

2. Pre-Lab What would be the value of v 0 at t=0 ? [2 points]

3. Pre-Lab Use the impedance models of linear circuit components, to derive the transfer
function between V 0 ( s ) and V i ( s ). [3 points]

47
4. Use MATLAB to generate a system with this transfer function in the polynomial form.
Plot the step response of this circuit in MATLAB and describe its shape in terms of the
initial value, final value, and the time constant. [3
points]

5. Without first simulating in MATLAB, think about how would the step response of the
circuit change if the value of L is doubled? [2 points]

6. Make appropriate changes in your simulation to simulate the circuit if the inductance is
twice its current value. Measure the time constant of the output voltage. [2 points]

τ =¿ ___________________

48
 Assessment Rubrics
EE361: Control Systems – Lab 2
Method: Lab reports and instructor observation during lab sessions

Outcome Assessed:
a. Ability to conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret data (P).
b. Ability to function on multi-disciplinary teams (A).
c. Ability to use the techniques, skills, and modern engineering tools necessary for
engineering practice (P).
Exceeds expectation Meets expectation Does not meet
Performance Marks
(4-5) (3-2) expectation (1)
Selects relevant Needs guidance to Incapable of
equipment to the select relevant selecting relevant
experiment, develops equipment to the equipment to
1. Realization of setup diagrams of experiment and to conduct the
Experiment [a, c] equipment develop equipment experiment,
connections or wiring. connection or wiring equipment
diagrams. connection or wiring
diagrams are
Actively engages and Cooperates with other Distracts or
cooperates with other group members in a discourages other
2. Teamwork [b] group members in an reasonable manner. group members
effective manner. from conducting the
experiment.
Does proper Calibrates equipment, Unable to calibrate
calibration of examines equipment appropriate
equipment, carefully moving parts, and equipment, and
3. Conducting examines equipment operates the equipment operation
Experiment [a, c] moving parts, and equipment with minor is substantially
ensures smooth error. wrong.
operation and process.

Respectfully and Observes safety rules Disregards safety

4. Laboratory carefully observes and procedures with rules and
Safety Rules [a] safety rules and minor deviation. procedures.
procedures

49
 Exceeds expectation Meets expectation Does not meet
Performance Marks
(5-4) (3-2) expectation (1)
Plans data collection to Plans data collection Does not know how to
achieve experimental to achieve plan data collection to
5. Data objectives, and experimental achieve experimental
conducts an orderly objectives, and goals; data collected is
Collection [a]
and a complete data collects complete data incomplete and
collection. with minor error. contain errors.

Accurately conducts Conducts simple Unable to conduct

simple computations computations and simple statistical
and statistical analysis statistical analysis analysis on collected
using collected data; using collected data data; no attempt to
correlates with minor error; correlate experimental
experimental results to reasonably correlates results with known
6. Data Analysis known theoretical experimental results to theoretical values;
[a] values; accounts for known theoretical incapable of
measurement errors values; attempts to explaining
and parameters that account for measurement errors or
affect experimental measurement errors parameters that affect
results. and parameters that the experimental
affect experimental results.
results.
Uses computer to Uses computer to Does not know how to
7. Computer collect and analyze collect and analyze use computer to
Use [a] data effectively. data with minor error. collect and analyze
data.

Total

Lab Engineer: Faculty:

Name: Name:

Signature: Signature:

Date: Date:

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