Chapter 6
Thermochemistry
Thermodynamics
its
is the
study of energy &
transformations
thermochemistry concerned
> is
w/ the amount of heat released or
-
absorbed
during chemical &
physical changes .
1 Energy & the 1st Law ofThermodynamics
-
kinetic & Potential
energy
unit of energy
-
system vs surroundings
- -
1ˢᵗ law of thermodynamics
2
Transferring Energy
Heat & Work
-
pv work
-
State functions
3 Heat capacity
Calculations
involving specific
-
heat
capacity
4 Calorimetry :
DE & AH
constant volume calorimeters
-
constant pressure calorimeters
-
endothermic V5 exothermic .
5 Thermochemical Equations
6 Hess 's Law
7- Standard Enthalpies of formation
1
Energy & the 1st Law ofThermodynamics
-
kinetic & Potential
energy
unit of energy
-
system vs surroundings
- -
1ˢᵗ law of thermodynamics
* There are 2
categories of energy
:
potential & kinetic
energy
kinetic energy of motion One way
◦
is
energy
.
that
energy of molecules
we experience the kinetic
thermal
is
through energy the energy
-
associated w/ the temp of a substance .
2
Ek 12
'
=
mV
Potential energy is the associated
energy
◦
w/the position of objet
-
or composition an
one
type
is chemical energy .
1<9 m
%
•
The Sl Unit of the Joule : / g-
* is
1
a
energy
=
* calorie : 1 cal = 4 . 184J , I Cal = 1000 cal
* In
thermodynamics , it is always important
to identify the & surroundings
system .
* The internal
energy of
the
system E , ,
represents the total KE + P E of every
particle in the system .
* The first law of thermodynamics is the
law of conservation energy of .
*
Energy can be converted from one form to
another . it cannot be created or
destroyed .
Any energy lost by the
system
must equal the energy gained by the
surroundings .
2
Transferring Energy
Heat & Work-
pv work
-
State functions
* Energy can be defined as the
capacity
to do
work or to transfer heat ,
* There are only 2 Ways that a
system can
transfer energy -
heat & work .
[
A- =
qtw
* Heat is the flow of energy that OCUB as a
result of a difference in temperature .
* Work is the result of a fore acting through a
distance :
w = F ✗ d
* PV Work :
many of the conduct
-
experiments we in a
chemistry lab occur in open containers under
constant pressure conditions .
work done under those conditions is
called
PV work .
W= -
PAV
↓
-
If gas expands
:
DV is +
W is
-
& the surrounding
system does work on the
If contracts :
gas
-
DV is
-
w is +
& the surroundings do work on the system .
* A state fxn is a
property of a system that is
determined by specifying the state or condition of
a
system .
independent of the history of system
Lex: E , V ,
P ,
H)
.
ex: A system releases 64J ofheat while
39 J of work What is the
performing
-
change internal energy
in the
of system ?
3 Heat capacity
Calculations
involving specific
-
heat
capacity
* Heat defined the amount
of heat
capacity is as
required to raise the temperature
of a substance
1°C
by .
* The specific heat is the heat
capacity capacity
of 1g of a substance .
* If you know the specific heat capacity of a substance,
we can calculate heat :
AT
q me
=
Practice Problem
Find Al cooled
when
g of
125-0 is
q
from 95.1°C to 24.2°C The specific heat of
.
0.900 J/
Al is g. K .
4 Calorimetry :
DE & AH
constant volume calorimeters
-
constant pressure calorimeters
-
endothermic V5 exothermic .
*
Calorimetry is the technique we use for
heat the involved chemical
measuring in a or
physical change .
* An instrument used for the
measuring energy
transferred as heat is called a calorimeter .
↓ or
constant constant
volume pressure
calorimeters calorimeters
1 Heat flow under constant volume conditions
:
& DE
9 v
DE
qtw
=
DE =
qvtw
since the work of expanding gases is : w PDV
-
BE =
qr + C- PDV )
Under constant volume conditions ,
AV =
0
[ =
qv all the transformed the form of heat
energy is in
Heat flow under
pressure conditions
2 constant :
qp
& AH
AE =
qp
+ W
DE =
qp
-
PDV
qp
= DE +
PDV
AH =
qp
AH =
DE t PDV change in enthalpy =
flow of heat
energy
* Endothermic vs . Exothermic
If such chemical reaction physical
-
a or
process as a
heat , then the AH
change releases
sign of is
& the rxh exothermic
negative ,
is .
If absorbs heat then
process the
sign of
a
-
☐ It is positive , & the rxh is endothermic .
red =
endothermic
blue =
exothermic
5 Thermochemical Equations
Practice Problems
:
Consider
2 K Cs ) +
Clay→ 2 Kclcsi AH ix. = -
872 KJ
What DH°rxn
is the for the
following rxn ?
KCI (s) S K (s ) +
4242 (g) Huh = ?
6
Hess 's Law
* DH is a state fxn whose valve depends
on the initial & final states
only
* The magnitude of Dlt is independent
of the
path taken
→ Hess 's law says that the total
enthalpy change for a process is
the same
regardless of whether it
step many steps
occurs in one or in .
Practice Problem :
→
1. 2 Ca Ha +
02 4 ( Oz + 6h20 AHI,n= -312015
2. (2 Hq + 30 a
→
2102+2 H2O AH°rxn= -1411 KJ
3. 2 H2 H2O AH 572
◦
S
+ 02 2 =
KJ
-
rxn
Determine the standard enthalpy change for
:
H2 ? ?
↳ He + →
Catty bH°rxn =
7- standard Enthalpies of formation
* It would be useful to determine DH°rxn w/o
doing any measurement .
standard enthalpies of formation
allow us to do just that
s
standard enthalpy of formation AHI is
the standard enthalpy change that
occurs when 1 mole of a substance is
formed from its elements in their
most stable form .
①Think of DHI as shorthand for a particular
thermochemical equation .
② AHI is a molar quantity .
③ Sometimes we are required to use
fractional coefficients in thermochemical egns .
⑨ Many standard enthalpies of formation
cannot be measured directly .
5- DHI for element in its most stable
any
form is Zero .
* The overall DH°rxn Would be the sum of
the AH valves of each individual step
°
in alternate pathway :
AH { AHI { AHI Crea4-ants)
◦
rxn
=
np (products) -
nr
