Objective-C

Presented By
Safiya Fikry
Lecture One
Agenda

• Introduction.
• Objective-C.
• Classes & Objects.
• Methods.
• Choosing Names
• Data Types.
• Loops.
• Conditions.
• Comments.
[ Introduction ]
Apple History
How it all started !!
Apple History

Founded in 1976 by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Ronald

Wayne, the company developed one of the first personal
computers, called the Apple 1. The early Apple computers, led the
way in terms of their user-friendly graphical operating systems, at
a time when computers were dominated by IBM and their ‘less
than intuitive’ operating system, called MS-DOS.

Original Logo
Apple I
Apple II
Apple III
Apple Inc.
Apple Products
• Computers
▪ MacBook Pro

▪ MacBook Air

▪ iMac

▪ Mac mini

▪ Mac Pro
Apple Products Cont.

• Mobile devices
▪ iPhone

▪ iPad - iPad mini

Apple Products Cont.

• Other
▪ Home Pods

▪ Apple TV

▪ iPod

▪ iWatch

▪ Vision
Apple Products Cont.

• Operating Systems:

MacOS iPhoneOS iPadOS TVOS iWatchOS VisionOS

[ Why iOS ?? ]
Why iOS Development ??

• Every iPhone holder is a Loyal customer

• Ease of marketing
▪ Upload to the store
▪ Customers will try, no convincing is needed

• In Egypt:
▪ Growing market
▪ Rare developers
[ Development Environment ]
Development Environment

•In order to develop you should:

▪ Know Objective-C, Swift
▪ Have Mac machine (Buy a Mac or Try Hackintosh)
▪ Have Developer license
▪ Have iOS SDK
➢Xcode
➢iOS Simulator
➢iOS developer documentation
[ Objective-C ]
Objective-C

• Objective-C is an object oriented programming language

• It’s layered on top of the C language

▪ Designed in early 1980s

• NeXT Software licensed Objective-C language in 1988, developed its libraries

and a development environment called NEXTSTEP
Objective-C Cont.

• Apple Computer acquired NeXT in 1996

• NEXTSTEP environment became the basis for the next major release of Apple’s
operating system, OS X (Cocoa)

• In 2007, Apple released an update to the Objective-C language and labeled it

Objective-C 2.0.

• Today: Objective-C and Swift are the native languages for developing Mac OS X
and iOS applications
[ Program Structure ]
Program Structure
• Objective-C source files are identified by the .m file
extension.
• Program entry point is: Main function

• argc: number of arguments

• argv: pointer to the list of arguments
Example
[ Hello World Demo ]
[ Classes ]
Definition

• Each class must have a parent class

• NSObject is the default parent of all classes (Root class)
• Objective-C classes definition is separated into two
sections: interface (declaration) and implementation
 Definition Cont.

• Usually the interface section is in a .h file, and the implementation section in a .m file
• However both could be defined in one file
• More than one class could be defined in the same file
Interface

• The interface section defines:

▪ The parent of the class.

▪ Attributes and behaviors (methods).

Interface Cont.

• Syntax
Example
Implementation

• The implementation section includes:

▪ The actual implementation code of the predefined
methods in the Interface file (.h file)
Implementation Cont.

• Note: No need for defining parent class here as it’s already defined in the
interface section
[ Methods ]
Methods

• There are two types of methods in Objective-C:

▪ Instance methods

▪ Class methods (Static)

Instance Methods

• To define an instance method that returns void

and takes no parameters.

• The – sign is used to identify instance methods

• Defining a method that returns void and takes

one parameter : (int) x;
Instance Methods Cont.

• Defining a method that returns int and takes

two parameters: int x, int y
Class Methods

• To define a class method that returns void and

takes no parameters

• The + sign is used to identify class methods

[ Sending Messages ]
Sending Messages

• In Objective-C calling a method is named sending a message

• Syntax

• receiver: is the class or object receiving the message

• message: is the method name (could be class or instance method)
[ Creating objects ]
Objects

• There are no constructors in Objective-C

• There are two ways of object creation
▪ Object creation is performed on two stages
➢Allocation of memory for the object using alloc Class
method
➢Initialization of the object using init instance method
▪ Object creation is done using the new Class method
• new is effectively the same as calling alloc and init with no
arguments
Example: Creating Objects

• Allocating memory:

Memory
• Initialize Object:

Heap
classA Object

Stack classA Ref

Example Cont.

• Combined

• Using new class method

Examples
Named Arguments Methods

• What if we had more arguments ??

[ Class Demo ]
[ Choosing Names ]
Choosing Names

• Names in Objective-C must begin with a letter or underscore(_), and they can be
followed by any combination of letters (upper - or lowercase), underscores, or the
digits 0–9

• When naming a class, start it with a capital letter.

• Instance variables, objects, and method names, on the other hand, typically begin
with lowercase letters

• Capital letters are used inside names to indicate the start of a new word
Choosing Names Cont.

• The following is a list of valid names:

▪ sum
▪ pieceFlag
▪ i
▪ myLocation
▪ numberOfMoves
▪ sysFlag
▪ ChessBoard
 Choosing Names Cont.

• The following is a list of valid names:

▪ AddressBook à This could be a class name.

▪ currentEntry à This could be an object.

▪ current_entry à Some programmers use

underscores as word separators.

▪ addNewEntry à This could be a method name.

Choosing Names Cont.

• On the other hand, the following names are not valid for the stated reasons:

▪ sum$value à $ is not a valid character.

▪ piece flag à Embedded spaces are not permitted.

▪ 3Spencer à Names can’t start with a number.

▪ int à This is a reserved word.

[ Data types ]
Main Data Types

• The vast majority of Objective-C’s primitive data types are adopted from C
▪ char

▪ int

▪ float

▪ double
Data Types

• Data types are common on many programming languages, but they do not
represent the same size as it depends on the machine
• In general, size of: char < int < float < double
[Loops]
For Loop

• Example
For Loop Cont.

• Used when the number of iterations is known

• Infinite loop is due to:

▪ Absence of condition statement
▪ Condition is unreachable
While Loop

• Example
While Loop Cont.

• Condition based
• Number of iterations is not known
• Infinite loop due to:
▪ Condition is unreachable
• Condition is checked first and then the body is executed
Do - While Loop

• Example
Do - While Loop Cont.

• Body is executed first, then condition is checked

• Body is executed at least once
Custom Looping

• Using continue:
▪ Skips the current iteration and jumps to the next one

• Using break:
▪ Skips the whole body of the loop
[ Conditions ]
if Statement

• Example
if - else Statement

• Example
Switch-Case
Switch-Case Example
Ternary Operator

• Example

flag = true x=5

flag = false x=6
[ Comments ]
Comments

• To comment a single line:

// write a comment here

• To comment multiple lines:

/* comment line 1
comment line 2
comment line 3 */
Remember

• Only class receivers receive class methods, and object receivers

receive instance methods

• Declaration of objects from any class is preceded by an * sign

(including Objective-C classes)
Remember

• Declaration of variables does not require * sign

• Method arguments could be variables (passed by value) or objects (passed by

reference)

• Objective-C is case sensitive

[ Lab Exercise ]
1.Hello World

• Create a program that displays “Hello World”

• Use “printf”, and NSLog and state what is the difference between both.
2.Rectangle

• Create a program that calculates the area of a given rectangle

• The rectangle’s dimension should be obtained from the user, result should be
displayed back using the command prompt
2.Rectangle Cont.

• The class structure should be as the following

3.Complex

• Create a program that represent complex number and has two methods to add
and subtract complex numbers:

Complex number: x + yi , 5+6i

4.Star Diamond

• Create a program that prints the following pattern

*
* *
* * *
* * * *
* * * * *
* * * *
* * *
* *
*