Chapter5separationofsubstances (New)

Session 2024-25
Chapter – 5
Separation of Substances
Definitions
1. Pure substances:- The substances that are made up of
the same type of atoms or molecules. eg. Salt, Sugar, Pure
water.
All elements and compounds are pure substances.
Example:-
Elements Compounds
Oxygen [O] Water [H2O]
Carbon [C] Carbon dioxide [CO2]
Mercury [Hg]
2. Mixtures – A mixture is a substance that is made of two or more
substances that can be separated into two or more pure substances
by simple physical means.
Eg: Fizzy drinks, seawater, bhel, etc.
3. Handpicking -
Definition – The method of removing unwanted substances from
a mixture using hands is called handpicking.
Ex-Removing small stones and insects from cereals and pulses
4. Sieving –
The method of separating the components of different sizes in a
mixture using a sieve is called sieving.
Ex- Separating bran from flour and separating sand from stones and
pebbles at construction sites.
5. Winnowing –
Definition – The process of separating a mixture of light and heavy
particles using wind is called winnowing.
Eg – Separating wheat from chaff.
6. Threshing –
Definition – The process of separating the grains from the stalks
(dried stems) is called threshing. It is done by hand, with the help
of animals or by using machines.
Application – Separating the grains of cereal plants such as rice &
wheat.
7. Sedimentation & Decantation
Definition – The process in which the heavier, insoluble solid
settles down in a mixture is called sedimentation. The solid that
settles down during sedimentation is called the sediment. The
process of pouring out the liquid without disturbing the
sedimentation is called decantation.
E.g. – A mixture of sand & water can be separated by
sedimentation & decantation.
8. Filtration –
Definition – The process by which two substances are separated
by passing the mixture through a filtering device is called
filtration. The solid left after filtration is called the residue & liquid
is called Filtrate.
9. Loading – Loading helps sedimentation and is done with the help
of a loading agent called alum. Fine solid particles do not sink to
the bottom, they remain suspended in water. Alum particles join
with these particles, they become heavier & sink.
Application – Making Tea, loading dust particles in the air,
purifying muddy water.
Q.2- Short answer type questions
1. Differentiate between- Homogenous and Heterogenous mixtures
Homogenous mixtures Heterogenous mixtures
1. A mixture in which different A mixture in which different
constituents are spread constituents are not spread
uniformly. uniformly.
Each part of the mixture has the Each part of the mixture does not
same properties. have the same properties.
The constituents cannot be easily The constituents can be
separated. separated easily.
Ex-Air, Rain, sugar solution Ex- Iron and sand filings, blood,
chalk in water.
2. Write various needs for separation.

⮚ To remove the undesirable constituents – eg, removing husks,
stones, and dirt from food grains.
⮚ To obtain desirable substances – we separate petrol, kerosene &
diesel from petroleum, butter from milk, etc.
⮚ To obtain highly pure substances - we obtain highly pure samples
for medicinal purposes, research work, etc.
3. What do you mean by distillation?
Ans. Distillation - It involves evaporation & condensation, both. At
first, the mixture is boiled & vapours are condensed & collected
separately. Solids do not vaporize, thus even solids are obtained
back.
4. What is the saturated solution? How solubility of the Saturated
solution can be increased?
Ans. A solution that is not capable of dissolving any more solute at a
given temperature is called a saturated solution. The solubility of a
saturated solution can be increased by increasing temperature.
5. What do you mean by centrifugation?

Ans. The process of separating lighter components of a mixture from
its heavier components by churning or rotating at a very high speed
is called centrifugation.
6. What do you mean by reverse osmosis?
Ans. Reverse osmosis is the process or technology that is used to
remove ions, mineral chemicals, and other impurities from
drinking water. In this process, greater pressure is applied, forcing
the water to travel through the semipermeable membrane in
opposite to natural osmosis.
Q3. Long answer type questions:
Q.1 What do you mean by immiscible liquids? Explain how can
miscible and immiscible liquids be separated.
Ans. Immiscible liquids are those liquids that do not mix thoroughly or
uniformly & form two separate layers.
Eg. Oil + water
Method –
1. Decantation can be used to separate two immiscible liquids but to
separate easily, a separating funnel is used.
2. A mixture of immiscible liquids is placed in a separating funnel &
the liquids slowly form different layers.
3. The heavier liquid forms lower layers and is drawn out in a
separate vessel.
4. The lighter liquid can be collected in another vessel.
Separation of miscible liquids:
Fractional distillation- Two miscible liquids having different boiling
points can be separated by this method.
Eg: The mixture of water and alcohol is heated to the boiling point
of alcohol, which is lower than the boiling point of water. The
alcohol evaporates and is collected by condensation and water
remains in the flask
2. Explain how to separate all components from a mixture of sand, salt
and water.
1. Ans. Dissolution – The process of separating two solids when one
is soluble & other is insoluble.
First, we can separate sand from the solution using filtration, and
then the salt solution will be evaporated (or distillation) to
separate salt from water.
HOTS
1. When water containing washing powder is stirred vigorously, the
foam separates to float above the water surface. Why?
Ans. When we churn or stir the washing powder the foam being
lighter will float on the water surface.
2. You may have noticed that the sky becomes clear after the first
rain. Can you explain why?
Ans. The dust particles and smoke being lighter keep floating in the
air, when the rain shower comes it mixes with these particles and
settles them down by making them heavy (Loading), thus the sky
becomes clear and the visibility becomes more after rain.
Ask to draw this table on white sheet
Mixtures Methods of separation

Solids from other solids Hand-picking, Threshing and
winnowing, sieving
Insoluble solids from liquids Sedimentation and decantation,
Filtration
Immiscible liquids Separating funnel, Decantation
Miscible liquids Fractional distillation, Distillation

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Session 2024-25

2. Write various needs for separation.

5. What do you mean by centrifugation?

Ask to draw this table on white sheet

Mixtures Methods of separation

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