United International University

Spring 2022
Lab Report 1

Experiment Number-2: Study of Diode I-V Characteristics with

Multisim

Course Name – Electronics Laboratory

Course Code – EEE 2124
Section – B

Submitted To

Mahbubur Rahman

Submitted By – Group B1

Members -
Name – Syed Amirul Mulk Brohi, Id – 011201342
Name – Asif Uddin Ahmed, Id – 011201129
Name – Tamanna Shermin, Id – 011201130
Name – Abtahi Ahmed, Id – 011202247
Objectives

1. Explain the DC and AC characteristics of a diode.

2. Measure the cut-in voltage of different models of diode.

Apparatus

1. Multisim

Part -1 ( I-V Curve Of Diode )

1. With Diode D1N4002

Circuit Diagram
I-V Curve Of Diode

Y--Trace 1::[I(D1[ID])]
0.1

0.08

0.06

0.04 Y--Trace 1::[I(D1[ID])]

0.02

0.431984088,
0
0.000680159
-12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2
-0.02

Explanation For Graph

When the diode is in forward bias, negligible current flows with

increase in voltage upto 0.43V. This is because the voltage across the
diode(DC voltage) is less than the turn-on voltage for the diode (0.43V)
and the diode is off, causing the circuit to be incomplete. However,
after the voltage across the diode crosses the 0.43V mark, the diode
is turned on. The circuit is complete and current starts to flow.
Further increase in DC supply does not increase voltage across diode,
since it becomes fixed at 0.43V, but current keeps increasing.

When the diode is in reverse bias, the voltage across the diode is less
than turn-on voltage (0.43V). So, the diode is off and circuit is
incomplete. So, negligible current flows.
 2. With Diode D1N750

Circuit Diagram

I-V Curve Of Diode

Y--Trace 1::[I(D2[ID])]
0.1

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02 Y--Trace 1::[I(D2[ID])]

-4.498752122, - 0.772675887,
0 0.002273241
1.24788E-05
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2
-0.02

-0.04

-0.06
Explanation For Graph

When the diode is in forward bias, negligible current flows with

increase in voltage upto 0.77V. This is because the voltage across the
diode(DC voltage) is less than the turn-on voltage for the diode (0.77V)
and the diode is off, causing the circuit to be incomplete. However,
after the voltage across the diode crosses the 0.77V mark, the diode
is turned on. The circuit is complete and current starts to flow.
Further increase in DC supply does not increase voltage across diode,
since it becomes fixed at 0.77V, but current keeps increasing.

When the diode is in reverse bias, the voltage across the diode is less
than turn-on voltage (0.77V). So, the diode is off and circuit is
incomplete. So, negligible current flows upto -4.5V. However, after
further increase in the negative direction after -4.5V, the voltage
across diode exceeds breakdown voltage, so the diode breaks and
current starts to flow in the opposite direction.
Part -2 ( Rectifier Circuit)

Circuit Diagram

V_R/t Curve
Explanation For Graph

When the diode is in forward bias, the voltage across diode reaches a
peak of 5V, which is greater than turn-on voltage (0.7V). So, the diode
turns on and has a fixed voltage of 0.7V across it. The rest of the
voltage (4.3V) drops across the resistor.

When the diode is in reverse bias, the voltage across diode is less than
the turn-on voltage. So, the diode is off. No current flows through the
circuit and no voltage drops across the resistor. We get a flat line
along the x-axis.
V_D/t Curve (Blue) Along With V_AC (Red)

Explanation For Graph

When the diode is in forward bias, the voltage across diode reaches a
peak of 5V, which is greater than turn-on voltage (0.7V). So, the diode
turns on and has a fixed voltage of 0.7V across it.

When the diode is in reverse bias, the voltage across diode is less than
the turn-on voltage. So, the diode is off. The voltage across the diode
is the same as the AC supply.
Questions/Answers

1. Explain different biasing of a diode.

Ans: In a diode, there are 2 types of semi-conductors – p-type and

n-type. In a circuit, when the p-type is connected to the positive
terminal and n-type is connected to the negative terminal of the
supply, we say that the diode is in forward bias. Electrons flow
towards the positive terminal of the cell from the p-type, creating
holes. Electrons flow from the negative terminal of the cell to the n-
type, creating negative charges. Depletion region decreases;
conductivity increases.
When the p-type is connected to the negative terminal and
n-type is connected to the positive terminal of the supply, we say
that the diode is in reverse bias. Electrons flow from the negative
terminal to the p-type, filling holes. Electrons flow from the n-type
to the positive terminal, removing negative charges. Depletion region
increases; conductivity decreases.
2. What is zener diode? Write a short note on it.

Ans: A Zener diode is a special type of diode designed to reliably

allow current to flow "backwards" when a certain set reverse
voltage, known as the Zener voltage, is reached.
Zener diodes are manufactured with a great variety of
Zener voltages and some are even variable. Some Zener diodes have
a sharp, highly doped p–n junction with a low Zener voltage, in which
case the reverse conduction occurs due to electron quantum
tunnelling in the short space between p and n regions − this is known
as the Zener effect, after Clarence Zener. Diodes with a higher
Zener voltage have a more gradual junction and their mode of
operation also involves avalanche breakdown. Both breakdown types
are present in Zener diodes with the Zener effect predominating at
lower voltages and avalanche breakdown at higher voltages.
Zener diodes are widely used in electronic equipment of all
kinds and are one of the basic building blocks of electronic circuits.
They are used to generate low-power stabilized supply rails from a
higher voltage and to provide reference voltages for circuits,
especially stabilized power supplies. They are also used to protect
circuits from overvoltage, especially electrostatic discharge (ESD).
3. What is LED? Explain its working mechanism.

Ans: A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source

that emits light when current flows through it. Electrons in the
semiconductor recombine with electron holes, releasing energy in
the form of photons. The color of the light (corresponding to the
energy of the photons) is determined by the energy required for
electrons to cross the band gap of the semiconductor. White light is
obtained by using multiple semiconductors or a layer of light-
emitting phosphor on the semiconductor device.

The earliest LEDs emitted low-intensity infrared (IR) light.

Infrared LEDs are used in remote-control circuits.The first visible-
light LEDs were of low intensity and limited to red. Early LEDs were
often used as indicator lamps, replacing small incandescent bulbs,
and in seven-segment displays. Recent developments have produced
LEDs available in visible, ultraviolet (UV), and infrared wavelengths,
with high, low, or intermediate light output, for instance white LEDs
suitable for room and outdoor area lighting. LEDs have also given
rise to new types of displays and sensors, while their high switching
rates are useful in advanced communications technology with
applications as diverse as aviation lighting, fairy lights, automotive
headlamps, advertising, general lighting, traffic signals, camera
flashes, lighted wallpaper, horticultural grow lights, and medical
devices.
4. Mention some difference between a normal diode and a light-
emitting diode.

Ans:

Normal Diode LED

1) Designed to affect 1) Created to make light.
electrical current. They are They are displayed for the
hidden away in circuits viewer.

2) Made of simple silicon 2) Created with a variety of

materials that have natural metallic elements, which are
semiconductor properties. carefully mixed with the
silicon as it is being
crystallized. These different
metallic elements help the
LED to produce light and
change its color.
3) The coating and shell of 3) The coating and shell that
most diodes is designed protects the diode must be
primarily for protection, not clear to allow light to pass
for visibility. through. Some LEDs have
extra cases or lenses that
focus their light so it can be
used for spotlighting.
4) Manufacturers design the 4) Current is not so
materials depending on the important—the current flow
current voltage and cycles itself is the deciding factor,
that flow through the and the different between
diode. low and high level LEDs.

End Of Report