K.L.E.

Society's
K. L. E. INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, HUBBALLI-27
(Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi and ISO 9001:2015 Certified)

Department of Electronics and Communication

Engineering

Laboratory Manual

for
VI SEMESTER

Microwave Theory and Antennas Lab

(21EC62)

Prepared by
Prof. Pramod V Rampur
Approved by
Dr. Manu T. M.
 College Vision

One amongst top five percent of engineering colleges in Karnataka state by providing conducive
teaching-learning environment, enabling transformation of young minds into competent
engineers responsive to societal needs and values.

Department Vision

Prepare professionals embodied with competence and values to meet the changing needs in the
field of Electronics and Communication Engineering.

Department Mission

 Providing state-of-the-art hardware and software infrastructure and qualified faculty to

constantly update the students to meet the requirements of industry and research
institutions.
 Inculcating theoretical, practical, design and development skills necessary for lifelong
learning.
 Bridging the gap between academia and industry by industry-institute interactions.
 Imbibing human values and ethics in students to make them socially responsible.

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 Program Outcomes (POs)
Engineering Graduates will be able to:

1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

fundamentals, and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex
engineering problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze
complex engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first
principles of mathematics, natural sciences, andengineering sciences.
3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering
problems and design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with
appropriate consideration for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and
environmental considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and
research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data,
and synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and
modern engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex
engineering activities with an understanding of the limitations.
6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent
responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering practice.
7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional
engineering solutions in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the
knowledge of, and need for sustainabledevelopment.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities
and norms of theengineering practice.
9. Individual and teamwork: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or
leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.

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 10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with
the engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to
comprehend and write effective reports and design documentation, make effective
presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a
member and leader in a team, to manage projects and in multidisciplinary
environments.
12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to
engage in independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological
change.

Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs)

PSO.1: Analyze, design, build and test analog, digital communication and
embedded systems for given specifications.

Pre-requisites:
i. Basic of Microwave Theory
ii. Basic of Antenna theory
Course Outcomes-CO
On the completion of this laboratory course, the students will be able to:
1. Calculate diverse parameters of distinct waveguide types utilizing microwave
test bench equipment.
2. Measure parameters of microstrip resonators, couplers, and power dividers.
3. Evaluate antenna parameters including gain, aperture, and directivity.
4. Interpret the concepts and results both orally and written for the conducted
experiment.

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 CO-PO Mapping
PSO
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1

Analyze, design, build and test analog,

digital communication and embedded
Conduct investigations ofcomplex
Design/development of solutions

Environment and sustainability

systems for givenspecifications.

Individual and team work

Project management and

The engineer and society
Engineering knowledge

Modern tool usage

Life-long learning
Problem analysis

Communication
Course Outcomes-CO

problems

finance
Ethics
Calculate diverse parameters of
distinct waveguide types
utilizing microwave testbench
3 2 2 - 2 - - - - - - 1 -
equipment.

Measure parameters of microstrip

resonators, couplers, and power
dividers. 3 2 2 - 2 - - - - - - 1 -

Evaluate antenna parameters

including gain, aperture, and
directivity. 3 2 2 - 2 - - - - - - 1 1

Interpret the concepts and results

both orally and written for the
conducted experiment. 3 3 3 - 2 - - - - 2 - 1 2

Overall 3 2.25 2.25 - 2 - - - - 2 - 1 1.5

Evaluation:

Students Assessment (IA)

Lab IA AVG CIE Final IA Marks

A B Average of (A+B)
Internal Assessments.
20 20 20

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 Course Content

Expt. Page No.

Title
No.

1-4
1 Study of characteristics of Magic Tee

2 5-7
Coupling and Isolation characteristics of microstripdirectional coupler.

3 8-10
Determination of power division of microstrip powerdivider.

4 Determination of resonance characteristics of microstrip ring resonator and 11-13

computation of dielectric constant of the substrate.

5 Measurement of frequency, guide wavelength, power and attenuation in a 14-18

microwave Test bench.

6 19-23
Study of characteristics of E plane Tee / H plane Tee

7 To measure unknown impedance using Smith chart through test bench 24-28
setup.

8 Measurement of VSWR and reflection coefficient and attenuation in a 29-33

microwave test bench setup.

9 Obtain the radiation pattern of a Yagi-Uda Antenna array and calculate its 34-38
directivity

10 39-42
Calculate the aperture of a Dipole Antenna.

11 43-46
Obtain the near and far fields of a given antenna andcompare the fields.

12 47-49
Obtain the bandwidth of a given Antenna.

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Microwave Theory and Antennas Lab (21EC62) 2023-2024

Experiment No – 01

Aim of the Experiment:

To study the characteristics of Magic Tee

Apparatus Required:

SL. NO. Name of the component Specification Quantity

1 Microwave source C band (4-6GHz) 01
2 6dB attenuator - 01
3 50Ω transmission line - 01
4 Detector 20GHz 01
5 Active filter - 01
6 Magic Tee 01

Theory:

Figure 1.1: Magic Tee

The device Magic Tee is a combination of E and H plane Tee. Arm 3 is the H-arm and
arm 4 is the E-arm. If the power is spread into arm 3 the electric field divides equally
between arms 1 and 2 with the same phase and no electric field exists in arm 4. If power
is feed in arm 4 it divides into arm 1 and 2 but out of phase with no power to arm 3, further
if the power is fed into arm 1 and 2 simultaneously it is added in arm 3 and subtracted in
arm 4.

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The basic parameters to be measured for magic Tee are defined as follows:
Input VSWR: Value of VSWR corresponding to each port as a load to the line while other
ports are terminated in matched load.

Isolation: The isolation between E and H arms is defined as the ratio of the power supplied
by the generator connected to the E arm to the power detected at H- arm when side arms
1and 2 terminate in matched load. Isolation (dB) = 10 log10 [p4/p3]

Similarly, isolation between other ports may also be

Figure 1.2: Experimental Setup to study characteristics of Magic Tee

Procedure:
VSWR measurement:

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 Set up the components and equipment as shown in Figure 1.2 keeping E arm
towardsslotted line and matched termination to other ports.
 Energize the microwave source for particular frequency of operation.

 Measure the VSWR of the E arm as described in measurement of SWR for low
and medium value.
 Connect another arm to slotted line and terminate the other port with matched
termination. Measure the VSWR as above. Similarly, VSWR of any port can be
measured.
Measurement of Isolation:

 Remove the un-tunable probe and magic tee from the slotted line and connect the
detector to mount slotted section.
 Energize the microwave source for particular frequency of operation and tune the
detector mount for maximum output.
 With the help of variable attenuator and gain control knob of VSWR meter, set
any power level in the VSWR meter and note down. Let it be p3.
 Without disturbing the position of variable attenuator and gain control knob,
carefully place the magic Tee after slotted section keeping H arm connected to
slotted section detector to E arm and matched termination to arm 1 and 2 note down
the reading of VSWR meter let it be p4.
 Determine the isolation between port 3 and 4 as P3-P4 in dB.
 Determine the coupling coefficient from equation given in the theory.
 The same experiment may be repeated for other ports also.
Observation Table:
INPUT – VSWR: All other ports terminated with matched load termination except
for theload.

Load Vmax (mV) Vmin (mv) VSWR

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Microwave Theory and Antennas Lab (21EC62) 2023-2024

Results & Discussion

Questions:

1. What are the two basic types of T junctions?

2. Why is the H-type T junction so named?
3. The magic-T is composed of what two basic types of T junctions?
4. What are the primary disadvantages of the magic-T?
5. What type of junctions is formed where the arms of a hybrid ring meet the main
ring?

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Microwave Theory and Antennas Lab (21EC62) 2023-2024

Experiment No – 02

Aim of the Experiment:

To determine Coupling and Isolation characteristics of microstrip directional coupler

Apparatus Required:

SL. NO. Name of the component Specification Quantity

1 Microwave source C band (4-6GHz) 01
2 6dB attenuator - 01
3 50Ω transmission line - 01
4 Detector 20GHz 01
5 Active filter - 01
6 Directional Coupler - 01

Theory:

Figure 2.1: Directional Coupler

Provided in the device, is a backward wave directional coupler (15dB). The impedance of
input/output lines is 50 Ω. The length of the parallel coupled line region is quarter
wavelength at the centre frequency (around 2.4 GHz). The ports are decoupled by bending
the auxiliary line and main line at either ends of the parallel coupled section. For the
experiment, anyone of the ports can be chosen as the input port. With respect to this input
port, identify the direct output port (port 2), the coupled port (port 3) and the isolated port
(port 4). Measurement of coupling involves measuring the transmission response between
theinput port (port 1) and the coupled port (port 3). Similarly, measurement of isolation of

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Microwave Theory and Antennas Lab (21EC62) 2023-2024

the coupler involves measuring the transmission response between the input port and the
isolated port (port4). While making the measurement between any two ports, the
remaining two portswill have to be terminated in matched loads.

Figure 2.2: Experimental Set up to determine Coupling and Isolation

characteristics ofmicrostrip directional coupler

Procedure:

 Set up the system as shown in Figure 2.2

 Keeping the voltage at minimum, switch on the power supply.

 Insert 50ohm transmission line and check for the output at the end of the
systemusing CRO/ VSWR/ power meter.

 Vary the power supply voltage and check the output for different VCO
frequencies
 Not down the output for different VCO frequencies (this value can be
taken asthe input to branch line coupler)
 Replace 50ohm transmission line with parallel line coupler.
 Check the output at port2 (through output), 3(coupled output), 4(isolated output).
 Calculate the insertion loss, coupling factor and isolation using the formula
given.

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Results & Discussion

Questions:

1. What is the primary purpose of a directional coupler?

2. How far apart are the two holes in a simple directional coupler?

3. What is the purpose of the absorbent material in a directional coupler?

4. In a directional coupler that is designed to sample the incident energy, what

happensto the two portions of the wavefront when they arrive at the pickup probe?

5. What happens to reflected energy that enters a directional coupler that is designed
tosample incident energy?

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Microwave Theory and Antennas Lab (21EC62) 2023-2024

Experiment No – 03

Aim of the Experiment:

To determine the power division of microstrip power divider

Apparatus Required:

SL. NO. Name of the component Specification Quantity

1 Microwave source C band (4-6GHz) 01
2 6dB attenuator - 01
3 50Ω transmission line - 01
4 Detector 20GHz 01
5 Active filter - 01
6 Power Divider - 01

Theory:

Figure3.1: Power Divider

The microstrip power divider provided is of the 3 dB Wilkinson type the impedance of
the input/output lines is 50Ω and the isolation resistor connected between the two output
lines has a value of 100Ω. Measuring the power division property involves measuring
the transmission response between the input port (port 1) and the two output ports (ports
2 and 3). While measuring the transmission response between any two ports, the third
port has to be terminated in a matched load. Measuring the isolation property involves
measuring the transmission response between ports 2 and 3 by terminating port 1 in a
matched load. Figure 2. shows the line diagram of Y- junction as a power divider. Let
port 1 be the input port that is matched to the source (S11 = 0).

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Figure 3.2: Experimental setup to determine the power division of microstrip power divider

Procedure:

A) Power Division & Isolation

 Set up the system as shown in the Figure 3.2

 Keeping the voltage at minimum Switch on the power supply.

 Insert a 50ohm transmission line and check for the output at the end of the
systemusing a CRO/ VSWR/ power meter.

 Vary the power supply voltage and the check the output for different
VCOfrequencies.

 Keep the VCO frequency constant note down the output. This value can be
takenhas the input to the power divider.

 Replace 50ohm transmission line with the power divider

 Tabulate the output at port2 and port3

 Calculate the insertion loss and coupling factor in each coupled arm.

 Calculate the isolation between port2 and port3 by feeding the input to
port2 andmeasure output at port3 by terminating port1.

 Repeat the experiment for different VCO frequencies.

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Results & Discussions

Questions:

1. Explain the operating principle of a power divider and how it divides an input
signal into multiple output signals?
2. What are the key types of power dividers commonly used in microwave
engineering, and how do they differ in terms of their internal circuitry and
performance characteristics?
3. Discuss the significance of the isolation parameter in power dividers and its impact
onsignal integrity in multi-port systems.
4. How does the design of a power divider affect its insertion loss, return loss, and
isolation between output ports, and what strategies are employed to minimize these
losses?

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Microwave Theory and Antennas Lab (21EC62) 2023-2024

Experiment No – 04

Aim of the Experiment:

To determine resonance characteristics of microstrip ring resonator and compute

dielectricconstant of the substrate

Apparatus Required:

SL. NO. Name of the component Specification Quantity

1 Microwave source C band (4-6GHz) 01
2 6dB attenuator - 01
3 50Ω transmission line - 01
4 Detector 20GHz 01
5 Active filter - 01
6 Ring Resonator - 01

Theory:

Figure 4.1: Ring Resonator

The open-end effect encountered in a rectangular resonator at the feeding gaps can be
minimized by forming the resonator as a closed loop. Such a resonator is called a ring
resonator. Figure 4.1 shown is the layout of a ring resonator along with the input and
output feed lines. Resonance is established when the mean circumference of the ring is
equal to integral multiples of guide wavelength.

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Microwave Theory and Antennas Lab (21EC62) 2023-2024

Figure 4.2: Experimental Setup to determine the resonance characteristics of Ring Resonator

Procedure:

Resonance Characteristics

 Set up the system as shown in the Figure 4.2

 Keeping the voltage minimum switch on the power supply

 Insert a 50ohm transmission line and check for the output at the end of the
systemusing CRO/VSWR/power meter.
 Vary the power supply voltage and check the output for different VCO frequency
 Replace 50ohm transmission line with ring resonator.

 Vary the supply voltage, tabulate VCO frequency Vs output.

 Plot a graph of frequency Vs output and find the resonant frequency.

Where, n=1, the mode number, Vo = free space velocity

w= Strip conductor width (1.24mm), h=height of the substrate (0.76mm), R= mean radius
of the ring (12mm), fr = resonant frequency. Once s 𝑒ƒƒ is calculated, dielectric
constant is calculated using

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Microwave Theory and Antennas Lab (21EC62) 2023-2024

Observation Table:

Expected Graph:

Results & Discussion

Questions:

1. Explain the working principle of a ring resonator and how it achieves resonance.
2. What factors determine the resonant frequency of a ring resonator?
3. How does the quality factor (Q-factor) of a ring resonator affect its performance?
4. Discuss some practical applications of ring resonators in photonic devices or
integrated optical circuits?

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Microwave Theory and Antennas Lab (21EC62) 2023-2024

Experiment No – 05

Aim of the Experiment:

To measure the frequency, guide wavelength, power and attenuation in a microwave

TestBench

Apparatus Required:

Name of the
SL.No. Specification Quantity
Component
1 Reflex Klystron 2k25 01
2 Klystron power SKPS – 610 01

supply
3 Klystron mount XM-251 01
4 Isolator, XI-621 01
5 Frequency meter XF-710 01
6 Variable attenuator XA-520 01
7 Detector mount XD-451 01
8 Waveguide stands X4-535 01

Theory:

1. Klystron power supply SKPS – 610

The model Klystron Power Supply SKPS-610 is general purpose laboratory power
supply which is specially designed to use for reflex klystron tubes of S to X band
frequency range. It is reliable power source with very high regulation and low ripple
contents. The klystron power supply SKPS-610 has built in modulation facilities of
amplitude and frequency modulation. Amplitude modulation can be applied with 0-
110V (p.p.) Square wave and with frequency of 500 Hz to 2.5 KHz. This amplitude
modulation is generally used along with VSWR measurements in slotted line
technique. Frequency modulation is used fordirect study of klystron modes on the
Oscilloscope. Pure carrier wave operation and in external modulation facilities is also
provided with the instrument for generalized use.

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2. Klystron tube 2k25

The klystron tube 2k25 is a single cavity variable frequency microwave generator of
low power and low efficiency. It consists of an electron gun, a filament surrounded
by cathode and a focusing electrode at cathode potential. The electrons emitted by the
cathode travel towards the reflector through an anode kept at higher potential
compared to the cathode. When they approach the anode, the electrons form bunches
andthe bunches ultimately return towards the anode cavity after traveling a small
distance towards the reflector. The power is taken from the anode reentrant cavity.

3. Isolator XI-621

It is a two-port device which provides very small amount of attenuation for

transmission from port 1 to port 2 and provides maximum attenuation for transmission
from port 2 to port 1. It is very much desirable when we want to match a source with
variable load. It allows power flow only from the generator towards the load and
suppresses any reflectedpower.

4. Frequency meter XF-710

It is also called wave meter. Usual construction of it consist a cylindrical cavity

mounted on a shaft. By rotating the shaft the volume in the cavity is changed and it
becomes resonant and gives minimum impedance at the resonant frequency. The scale
calibrated and the resonant frequency can be directly read from the scale after
observing a dip inthe output meter.

5. Variable attenuator XA-520

This is a wave guide piece having a groove on the lateral side. By rotating the screw,
the depth of penetration of resistive pad changes, there by introducing some
attenuation. Attenuators are commonly used for measuring power game or loss in dBs
for providing isolation between instruments for reducing the power input to a
particular stage toprevent over loading and also for providing the signal generators
with means of calibrating there outputs accurately. Variable attenuator provides
continuous or step wise variable attenuation.

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Microwave Theory and Antennas Lab (21EC62) 2023-2024

6. Reflex Klystron

The reflex klystron makes use of velocity modulation to transform a continuous

electron beam into microwave power. Electrons emitted from the cathode are
accelerated and passed through the positive resonator towards negative reflector,
which retards and finally reflects the electrons towards the resonator. The accelerated
electrons have the resonator with increased velocity and the retarded electrons leave
atreduced velocity. As the electrons bunch pass through resonator, they interact with
voltage at resonator grids. If the bunches pass the grid, at such time, that the 3
electrons are slowed down by the voltage, energy will be delivered to the resonator
and the klystron will oscillate.

Figure 5.1: Experimental setup to measure the frequency, guide wavelength,

power andattenuation in a microwave Test Bench

Procedure:
1. Connect the components and equipment as shown in Figure 5.1.

2. Keep the control knob of klystron power supply as

below:Mode switch: AM
Beam Voltage knob: Fully anti-
clockwiseRepeller voltage knob:
Fully clockwise Meter switch: Beam
Voltage/Beam
Current/ Repeller Voltage: Beam current

3. Rotate the frequency meter at one side (NOTE: Rotate frequency meter very slowly).

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4. Switch on the klystron power supply, V.S.W.R/CRO and cooling fan for the
klystron tube. Wait for 1-2 minutes for the klystron to respond.

5. Cathode voltage knob at minimum position gives a beam voltage about 235V to
300V.Observe beam current on the meter by changing meter switch to beam current
position. “The beam current should not be more than 30mA”. (Try to set Beam
current at 20 mA by increasing/Decreasing beam voltage knob)

6. Now change the meter switch to Repeller/reflector voltage position.

7. Decreasing the reflector/Repeller voltage, record output power and frequency.

8. To measure frequency, switch the Mode-switch of klystron to AM mode and observe

output on CRO display. Use AM amplitude, frequency controls and controls on
Oscilloscope front panel try to get clear display on C.R.O. By rotating the frequency
meter observe for dip in the output and note the corresponding frequency.

9. Move the probe along with the slotted section. The deflection in CRO will vary.

10. Move the probe position move the probe to next minimum position and note again.

11. Calculate the guide wavelength as twice the distance between two minimum
positions.

12. Measure the wave guide inner broad dimension ‘a’ which will be around 22.85 to

22.86 mm for X band. (λc = 2a)

13. Calculate the frequency (fcal)

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Results & Discussion

Questions:

1. Explain the operation of the reflex klystron tube.

2. What is the basic principle involved in microwave tubes.

3. What is the difference between velocity modulation and current density modulation?

4. What happens to the power output as the repeller voltage increases?

5. What are the various modes of operation in the reflex klystron.

6. How electronic tuning is achievable in klystron.

7. What changes occurs in the frequency due to the repeller voltage variation.

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Microwave Theory and Antennas Lab (21EC62) 2023-2024

Experiment No – 06

Aim of the Experiment:

To study the characteristics of E Plane Tee / H plane Tee

Apparatus Required:

SL. NO. Name of the component Specification Quantity

1 Microwave source C band (4-6GHz) 01
2 6dB attenuator - 01
3 50Ω transmission line - 01
4 Detector 20GHz 01
5 Active filter - 01
6 E plane/ H plane Tee 01

Theory:

Figure 6.1a: H plane Tee

Figure 6.1(a) shows the sketch of an H plane tee. It is clear from the sketch that an
auxiliary waveguide arm is fastened perpendicular to the narrow wall of a main guide,
thus it is a three-port device in which axis of the auxiliary or side arm is parallel to the
planes of the magnetic field of the main of the main guide and the coupling from the
main guide to the branch guide is by means of magnetic fields. Therefore, it is also
known as H plane tee. The perpendicular arm is generally taken as input and other two
arms are in shunt to the input and hence it is also called as shunt tee. Because of

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symmetry of the tee; equivalent circuit of H plane, when power enters the auxiliary
arm, and the two main arms 1 and 2 are terminated in identical loads, the power supplied
to each load is equal and in phase with one another. If two signals of equal amplitude and
in same phase are fed into two main arms1 and 2, they will be added together in the side
arm. Thus H plane tee is an `adder’.

Figure 6.1b: E plane Tee

Figure 6.1b show the sketch of the E plane tee. It is clear from the sketch of the E plane
tee that an auxiliary waveguide arm is fastened to the broader wall of the main guide. Thus
it is also a three port device in which the auxiliary arm axis in parallel to the plane of the
electric fields of the main guide, and the coupling from the main guide to the auxiliary
guide is by means of electric fields. Therefore, it is also known as E plane tee. It is clear
that it causes load connected to its branches to appear in series. So it is often referred to as
a series tee. As indicated in fig, the two main guide arms are symmetrical with respect to
the auxiliary guide arm. As such if power is fed from the auxiliary arm, it is equally
distributed in the two arms 1and 2 when they are terminated in equal loads. However as
depicted in the field configuration, the power flowing out in arm 1 is 180 out of phase to
the one in arm 2. As such tis tee is known as `subtractor’.

Parameters of E plane/ H plane

TeeIsolation

The isolation of a T junction is the ratio of power supplied from a matched generator to
oneof the arms, to the power coupled to a matched detector in any other arm when the
remaining arm is terminated in a matched load.

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Input VSWR

There are three values of input VSWR associated with a tee, one for each arm. The VSWR
of any arm of a tee is the voltage standing wave ratio existing on a transmission line
terminated by that arm of the tee when the other two arm of the tee are terminated in
matched loads

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Microwave Theory and Antennas Lab (21EC62) 2023-2024

Figure 6.2: Experimental setup to find the characteristics of E plane/ H plane Tee

Procedure:

VSWR

 Setup the components as shown, with port 1 of tee (E-plane/H-plane/Magic

Tee)towards slotted line and matched termination to other ports.
 Energize the microwave source and set mode 3.
 Calculate VSWR by measuring Vmax and Vmin by adjusting the slotted line carriage.
 Similarly connect other arms and calculated VSWR as above.

Port Vmax Vmin VSWR

Port 1
Port 2
Port 3

Isolation and Coupling Coefficient

 Remove the slotted line and Magic Tee/E/H Tee and connect the detector mount.
 Energize the microwave source and set mode 3.
 Note down the input voltage as Vi (mv) (should not alter the setting)
 Now connect the magic tee/E-Plane/H-Plane Tee.

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Microwave Theory and Antennas Lab (21EC62) 2023-2024

 Determine the corresponding voltages Vj (mv) for each pair of ports by

connectingone port to the source and measuring the output at other port while
the remaining ports are connected to matched termination.
 Determine the isolation and coupling coefficients for the given Tee.

Port
Vi(mV) V(mV) Isolation Coupling
coefficient
Vi-V
V/Vi
Port 1

Port 2

Port 3

Questions:

1. What is the fundamental difference between E-plane and H-plane tees in

waveguidesystems?
2. How does an E-plane tee differ from an H-plane tee in terms of its construction
andfunctionality?
3. Can you explain how an E-plane tee is used to separate or combine
microwavesignals?
4. Describe the electromagnetic field distribution within an E-plane tee and how it
affects signal propagation.
5. What are the key design considerations when fabricating E-plane and H-plane
tees forspecific frequency bands?
6. Discuss the advantages and limitations of using E-plane and H-plane tees in
microwave circuits.
7. Provide examples of practical applications where E-plane and H-plane tees are
utilized in microwave engineering or communication systems.

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Experiment No – 07

Aim of the Experiment:

To measure unknown impedance using Smith chart through test bench setup.

Apparatus Required:

SL. NO. Name of the component Specification Quantity

1 Microwave source C band (4-6GHz) 01
2 6dB attenuator - 01
3 50Ω transmission line - 01
4 Detector 20GHz 01
5 Active filter - 01

Theory:

Figure 7.1: Standing wave at two different cases, (short circuit load, unknown load)

Figure 7.1 shows the standing wave patterns for both a “short-circuit” and a load.
Depending on the load impedance, the load minima may shift towards the generator or
towards the load. The magnitude of the matched termination reflection coefficient is
determined from the VSWR reading taken when the slotted line is matched terminated.
Knowing the magnitude and angle of the reflection coefficient, we can determine the
normalized load impedance. Multiplying the normalized impedance by the characteristic
impedance of the line gives you the impedance of the matched termination.

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Microwave Theory and Antennas Lab (21EC62) 2023-2024

Microwave bench setup consists of isolator, frequency meter, attenuator and detector
respectively in sequence. Isolator allows the waves to propagate into one direction by
blocking the reflected waves. Frequency meter is used to block the amplitude of propagating
wave so that it can be measured by probe detector in VSWR meter.

VSWR meter is used to measure the maxima and minima points of electric field in
waveguide. The guided wavelength of propagating wave is measured by calculating the
distance between two successive maxima or two successive minima points. The guided
wavelength can be given by-

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Microwave Theory and Antennas Lab (21EC62) 2023-2024

Figure 7.2: Experimental set-up to determine the unknown impedance at a spot frequency.

Procedure:

 Set up the equipment’s as shown in the Figure 7.2.

 Set the variable attenuation at no attenuation position.
 Keep the control knobs of klystron power supply as below:
o Meter switch - ‘Off’
o Mod switch – AM
o Beam voltage knob - Fully anticlockwise
o Reflector voltage - Fully clockwise
o AM-Amplitude knob - Around fully clockwise
o AM-Frequency knob - Around mid-position
 Keep the control knob of VSWR meter as below;
o Range dB - 40dB/50dB position
o Input switch - Crystal low impedance
o Meter switch - Normal
o Gain (Coarse & Fine) - Mid position
 Switch ‘ON’ the klystron power supply, VSWR meter and cooling fan.
 Set beam voltage at 290 V and Repeller voltage at -60 V.

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Microwave Theory and Antennas Lab (21EC62) 2023-2024

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Microwave Theory and Antennas Lab (21EC62) 2023-2024

Experiment No – 08

Aim of the Experiment:

To measure VSWR and reflection coefficient and attenuation in a microwave test bench
setup

Apparatus Required:

SL. NO. Name of the component Specification Quantity

1 Microwave source C band (4-6GHz) 01
2 6dB attenuator - 01
3 50Ω transmission line - 01
4 Detector 20GHz 01
5 Active filter - 01

Theory:

The attenuator is a two-port bidirectional device which attenuates some power when
insertedin to the transmission line.

𝑃1
𝐴𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑡i𝑜𝑛 (𝑑𝑏) = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑃2

Where P1 is power detected by the load without the attenuator in the line P2 is the power
detected by the load with the attenuator in the line.

The attenuator consists of a resistive vane inside the waveguide to absorb microwave
power according to its position with respect to side wall of the waveguide. As electric field
is maximum at centre in TE10 mode, the attenuation will be maximum if the vane is placed
at centre of the waveguide. Moving from centre towards the side wall attenuation
decreases in the fixed attenuator the vane position is fixed where as in variable attenuator;
its position can be changed by the help of micro meter of by other methods.

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Microwave Theory and Antennas Lab (21EC62) 2023-2024

Figure 8.1: Experimental setup to measure VSWR and reflection coefficient and
attenuationin a microwave test bench setup

Procedure:

A. To measure Attenuation

1. Set the components and equipment’s as shown in Figure 8.1.

2. Initially set the variable attenuator for maximum attenuation.

3. Terminate the receiving end with unknown load.

4. Keep the control knob of Klystron power supply

 Beam voltage - Off
 Mod-switch - AM
 Reflector Voltage knob - Full anti clockwise
 Am-amplitude knob - Full clockwise
 Am frequency & amplitude knob -Mid position

Switch On the klystron power supply, VSWR meter & cooling fan. Switch On the beam
voltage switch and set beam voltage between 250V- 290V. Rotate the reflector voltage
knob to get deflection in VSWR meter. Tune the output by tuning the reflector voltage,
amplitude and frequency of am modulation. Tune plunger of Klystron mount and probe
for maximum deflection in VSWR meter.
5. Keep the control knob of VSWR meter as below: I. Switch: normal II. Input switch:
Low impedance III. Range db switch: 30db OR 40db IV. Gain control knob: Fully
clockwise.

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Microwave Theory and Antennas Lab (21EC62) 2023-2024

6. Connect detector output to SWR meter.

7. Adjust the square wave modulation frequency to approximately 1KHz

8. Tune the detector by adjusting short plunger for maximum meter deflection.

Observation Table:

Micrometer reading:

11.79mm.Frequency:

9.97 GHz.

Sl. No. Screw Guage Reading (mm) Attenuation in dB

B. Procedure to measure VSWR (Low VSWR values)

1. Connect the components as in Figure 8.1

2. Keep variable attenuator at maximum

3. Switching ON klystron power supply. VSWR meter and cooling fan.

4. Set beam voltage to 300 V.

5. Adjust the reflector voltage to obtain deflection in VSWR meter.

6. Tune the output with the help of reflector voltage amplitude and frequency of AM.

7. Tune klystron to get maximum deflection in the meter

8. Adjust attenuation, gain control knob and dB switch to get deflection in the scale of
VSWRmeter.

9. Move the probe to get maximum deflection in VSWR meter.

10. Set the VSWR meter gain control knob or attenuator till the meter indicates 1.0 on
normalscale of 0 to ∞

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Microwave Theory and Antennas Lab (21EC62) 2023-2024

1. Keeping the control knobs fixed, move the probe to the next minimum position. Note
theVSWR from the scale.

2. Now change SS tuner probe and repeat the steps 9 to 11. Note VSWR each position.

3. Change dB range in VSWR meter corresponding to the value of VSWR

Measurement of High Values of VSWR (Double Minimum Method)

1. Set a convenient frequency when the matched load is in place.

2. The probe is so inserted to a depth where the minimum is read without
difficulty. (3dB)
3. The probe is moved to a point where the power is twice the minimum.
Let theposition be d1 (0 dB)
4. The probe is moved to the twice power point the other side of the minimum.
Let thispoint be d2 (0 dB)
5. Calculate the VSWR from

6. Repeat the above steps for different frequencies.

7. Tabulate the results as shown in table below

Matched Load Short

Frequency d1 d2 d3 d1 d2 VSWR
F1
F2
F3

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Microwave Theory and Antennas Lab (21EC62) 2023-2024

Results & Discussions

Questions:

1. Explain the significance of the VSWR parameter in microwave systems and

how itrelates to the reflection coefficient.
2. Describe a practical method for measuring VSWR using a test bench setup, and
discuss the factors that can affect the accuracy of these measurements.

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Microwave Theory and Antennas Lab (21EC62) 2023-2024

Experiment No – 09
Aim of the Experiment:
To conduct an experiment to obtain radiation pattern and to measure the directivity and
gainof the Yagi Antenna.

Apparatus Required:

The following Equipment, Devices, Components are required to conduct the experiment

1. Microwave Signal Source (VCO)

2. Transmitting antenna turn table
3. Receiving antenna turn table
4. Transmitting Yagi antenna
5. Receiving Yagi antenna
6. RF Detector (Crystal Detector)
7. VSWR Meter/CRO/Power meter

Theory:

Figure 9.1: Yagi Antenna

The Yagi antenna, also known as the Yagi-Uda antenna, is a highly popular and widely
used directional antenna design in the field of radio frequency communications.
Developed in the early 1920s by Japanese engineers Hidetsugu Yagi and Shintaro Uda,
the Yagi antenna is characterized by its simple yet effective construction, consisting of a
driven element (usuallya dipole), a reflector element behind it, and one or more director
elements in front. The Yagi antenna operates on the principle of constructive and
destructive interference, utilizing the reflector and director elements to focus and direct
radio waves in a specific direction. This directional characteristic makes Yagi antennas

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Microwave Theory and Antennas Lab (21EC62) 2023-2024

ideal for point-to-point communication over long distances, such as in television

broadcasting, amateur radio, and wireless networking applications.

Figure 9.2: Experimental Setup to conduct an experiment to obtain radiation pattern

and tomeasure the directivity and gain of the Yagi Antenna.

Procedure:

A. Gain of antenna:
1. Set up the system as shown in Figure 9.2. for a receiving power measurement
(Pr), red line in the diagram indicates the RF SMA (male) to (male) cable
connectors.
2. Keeping the tuning voltage at minimum in the front panel of the VCO and switch
onthe VCO.
3. Select the Modulation Square wave by changing the toggle switch position in
rare panel. When the power meter is used in the place of VSWR meter then select
the CW mode. Adjust the minimum distance between the transmitting and
receiving antennas using the formula, S ≥ 2d2/λ where d is the broader dimension
of the antenna.
5. Vary the tuning voltage and check the output for different VCO frequencies.

5. Note down the frequency (RF) by reading the Display on front panel of VCO as

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Microwave Theory and Antennas Lab (21EC62) 2023-2024

an operating frequency of RF signal.

6. Keeping both the antennas in line of sight and note down the Received power in
VSWR meter directly in dBm (Pre-Receiving Power)

7. Now without disturbing the RF level and RF Frequency change the Setup as
shown in the Figure 9.2 and use the same detector which is used in the
measurement of Received power.

Figure 9.3: Transmitting Power measurement setup

8. After the completion of the setup note down the Transmitting power in
VSWRmeter directly in dBm (pt-Transmitting power)

9. After note down the Pre-Receiving Power, Pt-Transmitting power, f-operating

Frequency, S-distance between Transmitting and receiving antenna.

Tabular column:

Pr dBm Power measured at receiving end

Pt dBm Power measured art Source end

F GHz Operating frequency of RF signal

d Cm Distance between Tx and Rx antennas

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Microwave Theory and Antennas Lab (21EC62) 2023-2024

Directivity of Antenna:
1. Set up the system as shown in Figure 9.2, red line in the diagram indicates
the RFSMA (male) to SMA (male) cable connections.

2. Keeping the tuning voltage at minimum in the front panel of VCO and switch
on the VCO.

3. Select the Modulation square wave by changing the toggle switch position in
rarepanel. When the power meter is used in the place of VSWR meter then
select the CW mode.

4. Adjust the minimum distance between the transmitting and receiving antennas

using the formula S ≥ 2d2/λ where d is the broader dimension of the

antenna.

5. Vary the tuning voltage and check the output for different VCO frequencies.
The frequency at which the output becomes maximum is the resonant
frequency of the antenna.

6. Note down the frequency (RF) by reading the Display on front panel of VCO
as an Operating frequency of RF signal.

7. Keeping both the antennas in line of sight and adjust the angle scale to zero
by rotating receiving antenna table.

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Microwave Theory and Antennas Lab (21EC62) 2023-2024

8. Now, rotate the antenna clockwise in steps of 100 at time (900) and note the
reading on the VSWR meter in dB scale,

9. Return to the 00 position. Repeat the measurement by rotating the antenna anti
clock wise in 100 steps (till-900) and record the VSWR meter reading at every
step.

10. Now turn both dipole antennas by 900 in the vertical plane to get horizontal
polarization. Align the antennas for maximum reading on the VSWR meter.
Measure the pattern using the same procedure as given above (step 8 and 9).
Thisgives the E-plane pattern of the rotating dipole.

11. Plot a graph of angle vs output. Find the half power beam width (HPBW) from
the points where the power becomes half (3db points)

12. Calculate Directivity of the antenna by using the formula,

Questions:

1. How do you set up the experimental arrangement to obtain the radiation pattern
of aYagi antenna?
2. Explain the significance of the radiation pattern in antenna engineering and
how itinfluences antenna performance.
3. Describe the procedure for measuring the directivity of a Yagi antenna in the
laboratory setup.
4. What factors contribute to the gain of a Yagi antenna, and how is it calculated
fromexperimental data?
5. Discuss the importance of gain and directivity in antenna design and application,
providing examples of scenarios where high gain or directivity is advantageous.

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Microwave Theory and Antennas Lab (21EC62) 2023-2024

Experiment No – 10

Aim of the Experiment:

To calculate the aperture of Dipole Antenna

Apparatus Required:

The following Equipment, Devices, Components are required to conduct the experiment

1. Microwave Signal Source (VCO)

2. Transmitting antenna turn table

3. Receiving antenna turn table

4. Transmitting Dipole antenna

5. Receiving Dipole antenna

6. RF Detector (Crystal Detector)

7. VSWR Meter/CRO/Power meter

Theory:

Figure 10.1 Dipole Antenna

A dipole antenna is one of the simplest and most fundamental antenna designs, consisting
of two conductive elements that are symmetrically aligned and fed with an RF (radio
frequency)signal. Each element typically represents one-half of the wavelength of the
intended operating frequency. The most common type is the half-wave dipole, where each
element is approximately one-quarter of the wavelength long. Dipole antennas are widely
used in various radio frequency applications due to their balanced radiation pattern,
omnidirectional coverage in the azimuth plane, and relatively straightforward

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Microwave Theory and Antennas Lab (21EC62) 2023-2024

construction. They are commonly employed in radio and television broadcasting,

wireless communication systems,and amateur radio operations.

Figure 10.2 Experimental set up to measure the aperture of dipole antenna

Procedure:

1. Set up the system as shown in Figure 9.2. for a receiving power measurement
(Pr), red line in the diagram indicates the RF SMA (male) to (male) cable
connectors.

2. Keeping the tuning voltage at minimum in the front panel of the VCO and switch
onthe VCO.

3. Select the Modulation Square wave by changing the toggle switch position in
rare panel. When the power meter is used in the place of VSWR meter then select
the CW mode. Adjust the minimum distance between the transmitting and
receiving antennas using the formula S ≥ 2d2/λ where d is the broader dimension
of the antenna.

4. Vary the tuning voltage and check the output for different VCO frequencies.

5. Note down the frequency (RF) by reading the Display on front panel of VCO as
an operating frequency of RF signal.

6. Keeping both the antennas in line of sight and note down the Received power in
VSWR meter directly in dBm (Pre-Receiving Power)

7. Now without disturbing the RF level and RF Frequency change the Setup as
shown in the Figure 10.2 and use the same detector which is used in the

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Microwave Theory and Antennas Lab (21EC62) 2023-2024

measurement of Received power.

Figure 10.3: Transmitting Power measurement setup

8. After the completion of the setup note down the Transmitting power in
VSWRmeter directly in dBm (pt-Transmitting power)

9. After note down the Pre-Receiving Power, Pt-Transmitting power, f-operating

Frequency, S-distance between Transmitting and receiving antenna.

Tabular column:

Pr dBm Power measured at receiving end

Pt dBm Power measured art Source end

F GHz Operating frequency of RF signal

d Cm Distance between Tx and Rx antennas

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Microwave Theory and Antennas Lab (21EC62) 2023-2024

Questions:

1. How does the physical length of a dipole antenna relate to its operating frequency,
and what considerations are important when designing a dipole antenna for a
specificfrequency band?
2. Explain the radiation pattern of a half-wave dipole antenna and discuss how it differs
from that of a quarter-wave monopole antenna.
3. How does the physical size of the aperture of a dipole antenna relate to its radiation
pattern and directivity?
4. Explain the concept of effective aperture in the context of dipole antennas, and
how isit calculated?
5. What factors influence the aperture efficiency of a dipole antenna, and how can it
be optimized for improved performance?
6. Discuss the significance of the aperture distribution in determining the sidelobe
levels and beamwidth of a dipole antenna's radiation pattern.
7. How does the aperture shape affect the polarization characteristics of a dipole
antenna, and what are some common aperture shapes used in dipole antenna
designs?

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Microwave Theory and Antennas Lab (21EC62) 2023-2024

induction zone, is characterized by strong electric and magnetic fields with significant
energystored in the electric and magnetic fields. In contrast, the radiating near field, also

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Microwave Theory and Antennas Lab (21EC62) 2023-2024

known as the Fresnel region, is characterized by a transition from reactive to radiative

energy, where the electromagnetic fields propagate away from the antenna without
undergoing significant attenuation. Beyond the near field lies the far field, where the
electromagnetic fields exhibit a more predictable behavior and propagate as plane waves.
In this region, the electric and magnetic fields are orthogonal to each other and to the
direction of propagation, and the energy density decreases inversely with the square of the
distance from the antenna. The boundary between the near field and far field is typically
defined as the wavelength divided by 2π, known as the Rayleigh distance or Fraunhofer
distance. Understanding the characteristics of the near field and far field is crucial for
antenna design, measurement, and application in various wireless communication systems.

Figure 11.2 Experimental set up to obtain the near and far fields of a Yagi antenna

Procedure:

1. Set up the system as shown in Figure 11.2, red line in the diagram indicates
the RFSMA (male) to SMA (male) cable connections.
2. Keeping the tuning voltage at minimum in the front panel of VCO and
switch onthe VCO.

3. Select the Modulation square wave by changing the toggle switch position in
rare panel. When the power meter is used in the place of VSWR meter then
select theCW mode.

4. Adjust the minimum distance between the transmitting and receiving antennas

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Microwave Theory and Antennas Lab (21EC62) 2023-2024

using the formula S ≥ 2d2/λ where d is the broader dimension of the antenna
(farfield pattern).

5. Vary the tuning voltage and check the output for different VCO frequencies.
The frequency at which the output becomes maximum is the resonant
frequency of the antenna.

6. Note down the frequency (RF) by reading the Display on front panel of VCO
as an Operating frequency of RF signal.

7. Keeping both the antennas in line of sight and adjust the angle scale to zero by
rotating receiving antenna table.

8. Now, rotate the antenna clockwise in steps of 100 at time (900) and note the
reading on the VSWR meter in dB scale,

9. Return to the 00 position. Repeat the measurement by rotating the antenna anti
clock wise in 100 steps (till-900) and record the VSWR meter reading at every
step.

10. Now turn both dipole antennas by 900 in the vertical plane to get horizontal
polarization. Align the antennas for maximum reading on the VSWR meter.
Measure the pattern using the same procedure as given above (step 8 and 9).
Thisgives the E-plane pattern of the rotating dipole.

11. Plot a graph of angle vs output. Find the half power beam width (HPBW) from
the points where the power becomes half (3db points)

12. Adjust the minimum distance between the transmitting and receiving antennas
using the formula S < 2d2/λ to obtain the near field pattern.

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Microwave Theory and Antennas Lab (21EC62) 2023-2024

Questions:

1. Can you explain the significance of the boundary between the near field and
far field in antenna engineering, and how is this boundary determined for
different types of antennas?
2. Discuss the differences in electromagnetic field behavior between the near field
andfar field regions of an antenna, and how these differences impact antenna
performance and radiation patterns.
3. In practical antenna measurements, why is it important to distinguish between
the near field and far field regions, and what techniques or methods can be
employed to accurately determine these regions during antenna testing or
characterization?

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Microwave Theory and Antennas Lab (21EC62) 2023-2024

Experiment No – 12

Aim of the Experiment:

To obtain the bandwidth of a given Antenna

Apparatus Required:

The following Equipment, Devices, Components are required to conduct the experiment

1. Microwave Signal Source (VCO)

2. Transmitting antenna turn table
3. Receiving antenna turn table
4. Transmitting Yagi antenna
5. Receiving Yagi antenna

6. RF Detector (Crystal Detector)

7. VSWR Meter/CRO/Power meter

Theory:

Figure 12.1 Plot to obtain bandwidth of the given antenna

The bandwidth of an antenna refers to the range of frequencies over which the antenna can
effectively transmit or receive electromagnetic signals with acceptable performance
characteristics. It is a critical parameter in antenna design, as it determines the versatility
and efficiency of the antenna in various communication applications. A broader bandwidth
enables the antenna to operate over a wider range of frequencies, allowing for
compatibility with different communication standards and frequency bands. The
bandwidth of an antenna is influenced by several factors, including its physical

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Microwave Theory and Antennas Lab (21EC62) 2023-2024

dimensions, design topology, and the materials used in its construction. Antenna
engineers often strive to optimize the bandwidthof an antenna while maintaining desirable
radiation patterns, impedance matching, and efficiency. A wide bandwidth is particularly
advantageous in applications where frequency agility, robustness to interference, or
compatibility with multiple communication protocols is essential.

Figure: 12.2: Experimental setup to obtain the bandwidth of the given antenna
Procedure:

 Set up the system as shown in the Figure 12.2

 Keeping the voltage minimum switch on the power supply

 Insert a 50ohm transmission line and check for the output at the end of the
systemusing CRO/VSWR/power meter.
 Vary the power supply voltage and check the output for different VCO frequency
 Replace 50ohm transmission line with Yagi antenna.

 Vary the supply voltage, tabulate VCO frequency Vs output.

 Plot a graph frequency Vs output and find the resonant frequency.

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Microwave Theory and Antennas Lab (21EC62) 2023-2024

1. Describe the importance of accurately determining the bandwidth of an antenna in

thecontext of wireless communication systems, and how does it impact system
performance?
2. What are some common techniques used to measure the bandwidth of an antenna
experimentally, and how do these techniques differ in terms of complexity and
accuracy?
3. Discuss the factors that may influence the measured bandwidth of an antenna
during experimental testing, and how can these factors be mitigated or controlled
to ensure accurate results?
4. Explain how obtained bandwidth of an antenna is interpreted in practical antenna
design and deployment scenarios, and what considerations are important when
selecting an antenna based on its bandwidth characteristics?

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