Scribd
Upload
16 views4 pages

Pec Shorts

Uploaded by

nanipavan830
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
16 views4 pages

Pec Shorts

Uploaded by

nanipavan830
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 4

‭SHORTS‬

‭PART-A‬

‭1. Write the Applications of Ground Station Satellite.‬

‭●‬ ‭Communication:‬‭Ground stations communicate with satellites‬‭for data exchange, including‬


‭television broadcasting, internet services, and radio communications.‬
‭●‬ ‭Navigation:‬‭Ground stations play a crucial role in‬‭satellite navigation systems like GPS,‬
‭aiding in positioning and timing information.‬
‭●‬ ‭Weather Monitoring:‬‭They receive data from weather‬‭satellites to monitor and predict‬
‭weather conditions.‬
‭●‬ ‭Earth Observation:‬‭Ground stations collect data from‬‭satellites that monitor environmental‬
‭and land changes, helping in agriculture, forestry, and disaster management.‬
‭●‬ ‭Scientific Research:‬‭They support various scientific‬‭missions, collecting data from space‬
‭exploration satellites and observatories.‬

‭2. Define Acceptance angle and Numerical Aperture?‬

‭●‬ ‭Acceptance Angle:‬‭It is the maximum angle at which‬‭light can enter the fiber optic cable‬
‭and still be propagated through the fiber core.‬
‭●‬ ‭Numerical Aperture (NA):‬‭It is a dimensionless number‬‭that characterizes the range of‬
‭angles over which the fiber can accept light. Mathematically, NA = √(n₁² - n₂²), where n₁ is‬
‭the refractive index of the core and n₂ is the refractive index of the cladding.‬

‭3. What is Wavelength Division Multiplexing?‬

‭●‬ ‭Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM):‬‭It is a technology‬‭in fiber optic‬


‭communications where multiple optical carrier signals are multiplexed onto a single optical‬
‭fiber by using different wavelengths (i.e., colors) of laser light. This increases the capacity of‬
‭the communication system.‬

‭4. Define Personal Area Network (PAN)?‬

‭●‬ ‭Personal Area Network (PAN):‬‭A PAN is a computer network‬‭used for communication‬
‭among computer devices, including telephones and personal digital assistants, in proximity to‬
‭an individual. PANs can be used for connecting devices within a range of a few meters,‬
‭typically around 10 meters.‬
‭5. Write Short Notes on Bluetooth.‬

‭●‬ ‭Bluetooth:‬‭Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard used for exchanging data over short‬
‭distances using short-wavelength UHF radio waves in the ISM band from 2.4 to 2.485‬
‭GHz. It is commonly used for connecting peripherals, such as headphones, keyboards, and‬
‭mice, to computers and smartphones, as well as for data transfer between devices.‬

‭PART-A‬

‭1. a) Define each subsystem of Satellite.‬

‭●‬ ‭Communication Subsystem:‬‭Handles the transmission‬‭and reception of signals between‬


‭the satellite and ground stations.‬
‭●‬ ‭Power Subsystem:‬‭Generates and regulates power for‬‭the satellite using solar panels and‬
‭batteries.‬
‭●‬ ‭Control Subsystem:‬‭Manages the orientation and stability‬‭of the satellite using gyroscopes,‬
‭thrusters, and reaction wheels.‬
‭●‬ ‭Thermal Subsystem:‬‭Maintains the satellite's temperature‬‭within operational limits using‬
‭thermal blankets, radiators, and heaters.‬
‭●‬ ‭Payload Subsystem:‬‭Contains the instruments or equipment‬‭that fulfill the satellite’s‬
‭mission, such as cameras, sensors, or transponders.‬

‭b) What is handoff?‬

‭●‬ ‭Handoff (or Handover):‬‭A process in mobile communication‬‭where an ongoing call or‬
‭data session is transferred from one cell site (base station) to another without interruption as‬
‭the user moves.‬

‭c) Define Snell’s Law and Skew Rays?‬

‭●‬ ‭Snell’s Law:‬‭Describes the relationship between the‬‭angles of incidence and refraction‬
‭when a wave passes from one medium into another. It is given by ( n‬‭1 \sin \theta‬‭1 = n‬‭2 \sin‬
‭\theta‬‭2 ), where ( n‬‭1 ) and ( n‬‭2 ) are the refractive‬‭indices of the two media, and ( \theta‬‭1 )‬
‭and ( \theta‬‭2 ) are the angles of incidence and refraction,‬‭respectively.‬
‭●‬ ‭Skew Rays:‬‭In optical fibers, these are rays that‬‭do not intersect the fiber axis and follow a‬
‭helical path. They propagate by repeated reflections off the core-cladding boundary.‬
‭d) Mention the differences between LEDs and laser diodes with respect to performance‬
‭characteristics.‬

‭●‬ ‭LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes):‬


‭●‬ ‭Broad spectrum output.‬
‭●‬ ‭Incoherent light source.‬
‭●‬ ‭Less directional and less focused.‬
‭●‬ ‭Lower output power.‬
‭●‬ ‭Lower cost and simpler to fabricate.‬
‭●‬ ‭Laser Diodes:‬
‭●‬ ‭Narrow spectrum output.‬
‭●‬ ‭Coherent light source.‬
‭●‬ ‭Highly directional and focused.‬
‭●‬ ‭Higher output power.‬
‭●‬ ‭More expensive and complex fabrication process.‬

‭e ) Discuss about Infrared wireless technology.‬

‭●‬ ‭Infrared Wireless Technology:‬‭Uses infrared light to transmit data over short distances. It‬
‭is commonly used in remote controls, wireless keyboards, and some communication‬
‭systems. Infrared requires a direct line of sight and is typically used for low-speed,‬
‭short-range communication.‬

‭PART-A‬

‭1. a) What is GPS?‬

‭●‬ ‭Global Positioning System (GPS):‬‭A satellite-based‬‭navigation system that provides‬


‭geolocation and time information to a GPS receiver anywhere on or near the Earth where‬
‭there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites.‬

‭b) Define Total Internal Reflection.‬

‭●‬ ‭Total Internal Reflection:‬‭This phenomenon occurs‬‭when a propagating wave strikes a‬


‭medium boundary at an angle larger than the critical angle relative to the normal to the‬
‭surface. At this angle, all the wave is reflected back into the medium. This principle is crucial‬
‭in the functioning of optical fibers.‬
‭c) Define Types of Optical Cables.‬

‭●‬ ‭Types of Optical Cables:‬


‭●‬ ‭Single-mode Fiber:‬‭Has a small core size and transmits‬‭infrared laser light. It is used for‬
‭long-distance communication.‬
‭●‬ ‭M ulti-mode Fiber:‬‭Has a larger core size and transmits‬‭infrared light from LEDs. It is used‬
‭for shorter distance communication.‬
‭●‬ ‭Plastic Optical Fiber (POF):‬‭Uses plastic as the core‬‭material and is used for short-range‬
‭communication and consumer electronics.‬

‭d) Discuss about Infrared Wireless Technology.‬

‭●‬ ‭Infrared Wireless Technology:‬‭Utilizes infrared light‬‭to transmit data over short distances.‬
‭Common applications include remote controls, some wireless keyboards and mice, and‬
‭some point-to-point communication systems. Infrared requires a direct line of sight between‬
‭the transmitter and receiver.‬

‭e ) Write Short Notes on WLAN.‬

‭●‬ ‭Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN):‬‭A network that‬‭allows devices to connect and‬
‭communicate wirelessly within a local area such as a home, school, or office building.‬
‭WLANs use high-frequency radio waves and include an access point that devices within the‬
‭area connect to. The most common WLAN technology is Wi-Fi.‬

You might also like