ABSTRACT

This project aims at providing smart solutions to monitor poisonous sewage gases and
works on a system of live sewage level detection and monitoring. Whenever, a certain
threshold is crossed, an alert is sent to the observer who is examining the conditions
from a remote location. The information is then forwarded along with different gas ppm
values indicating whether it is safe for the worker to clean or work in that environment
or not. The remotely placed IoT monitoring equipment and IoT platform are integrated
to create proposed system. This requires calibration of gas sensors for industrial
purposes and determining the correct threshold levels for septic plants and facilities.
The hardware is designed such that it shall send a prior alert to the sewage worker to
ensure their safety, if damaging gaseous constituents increase in concentration over
time. Various types of sensors are utilized to monitor parameters present in sewage like
gas, temperature etc. When the threshold value is lesser than the sensed values, this
system alerts the sewage worker/cleaner by sending SMS and call alerts by analyzing
concentrations of different toxic gases and graphing out their results for real-time
monitoring thereby aiding in protection from hazardous diseases and hence serves a
social cause as well. In the proposed system, sample values for sensors have been
recorded and plotted on
ThingSpeak analysis tool. Carbon monoxide and methane sensors charted values up-to
2.3 and 60 ppm respectively, and this breached threshold and WIFI module was utilized
for sending alert to mobile number fed in the code.
 CHAPTER-1
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEM
An embedded system is a special-purpose computer system designed to perform one
or a few dedicated functions, sometimes with real-time computing constraints. It is usually
embedded as part of a complete device including hardware and mechanical parts. In contrast,
a general-purpose computer, such as a personal computer, can do many different tasks
depending on programming. Embedded systems have become very important today as they
control many of the common devices we use. Since the embedded system is dedicated to
specific tasks, design engineers can optimize it, reducing the size and cost of the product, or
increasing the reliability and performance. Some embedded systems are mass-produced,
benefiting from economies of scale.

Physically embedded systems range from portable devices such as digital watches and
MP3 players, to large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controllers, or the
systems controlling nuclear power plants. In general, "embedded system" is not an exactly
defined term, as many systems have some element of programmability. For example,
Handheld computers share some elements with embedded systems — such as the operating
systems and microprocessors which power them — but are not truly embedded systems,
because they allow different applications to be loaded and peripherals to be connected.

An embedded system is some combination of computer hardware and software, either

fixed in capability or programmable, that is specifically designed for a particular kind of
application device. Industrial machines, automobiles, medical equipment, cameras, household
appliances, airplanes, vending machines, and toys (as well as the more obvious cellular phone
and PDA) are among the myriad possible hosts of an embedded system. Embedded systems
that are programmable are provided with a programming interface, and embedded systems
programming is a specialized occupation.

Certain operating systems or language platforms are tailored for the embedded market,
such as Embedded Java and Windows XP Embedded. However, some low-end consumer
products use very inexpensive microprocessors and limited storage, with the application and
operating system both part of a single program. The program is written permanently into the
system's memory in this case, rather than being loaded into RAM (random access memory),
as programs on a personal computer.

1.2 APPLICATIONS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM

We are living in the Embedded World. You are surrounded with many embedded
products and your daily life largely depends on the proper functioning of these gadgets.
Television, Radio, CD player of your living room, Washing Machine or Microwave Oven in
your kitchen, Card readers, Access Controllers, Palm devices of your work space enable you
to do many of your tasks very effectively. Apart from all these, many controllers embedded in
your car take care of car operations between the bumpers and most of the times you tend to
ignore all these controllers.

In recent days, you are showered with variety of information about these embedded
controllers in many places. All kinds of magazines and journals regularly dish out details
about latest technologies, new devices; fast applications which make you believe that your
basic survival is controlled by these embedded products. Now you can agree to the fact that
these embedded products have successfully invaded into our world. You must be wondering
about these embedded controllers or systems.

The computer you use to compose your mails, or create a document or analyze the
database is known as the standard desktop computer. These desktop computers are
manufactured to serve many purposes and applications.

You need to install the relevant software to get the required processing facility. So,
these desktop computers can do many things. In contrast, embedded controllers carryout a
specific work for which they are designed. Most of the time, engineers design these
embedded controllers with a specific goal in mind. So these controllers cannot be used in any
other place.

Theoretically, an embedded controller is a combination of a piece of microprocessor

based hardware and the suitable software to undertake a specific task.

These days designers have many choices in microprocessors/microcontrollers.

Especially, in 8 bit and 32 bit, the available variety really may overwhelm even an
experienced designer. Selecting a right microprocessor may turn out as a most difficult first
step and it is getting complicated as new devices continue to pop-up very often.
In the 8 bit segment, the most popular and used architecture is Intel's 8031. Market
acceptance of this particular family has driven many semiconductor manufacturers to develop
something new based on this particular architecture. Even after 25 years of existence,
semiconductor manufacturers still come out with some kind of device using this 8031 core.

1.3 MICROCONTROLLERS FOR EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

In the Literature discussing microprocessors, we often see the term Embedded
System. Microprocessors and Microcontrollers are widely used in embedded system products.
An embedded system product uses a microprocessor (or Microcontroller) to do one task only.
A printer is an example of embedded system since the processor inside it performs one task
only; namely getting the data and printing it. Contrast this with a Pentium based PC. A PC can
be used for any number of applications such as word processor, print-server, bank teller
terminal, Video game, network server, or Internet terminal. Software for a variety of
applications can be loaded and run. Of course the reason a pc can perform myriad tasks is that
it has RAM memory and an operating system that loads the application software into RAM
memory and lets the CPU run it.

In an Embedded system, there is only one application software that is typically burned
into ROM. An x86 PC contains or is connected to various embedded products such as
keyboard, printer, modem, disk controller, sound card, CD-ROM drives, mouse, and so on.
Each one of these peripherals has a Microcontroller inside it that performs only one task. For
example, inside every mouse there is a Microcontroller to perform the task of finding the
mouse position and sending it to the PC.
 CHAPTER-2
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Sewage environment IoT device and IoT platform to monitor poisonous gas has been
proposed as a solution to help the sewer workers who put their lives risk. Because of these
poisonous gases, the death rate of sewer workers has increased in the recent years. The lack of
treatment of sewage after crossing dangerous levels leads to the deaths of thousands of
sewage cleaners throughout the year from accidents and various diseases such as hepatitis and
typhoid that occur due to sudden or sustained exposure to hazardous gases. Septic tanks are
devices which are found commonly in different types of localities, ranging from residential
areas to largely developed industrial areas to provide solutions for treatment of sewage
wastes. Sewage gases generally arise from the natural decomposition of sewage and their
mixtures formed by slurries which leads to the production of toxic wastes that release
hazardous gases. These gases can be lethal if inhaled in high concentrations or for a
prolonged period of time. Septic tank gases are primarily constituted of methane, carbon
dioxide, ammonia, hydrogen sulphide and traces of carbon monoxide. In order to evaluate the
gases which are present in sewage environment, sensors have been used to analyse the
amount of hazardous gas and send an alert. The hazardous gases like hydrogen sulphide,
methane and carbon monoxide emitted from sewage are sensed by gas sensors every moment
and updated when it surpasses the normal grade. The project aims at designing a prototype for
monitoring a sewage plant or septic tank in real-time for keeping a check on concentration
levels of gases.

The designed system can be installed in various sewage facilities, both rural and
urban. The system can be made to work properly in both domestic as well as industrial plants,
by changing small specifications of design. For accessing the ppm concentrations, an user-
friendly android application was developed with multiple facilities integrated. The death rate
of sewage workers has been increased day by day.

Even by such understated estimates, the NCSK identified 817 sewer workers’ deaths
since 1993 from 20 states. By official estimates, Tamil Nadu recorded 210 deaths, Gujarat
recorded 156, followed by UP and Haryana with 77 and 70 deaths, respectively.
Reason for the deaths include: 1. Forcing the workers by the supervisors 2.
Unawareness about the poisonous gases present in sewage system.

2.2 LITERATURE REVIEW

The utilization of a sewage monitoring system sets in place a useful approach to
remind individuals or facilities employing the workers and to evacuate areas when ppm levels
of certain gases exceeds the threshold value. This saves lives of the employees working in
harmful environments and saves them from hazards. Many Organizations often employs
sewage tanks and chemical treatment of sewage sites in industries prior to sending in manual
workers on site and there is no system is in place to check on hazardous levels. A smart
system is defined as a cyber-physical system or an embedded system, that can process sensor
data and assure a wireless communication to the server. There are many different proposed
systems researched by the scientist about the environmental pollution and air hazards due to
industrial sewage. For example, IoT can be mainly be used to address the air pollution
problem, as proposed in pollunio [2] which checks the Ground-level ozone and particulate
matter that causes respiratory diseases such as sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides or airborne
particles caused by emission of polluting gases from vehicles that degrade air quality. In
survey [9] which brings in Wireless Sensor Networks(WSN)for air pollution monitoring
system called Wireless Sensor Network and Air Pollution Monitoring System (WAPMS).
This mainly utilize the Air Quality Index (AQI) as the main parameter and employs data
aggregation algorithm to merge data to remove duplicate information’s and filter out invalid
readings. Proposal [5], the authors have designed an intelligent residential security alarm and
remote-control system to check on toxic gas leakage in homes. The Internet of Things [6-9] is
being perceived by analysts as a stand out amongst most of the modern advancements with
the plan to significantly change the wellbeing, security and security and addresses real effects
inside the general public. This technology can be used in collaboration with sensors, and a
smart system is designed for industrial purposes.

2.3 PROPOSED METHOD:

In the proposed system we use various gas sensors inclusive of MQ4 (Methane
sensor) and MQ7(Carbon Monoxide sensor) for detecting the presence of hazardous
gases in sewage. The control of the setup present at different nodal locations is provided
to a single receiver end. The sensor produces a wide range of values which are emitted
from sewage to the controlling kit. The calibration of these sensors is done by defining
resistor networks to make them usable for industrial and domestic utilization.
Depending on a set predefined condition, the output is transmitted via the WIFI module
to the cloud. Here we have used Things Speak IoT platform for this project. The
prototype is deployed at strategic locations by analyzing the sewer map and forming a
basis such as inspection demands to find the most accessible location. Normally, they are
placed at a sewer entry location. The dispensing schedule can be organized based on the
application which is to be fulfilled. For instance, if the operators want to understand
how in-sewer gas level changes over time, they can analyze the graph plotted by the
system on the ThingSpeak IoT platform.

2.4 BLOCK DIAGRAM:

In this proposed system we have MQ4 gas sensor (consist of methane, carbon
monoxide and hydrogen sulphide) which is used to detect harmful gases present in the
sewage. Different nodal locations are provided to a single receiver end. The gas sensor
produces values(ppm) which are emitted from sewage to the kit. Depending on a set of
conditions, the output obtained by the gas sensor is transmitted via the WIFI module to the
cloud. In this project we have used ThinkSpeak cloud to store the values.
 CHAPTER 3
HARDWARE COMPONENTS

3.1 Microcontroller (ATMEGA16)

A microcontroller is a small computer on a single integrated circuit containing a processor
core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals. The one we used is Arduino Uno. Arduino
is a single-board microcontroller designed to make the process of using electronics in
multidisciplinary projects more accessible. The hardware consists of a simple open source hardware
board designed around an 8-bit Atmel AVR microcontroller. An Arduino board consists of an Atmel 8-
bit AVR microcontroller with complementary components to facilitate programming and incorporation
into other circuits. An important aspect of the Arduino is the standard way that connectors are
exposed, allowing the CPU board to be connected to a variety of interchangeable add-on modules
known as shields. The software consists of a standard programming language compiler and a boot
loader that executes on the microcontroller.

Features of ATMEGA 328P controller includes:

High performance, low power AVR® 8-bit microcontroller

Advanced RISC architecture

131 powerful instructions – most single clock cycle execution

32  8 general purpose working registers

Fully static operation

Up to 16MIPS throughput at 16MHz

On-chip 2-cycle multiplier

High endurance non-volatile memory segments

32K bytes of in-system self-programmable flash program memory

1Kbytes EEPROM

2Kbytes internal SRAM

Write/erase cycles: 10,000 flash /100,000 EEPROM

Optional boot code section with independent lock bits

In-system programming by on-chip boot program

True read-while-write operation

Programming lock for software security

Peripheral features includes

Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with separate prescaler and compare mode

One 16-bit Timer/Counter with separate prescaler, compare mode, and capture mode

Real time counter with separate oscillator

Six PWM channels

8-channel 10-bit ADC in TQFP and QFN/MLF package

Temperature measurement

Programmable serial USART

Master/slave SPI serial interface

Byte-oriented 2-wire serial interface (Phillips I2 C compatible)

Programmable watchdog timer with separate on-chip oscillator

On-chip analog comparator

Interrupt and wake-up on pin change

Special microcontroller features

Power-on reset and programmable brown-out detection

Internal calibrated oscillator

External and internal interrupt sources

Six sleep modes: Idle, ADC noise reduction, power-save, power-down, standby, and extended standby
I/O and packages

23 programmable I/O lines

32-lead TQFP, and 32-pad QFN/MLF

Operating voltage: 2.7V to 5.5V for ATmega328P Temperature

range:

Automotive temperature range: –40°C to +125°C

Speed grade: 0 to 8MHz at 2.7 to 5.5V (automotive temperature range: –40°C to +125°C)

0 to 16MHz at 4.5 to 5.5V (automotive temperature range: –40°C to +125°C)

Low power consumption

Active mode: 1.5mA at 3V - 4MHz

Power-down mode: 1µA at 3V

 Figure 3.1: Internal architecture of ATMEGA328P

The AVR® core combines a rich instruction set with 32 general purpose working
registers. All the 32 registers are directly connected to the arithmetic logic unit (ALU),
allowing two independent registers to be accessed in one single instruction executed in one
clock cycle. The resulting architecture is more code efficient while achieving throughputs up
to ten times faster than conventional CISC microcontrollers. The Atmel® ATmega328P
provides the following features: 32K bytes of in-system programmable flash with read-while-
write capabilities, 1K bytes EEPROM, 2K bytes SRAM, 23 general purpose I/O lines, 32
general purpose working registers, three flexible Timer/Counters with compare modes,
internal and external interrupts, a serial programmable USART, a byteoriented 2-wire serial
interface, an SPI serial port, a 6-channel 10-bit ADC (8 channels in TQFP and QFN/MLF
packages), a programmable watchdog timer with internal oscillator, and five software
selectable power saving modes. The idle mode stops the CPU while allowing the SRAM,
Timer/Counters, USART, 2-wire serial interface, SPI port, and interrupt system to continue
functioning. The power-down mode saves the register contents but freezes the oscillator,
disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset. In power-save
mode, the asynchronous timer continues to run, allowing the user to maintain a timer base
while the rest of the device is sleeping. The ADC noise reduction mode stops the CPU and all
I/O modules except asynchronous timer and ADC, to minimize switching noise during ADC
conversions. In standby mode, the crystal/resonator oscillator is running while the rest of the
device is sleeping. This allows very fast start-up combined with low power consumption. The
device is manufactured using Atmel high density non-volatile memory technology. The on-
chip ISP flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system through an SPI
serial interface, by a conventional non-volatile memory programmer, or by an on-chip boot
program running on the AVR core. The boot program can use any interface to download the
application program in the application flash memory. Software in the boot flash section will
continue to run while the application flash section is updated, providing true read-while-write
operation. By combining an 8-bit RISC CPU with in-system self-programmable flash on a
monolithic chip, the Atmel ATmega328P is a powerful microcontroller that provides a highly
flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control applications. The ATmega328P
AVR is supported with a full suite of program and system development tools including: C
compilers, macro assemblers, program debugger/simulators, in-circuit emulators, and
evaluation kits.

In order to maximize performance and parallelism, the AVR uses a harvard

architecture – with separate memories and buses for program and data. Instructions in the
program memory are executed with a single level pipelining. While one instruction is being
executed, the next instruction is pre-fetched from the program memory. This concept enables
instructions to be executed in every clock cycle. The program memory is in-system
reprogrammable flash memory.
The fast-access register file contains 32  8-bit general purpose working registers with
a single clock cycle access time. This allows single-cycle arithmetic logic unit (ALU)
operation. In a typical ALU operation, two operands are output from the register file, the
operation is executed, and the result is stored back in the register file – in one clock cycle. Six
of the 32 registers can be used as three 16-bit indirect addresses register pointers for data
space addressing – enabling efficient address calculations. One of the address pointers can
also be used as an address pointer for look up tables in flash program memory. These added
function registers are the 16-bit X-, Y-, and Z-register, described later in this section. The
ALU supports arithmetic and logic operations between registers or between a constant and a
register. Single register operations can also be executed in the ALU. After an arithmetic
operation, the status register is updated to reflect information about the result of the operation.
Program flow is provided by conditional and unconditional jump and call instructions, able to
directly address the whole address space. Most AVR® instructions have a single 16-bit word
format. Every program memory address contains a 16- or 32-bit instruction. Program flash
memory space is divided in two sections, the boot program section and the application
program section. Both sections have dedicated lock bits for write and read/write protection.
The SPM instruction that writes into the application flash memory section must reside in the
boot program section. During interrupts and subroutine calls, the return address program
counter (PC) is stored on the stack. The stack is effectively allocated in the general data
SRAM, and consequently the stack size is only limited by the total SRAM size and the usage
of the SRAM. All user programs must initialize the SP in the reset routine (before subroutines
or interrupts are executed). The stack pointer (SP) is read/write accessible in the I/O space.
The data SRAM can easily be accessed through the five different addressing modes supported
in the AVR architecture. The memory spaces in the AVR architecture are all linear and regular
memory maps. A flexible interrupt module has its control registers in the I/O space with an
additional global interrupt enable bit in the status register. All interrupts have a separate
interrupt vector in the interrupt vector table. The interrupts have priority in accordance with
their interrupt vector position. The lower the interrupt vector address, the higher the priority.
The I/O memory space contains 64 addresses for CPU peripheral functions as control
registers, SPI, and other I/O functions. The I/O memory can be accessed directly, or as the
data space locations following those of the register file, 0x20 - 0x5F. In addition, the
 ATmega328P has extended I/O space from 0x60 - 0xFF in SRAM where only the
ST/STS/STD and LD/LDS/LDD instructions can be used.
3.2 Serial Communication
Computers can transfer data in two ways: parallel and serial. In parallel data transfers,
often 8 or more lines (wire conductors) are used to transfer data to a device that is only a few
feet away. Examples of parallel data transfer are printers and hard disks; each uses cables
with many wire strips. Although in such cases a lot of data can be transferred in a short
amount of time by using many wires in parallel, the distance cannot be great. To transfer
to a device located many meters away, the serial method is used. In serial
communication, the data is sent one bit at a time, in contrast to parallel communication,
in which the data is sent a byte or more at a time.

3.3 MQ4 Gas sensor

It is a Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) type Gas Sensor mainly used to detect
the Methane (CNG) gas concentration in the air either at home or in industry. This
sensor contains a sensing element, mainly aluminum-oxide based ceramic, coated with
Tin dioxide, enclosed in a stainless-steel mesh. Whenever gas comes into contact with
the sensing element, the resistivity of the element changes. The change is then measured
to get the concentration of the gases present. Its sensing range of 300-10000 PPM is
suitable for gas leak detection. The combustion of Methane is highly exothermal means
it will release a vast amount of heat if ignited which when used in a controlled way is
beneficial but if an accident occurs it will be devastating.

Specifications

• Power requirements: VCC - 5V±0.1

• DO output: TTL digital 0 and 1 (0.1 and 5V)
• AO output: 0.1-0 .3 V (relative to pollution), for maximum concentration of a voltage of
about 4V
• Detection Gas: Natural gas/Methane
• Detection Concentration: 200-10000ppm (Natural gas / Methane)
• Interface: 1 TTL compatible input (HSW), 1 TTL compatible output (ALR)
• Heater consumption: less than 750mw
• Operating temperature: 14 to 122 °F (-10 to 50°C)
• Preheat time: Over 24 hours
Product Description

To use the Sensor Module, you have power the device with 5V supply and the
Power LED will start to glow. You should give it some time for its preheating period
before start reading the output. While measuring the gas present, the Output LED will
glow in a specific concentration of the gas. You can change it by using the potentiometer.
Else you can also use the Analog Output to see how your program reacts to different
concentrations of gases present.

3.4 MQ7 Carbon Monoxide sensor

It is another one of Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) type Gas Sensor of MQ Gas
Sensors family involving MQ 2, MQ 4, MQ 3, MQ 8, MQ 135, etc. It is mainly used to detect
Carbon Monoxide. This sensor contains a sensing element, mainly aluminumoxide
based ceramic, coated with Tin dioxide (SnO2), enclosed in a stainless-steel mesh.
Whenever CO gas comes into contact with the sensing element, the resistivity of the
element changes. The change is then measured to get the concentration of the gases
present. The MQ7 Sensor has a small heating element present which is needed to
preheat the sensor to get it in the working window. It can detect Carbon Monoxide Gas
in the range of 20 PPM to 2000 PPM in the air. It finds uses in Alarm application in case
of CO gas concentration build-up in the home or your car as CO is a very harmful gas and
can kill a person if present over 300PPM.
 SPECIFICATIONS

• Operating Voltage is +5V

• Can be used to Measure or detect CO
• Analog output voltage: 0V to 5V
• Digital Output Voltage: 0V or 5V
• Stable, Long life and Low Cost
• Fast Response time
• Heater consumption about 350mW
• The Sensitivity of Digital Output pin can be varied using the potentiometer PRODUCT

DESCRIPTION

To use the Sensor Module, you have power the device with 5V supply and the Power
LED will start to glow. To power it, you can use external supply or connect +5V and GND
pin of Arduino. You should give it some preheating time before start reading the output.
While measuring the gas present, the Output LED will glow in a specific concentration of
the gas. You can change it by using the potentiometer. Else you can also use the Analog
Output to see how your program reacts to different concentrations of gases present.

3.5 ESP 8266-01 WiFi Module:

ESP-01 WiFi encapsulates module is developed by module is developed by Ai-

thinker Team. core processor ESP8266 in smaller sizes of the module Tensilica L106
integrates industry-leading ultra low power 32bit MCU micro, with the 16 Clock speed
support 80 MHz, 160 MHz, supports the RTOS, integrated Wi-Fi MAC The module supports
standard IEEE802.11 Tensilica L106 integrates industry Clock speed support 80 MHz, 160
MHz, supports the RTOS, integrated Wi The module supports standard IEEE802.11 add
modules to an existing device networking, or building a separate network controller. ESP8266
is high integration core processor ESP8266 in smaller sizes of the module bit MCU micro,
with the 16-bit short mode, /BB/RF/PA/LNA, on-board antenna. b/g/n agreement, complete
TCP/IP protocol stack. Users can use the /BB/RF/PA/LNA, on b/g/n agreement, complete
TCP/IP protocol stack. Users can use the add modules to an existing device networking, or
building a separate network controller. wireless SOCs, designed for space and power
constrained mobile platform unsurpassed ability to embed Wiwireless SOCs, designed for
space and power constrained mobile platform It provides wireless SOCs, designed for space
and power constrained mobile platform designers. Fi capabilities within other systems, or to
function as a standalone unsurpassed ability to embed Wi application, with the lowest cost,
and minimal space requirement. Fi capabilities within other systems, or to function as a
standalone application, with the lowest cost, and minimal space requirement.

ESP8266EX offers a complete and or to offload Wiself self-contained WiFi networking

solution; it can be used to host Fi networking solution; it can be used to host the application
Fi networking functions from another application processor. When ESP8266EX hosts the
application, it boots up directly from an external flash. In has Fi networking functions from
another application processor When ESP8266EX hosts the application, it boots up directly
from an external flash. In has improve the performance of the system in such applications.
improve the performance of the system in such applications. Alternately, serving as a
integrated cache to Fi adapter, wireless internet access can be added to any micro controller
based design Fi adapter, wireless internet access can be added to any micro controller based
design with simple connectivity (SPI/SDIO or I2C/UART interface).

The ESP8266 ESP-01 is a Wi-Fi module that allows microcontrollers access to a Wi-Fi
network. This module is a self-contained SOC (System On a Chip) that doesn’t necessarily
need a microcontroller to manipulate inputs and outputs as you would normally do with an
Arduino, for example, because the ESP-01 acts as a small computer. Depending on the
version of the ESP8266, it is possible to have up to 9 GPIOs (General Purpose Input Output).
Thus, we can give a microcontroller internet access like the Wi-Fi shield does to the Arduino,
or we can simply program the ESP8266 to not only have access to a Wi-Fi network, but to act
 as a microcontroller as well. This makes the ESP8266 very versatile, and it can save you
some money and space in your projects.

3.7 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY

LCD stands for Liquid Crystal Display. LCD is finding wide spread use replacing LEDs
(seven segment LEDs or other multi segment LEDs) because of the following reasons:
1. The declining prices of LCDs.
2. The ability to display numbers, characters and graphics. This is in contrast to LEDs, which
are limited to numbers and a few characters.
3. Incorporation of a refreshing controller into the LCD, thereby relieving the CPU of the task
of refreshing the LCD. In contrast, the LED must be refreshed by the CPU to keep displaying
the data.
4. Ease of programming for characters and graphics.
These components are “specialized” for being used with the microcontrollers, which
means that they cannot be activated by standard IC circuits. They are used for writing
different messages on a miniature LCD.
Fig:. LCD Display

A model described here is for its low price and great possibilities most frequently used
in practice. It is based on the HD44780 microcontroller (Hitachi) and can display messages in
two lines with 16 characters each. It displays all the alphabets, Greek letters, punctuation
marks, mathematical symbols etc. In addition, it is possible to display symbols that user
makes up on its own. Automatic shifting message on display (shift left and right), appearance
of the pointer, backlight etc. are considered as useful characteristics.
PINS FUNCTIONS

There are pins along one side of the small printed board used for connection to the
microcontroller. There are total of 14 pins marked with numbers (16 in case the background
light is built in). Their function is described in the table below:
Function Pin Name Logic Description
Number State

Ground 1 Vss - 0V

Power supply 2 Vdd - +5V

Contrast 3 Vee - 0 – Vdd

Control of 4 RS 0 D0 – D7 are interpreted as

operating 1 commands
D0 – D7 are interpreted as data

5 R/W 0 Write data (from controller to

1 LCD)
Read data (from LCD to
controller)

6 E 0 Access to LCD disabled

1 Normal operating
From 1 to Data/commands are transferred
0 to LCD

Data /7 D0 0/1 Bit 0 LSB

commands
8 D1 0/1 Bit 1

9 D2 0/1 Bit 2

10 D3 0/1 Bit 3

11 D4 0/1 Bit 4

12 D5 0/1 Bit 5

13 D6 0/1 Bit 6
 14 D7 0/1 Bit 7 MSB

Table 1: Pin Functions

LCD SCREEN:
LCD screen consists of two lines with 16 characters each. Each character consists of
5x7 dot matrix. Contrast on display depends on the power supply voltage and whether
messages are displayed in one or two lines. For that reason, variable voltage 0-Vdd is applied
on pin marked as Vee. Trimmer potentiometer is usually used for that purpose. Some versions
of displays have built in backlight (blue or green diodes). When used during operating, a
resistor for current limitation should be used (like with any LE diode).

Fig: 7.2 LCD Pin Connections

LCD BASIC COMMANDS
All data transferred to LCD through outputs D0-D7 will be interpreted as commands
or as data, which depends on logic state on pin RS:
RS = 1 - Bits D0 - D7 are addresses of characters that should be displayed. Built in
processor addresses built in “map of characters” and displays corresponding symbols.
Displaying position is determined by DDRAM address. This address is either previously
defined or the address of previously transferred character is automatically incremented.
RS = 0 - Bits D0 - D7 are commands which determine display mode. List of
commands which LCD recognizes are given in the table below:
 Command RS RW D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 Execution
Time

Clear display 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1.64mS

Cursor home 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 X 1.64mS

Entry mode set 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 I/D S 40uS

Display on/off 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 D U B 40uS

control

Cursor/Display 0 0 0 0 0 1 D/C R/L x X 40uS

Shift

Function set 0 0 0 0 1 DL N F x X 40uS

Set CGRAM 0 0 0 1 CGRAM 40uS

address address

Set DDRAM 0 0 1 DDRAM address 40uS

address

Read “BUSY” flag 0 1 BF DDRAM address -

(BF)

Write to CGRAM 1 0 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 40uS

or DDRAM

Read from 1 1 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 40uS

CGRAM or
DDRAM

Table 6: LCD Commands

I/D 1 = Increment (by 1) R/L 1 = Shift right
0 = Decrement (by 1) 0 = Shift left
S 1 = Display shift on DL 1 = 8-bit interface
0 = Display shift off 0 = 4-bit interface
D 1 = Display on N 1 = Display in two lines
0 = Display off 0 = Display in one line
U 1 = Cursor on F 1 = Character format 5x10 dots
0 = Cursor off 0 = Character format 5x7 dots
B 1 = Cursor blink on D/C 1 = Display shift
0 = Cursor blink off 0 = Cursor shift
LCD Initialization:
Once the power supply is turned on, LCD is automatically cleared. This process lasts
for approximately 15mS. After that, display is ready to operate. The mode of operating is set
by default. This means that:
1. Display is cleared
2. Mode
DL = 1 Communication through 8-bit interface
N = 0 Messages are displayed in one line
F = 0 Character font 5 x 8 dots
3. Display/Cursor on/off
D = 0 Display off
U = 0 Cursor off
B = 0 Cursor blink off
4. Character entry
ID = 1 Addresses on display are automatically incremented by 1
S = 0 Display shift off
Automatic reset is mainly performed without any problems. Mainly but not always! If
for any reason power supply voltage does not reach full value in the course of 10mS, display
will start perform completely unpredictably. If voltage supply unit cannot meet this condition
or if it is needed to provide completely safe operating, the process of initialization by which a
new reset enabling display to operate normally must be applied.
Algorithm according to the initialization is being performed depends on whether
connection to the microcontroller is through 4- or 8-bit interface. All left over to be done after
that is to give basic commands and of course- to display messages.
 Fig 3.2: Procedure on 8-bit initialization

3.6 Regulated Power Supply

The power supplies are designed to convert high voltage AC mains electricity to a
suitable low voltage supply for electronics circuits and other devices. A RPS (Regulated
Power Supply) is the Power Supply with Rectification, Filtering and Regulation being done
on the AC mains to get a Regulated power supply for Microcontroller and for the other
devices being interfaced to it.
A power supply can by broken down into a series of blocks, each of which performs a
particular function. A d.c power supply which maintains the output voltage constant
irrespective of a.c mains fluctuations or load variations is known as “Regulated D.C Power
Supply”
For example a 5V regulated power supply system as shown below:
Fig.3.: Block Diagram of the Power Supply
 CHAPTER 4
4.1 ARDUINO IDE TOOL
Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and
software. Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a
Twitter message - and turn it into an output - activating a motor, turning on an LED,
publishing something online. You can tell your board what to do by sending a set of
instructions to the microcontroller on the board. To do so you use the Arduino programming
language (based on Wiring), and the Arduino Software (IDE), based on Processing.

Over the years Arduino has been the brain of thousands of projects, from everyday
objects to complex scientific instruments. A worldwide community of makers - students,
hobbyists, artists, programmers, and professionals - has gathered around this open-source
platform, their contributions have added up to an incredible amount of accessible knowledge
that can be of great help to novices and experts alike.

Arduino was born at the Ivrea Interaction Design Institute as an easy tool for fast
prototyping, aimed at students without a background in electronics and programming. As
soon as it reached a wider community, the Arduino board started changing to adapt to new
needs and challenges, differentiating its offer from simple 8-bit boards to products for IoT
applications, wearable, 3D printing, and embedded environments. All Arduino boards are
completely open-source, empowering users to build them independently and eventually adapt
them to their particular needs. The software, too, is open-source, and it is growing through the
contributions of users worldwide.

Why Arduino?

Thanks to its simple and accessible user experience, Arduino has been used in thousands of
different projects and applications. The Arduino software is easy-to-use for beginners, yet
flexible enough for advanced users. It runs on Mac, Windows, and Linux. Teachers and
students use it to build low cost scientific instruments, to prove chemistry and physics
principles, or to get started with programming and robotics. Designers and architects build
interactive prototypes, musicians and artists use it for installations and to experiment with
new musical instruments. Makers, of course, use it to build many of the projects exhibited at
 the Maker Faire, for example. Arduino is a key tool to learn new things. Anyone - children,
hobbyists, artists, programmers - can start tinkering just following the step by step
instructions of a kit, or sharing ideas online with other members of the Arduino community.

There are many other microcontrollers and microcontroller platforms available for
physical computing. Parallax Basic Stamp, Netmedia's BX-24, Phidgets, MIT's Handyboard,
and many others offer similar functionality. All of these tools take the messy details of
microcontroller programming and wrap it up in an easy-to-use package. Arduino also
simplifies the process of working with microcontrollers, but it offers some advantage for
teachers, students, and interested amateurs over other systems:

• Inexpensive - Arduino boards are relatively inexpensive compared to other microcontroller

platforms. The least expensive version of the Arduino module can be assembled by hand, and
even the pre-assembled Arduino modules cost less than $50
• Cross-platform - The Arduino Software (IDE) runs on Windows, Macintosh OSX, and Linux
operating systems. Most microcontroller systems are limited to Windows.
• Simple, clear programming environment - The Arduino Software (IDE) is easy-to-use for
beginners, yet flexible enough for advanced users to take advantage of as well. For teachers,
it's conveniently based on the Processing programming environment, so students learning to
program in that environment will be familiar with how the Arduino IDE works.
• Open source and extensible software - The Arduino software is published as open source tools,
available for extension by experienced programmers. The language can be expanded through
C++ libraries, and people wanting to understand the technical details can make the leap from
Arduino to the AVR C programming language on which it's based. Similarly, you can add
AVR-C code directly into your Arduino programs if you want to.
• Open source and extensible hardware - The plans of the Arduino boards are published under a
Creative Commons license, so experienced circuit designers can make their own version of the
module, extending it and improving it. Even relatively inexperienced users can build the

breadboard version of the module in order to understand how it works and save money.
 CHAPTER-5
5.1 INTERNET OF THINGS
The Internet of Things(IoT) is a system of ‘connected things’. The things
generally comprise of an embedded operating system and an ability to communicate
with the internet or with the neighbouring things. One of the key elements of a generic
IoT system that bridges the various ‘things’ is an IoT service. An interesting implication
from the ‘things’ comprising the IoT systems is that the things by themselves cannot do
anything. At a bare minimum, they should have an ability to connect to other ‘things’.
But the real power of IoT is harnessed when the things connect to a ‘service’ either
directly or via other ‘things’. In such systems, the service plays the role of an invisible
manager by providing capabilities ranging from simple data collection and monitoring to
complex data analytics. The below diagram illustrates where an IoT service fits in an
IoT ecosystem:

One such IoT application platform that offers a wide variety of analysis,
monitoring and counter- action capabilities is ‘ThingSpeak’. Let us consider
ThingSpeak in detail.
5.2 What is ThingSpeak
ThingSpeak is a platform providing various services exclusively targeted for
building IoT applications. It offers the capabilities of real-time data collection,
visualizing the collected data in the form of charts, ability to create plugins and apps for
collaborating with web services, social network and other APIs. We will consider each of
these features in detail below.
The core element of ThingSpeak is a ‘ThingSpeak Channel’. A channel stores the
data that we send to ThingSpeak and comprises of the below elements:
• 8 fields for storing data of any type - These can be used to store the data from a sensor or
from an embedded device.
• 3 location fields - Can be used to store the latitude, longitude and the elevation.
These are very useful for tracking a moving device.
• 1 status field - A short message to describe the data stored in the channel.

To use ThingSpeak, we need to signup and create a channel. Once we have a

channel, we can send the data, allow ThingSpeak to process it and also retrieve the
same. Let us start exploring ThingSpeak by signing up and setting up a channel.

5.3 Getting Started

Open https://thingspeak.com/ and click on the ‘Get Started Now’ button on the
center of the page and you will be redirected to the sign-up page(you will reach the same
page when you click the ‘Sign Up’ button on the extreme right). Fill out the required
details and click on the ‘Create Account’ button.
Now you should see a page with a confirmation that the account was successfully
created. The confirmation message disappears after a few seconds and the final page
should look as in the below screen:
 Go ahead and click on ‘New Channel’. You should see a page like the below:

You can change the name to fit your need and you can add a description corresponding
to the channel. You can add any other useful description into the metadata field. In the
same page, you should see the fields for Latitude, Longitude and Elevation. Also, when
you scroll down you should see a check box that says ‘Make Public?’. Let us consider
the significance of the various fields and the tabs:

• Latitude, longitude and elevation - These fields correspond to the location of a ‘thing’
and are especially significant for moving things.
• Make Public? - If the channel is made public, anyone can view the channel's data feed
and the corresponding charts. If this check box is not checked, the channel is private,
which means for every read or write operation, the user has to pass a corresponding API
key.
• URL - This can be the URL of your blog or website and if specified, will appear on the
public view of the channel.
• Video ID - This is the ID corresponding to your YouTube or Vimeo ID. If specified, the
video appears on the public view of the channel.
• Fields 1 to 8 - These are the fields which correspond to the data sent by a sensor or a
‘thing’. A field has to be added before it can be used to store data. By default, Field 1 is
added. In case you try posting to fields that you have not added, your request will still be
successful, but you will not be able to see the field in the charts and the corresponding
data. You can click on the small box before the ‘add field’ text corresponding to each
field to add it. Once you click the ‘add field’ box, a default label name appears in the text
box corresponding to each field and the ‘add field’ text changes to ‘remove field’. You
can edit the field text that appears by default when a field is added to make more sense.
For example, in the below screen, I have modified the text for Field 2 to ‘SensorInput’.
To remove a field which is added, just check on the ‘remove field’ box. Once you click
this, the text ‘remove field’ changes back to ‘add field’ and the corresponding field text
is cleared.
Once you have edited the fields, click on ‘Save Channel’ button. You should now see

a page like the below in which the ‘Private View’ tab is defaulted:
 The Private View shows a chart corresponding to each of the fields that we have added.
Now click on the ‘Public View’ tab. This should look exactly similar to the what we see in
the ‘Private View’ tab since our channel is public. In case your channel is not public('make
public' check box not checked in the ‘channel settings’ tab), the public view tab shows a
message that
‘This channel is not public’.
Now click on the ‘API Keys’ tab. You should see a screen similar to the below. The
write API key is used for sending data to the channel and the read API key(s) is used to read
the channel data.
When we create a channel, by default, a write API key is generated. We generate read
API keys by clicking the ‘Generate New Read API Key’ button under this tab.You can also add
a note corresponding to each of the read API keys.
Note: Please note that clicking on the ‘Generate New Write API Key’ will over-
write the previous key. You will only have one Write API key at any point of time. Also, in
case your channel is private, others can only view the channel’s feed and charts by using a
Read API key. Please share the Read API keys with people who are approved and
authorized to view your channel.
 Now click on the ‘Data Import/Export’ tab and you should see a screen similar to
the below. This tab is used to import the ‘Comma Separated Values(CSV)’ data from a file
into the channel. You can also download the channel’s feed from here in CSV format. This
tab also outlines how to send and view data by providing the URIs to the send and view
APIs.

After a series of updates, the charts in the private view tab for each of the fields will look like
the below:
Each of the dots correspond to the value and the time at which the value was posted to
the channel. Place the mouse over a dot to get more details on the exact date and the
GMT offset from which the value was posted.

Please note that in the above example, I have sent some sample values to the channel. You can
send any data here, say the periodic readings from a temperature sensor or RPM values from a
motor. The Y-axis show the names that we specified to each of the labels. I have used Internet
Explorer 11 to run this example. After running this, to check whether the feed got updated,
run the below URL:

http://api.thingspeak.com/channels/YOUR_CHANNEL_ID/feed.json?key=YOUR_KEY&lo
cation=tru e

NOTE: As mentioned above, you have to replace YOUR_KEY with your write API key and
replace YOUR_CHANNEL_ID with the ID corresponding to your channel. Also, if you
invoke the above URL without specifying location=true, you will not be able to see the
latitude, longitude and altitude fields.

The below is a screen after running the above URL after updating my location details for
few times:

5.4 ThingSpeak Apps

ThingSpeak provides apps that allow us for an easier integration with the web services, social
networks and other APIs. Below are some of the apps provided by ThingSpeak:
• ThingTweet - This allows you to post messages to twitter via ThingSpeak. In essence, this is
a TwitterProxy which re-directs your posts to twitter.
• ThingHTTP - This allows you to connect to web services and supports GET, PUT, POST and
DELETE methods of HTTP.
• TweetControl - Using this, you can monitor your Twitter feeds for a specific key word and
then process the request. Once the specific keyword is found in the twitter feed, you can then
use ThingHTTP to connect to a different web service or execute a specific action.
• React - Send a tweet or trigger a ThingHTTP request when the Channel meets a
certaincondition.
• TalkBack - Use this app to queue up commands and then allow a device to act uponthese
queued commands.
• Timecontrol - Using this app, we can do a ThingTweet, ThingHTTP or a TalkBack at a
specified time in the future. We can also use this to allow these actions to happen at a
specified time throughout the week.

In addition to the above, ThingSpeak allows us to create the ThingSpeak applications as

plugins using HTML, CSS and JavaScript which we can embed inside a website or inside
our ThingSpeak channel.

One of the key elements of an IoT system is an IoT service. ThingSpeak is one such
application platform offering a wide variety of features. At the heart of ThingSpeak is a
channel which can be used for storing and processing data collected from the ‘things’.
ThingSpeak also provides various apps for integration with web services, other APIs and
social networks and provides the capability to create the applications as plugins. It is a
great platform with extensive possibilities to explore the integration of the Internet of
Things.
 CHAPTER-6
6.1 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
Figure below shows the system methodology which includes Arduino UNO where
simulation of sensors, Software and tracking is done on this microcontroller.

Calibrating the sensors: MQ series sensors consist small heater with an electro-chemical
sensor in order to measure different kind of gases combinations. It is recommended to calibrate
the detector for 5000 ppm of gas concentration and use value of Load resistance (RL) about
20KΩ. The sensor itself yields an analog voltage which is transferred using an ADC. The values
transferred can be used for designing to get the ppm values of the gas. Connecting WIFI Module
to Arduino: It creates a serial communication between Arduino and WIFI module. Hence, the
serial pins of Arduino (Rx and Tx) and WIFI is done by connecting Rx pin of WIFI module to Tx
pin of Arduino and Tx pin of WIFI module to Rx pin of Arduino.

ThingSpeak IOT platform uses channels to store data sent from devices. By altering the
settings in Channel configuration, and creation of a channel is done, and then data is sent to and
from to the channel and retrieved in the same way. Channels are made public to share data. Is
done by connecting MQTT publish method which can be also used to update the channel feed
and the MQTT subscriber to receive messages. Sending the readings to ThingSpeak server and
analyzing graphs using MATLAB in ThingSpeak- ThingSpeak IoT platform is an open source
with incorporate Wi-Fi chip. In the proposed design, it is used to take readings from sensors and
upload the value of ppm concentration of gas on the cloud using WIFI that using HTTP.

6.2 CONCLUSION:

Septic tanks are a method to check on hazardous release of gaseous components into the
environment in areas inclusive of both residential and industrial premises. Sewage, on
natural decomposition, often leads to production of toxic gases. These gases can be
poisonous if inhaled for a long period of time and may lead to chronic illnesses in work
force, if it is introduced in the body in high concentrations. Septic tank gases contain
sulphur dioxide, hydrogen sulphide (H2S), methane, ammonia, nitrogen dioxide, carbon
dioxide and traces of carbon monoxide. These toxic gases thus become dangerous
especially for sewage workers and cleaners and sometimes lead to their death. Therefore,
to prevent exposure to such workplace hazards, an IOT based monitoring system was
proposed and designed which monitored their levels and analyzed the quantities present in
the environment. In this project carbon monoxide gas was sensed using sensor module MQ-
7 and methane gas using sensor module MQ-4.