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Nama: Aditya Nugraha Wijaya
NPM: 10523025 Kelas: 1PA05
1. Looking at behavior without interference that require
researcher to study behavior as it is happening in its own setting,because when people or animals know they are being observed, they may not behave in the same way as when they‘re not being observed.
2. Anthropology and Psychology
3. Technique that primarily associated with the
treatment of individuals with mental or behavioral disorders.
4. A survey attempts to take a large or general look at an aspect of
behavior.
5. the survey taken on a sample of the population. The sample
should be taken at random from the population. A random sample allows the laws of chance to operate and provides an equal opportunity for any member of the population to be included in the sample.Members of the population fill out questionnaires, are interviewed, or are otherwise evaluated. This constitutes the survey.
6. The difficulty associated with biased sampling from a
population of interest is a general problem
7.To explores human behavior by using psychological tests of
attributes such as intelligence, personality, and creativity.
8. Two problems associated with psychological testing are validity
and reliability.
9. correlation refers to the relationship between two variables.
10. A zero correlation is said to exist if there is no relationship
between two variable d) Summary of the Whole Text:
historical and contemporary methods of investigating human
behavior in psychology begin by mentioning rationalism, which is the idea that discoveries can be made through thinking alone, but it is shown to be insufficient for psychology as it can lead to contradictory conclusions.
The text then highlights the combination of rationalism and
empiricism in contemporary psychology. Empiricism is the idea that knowledge is acquired through the senses and empirical data gathering. This approach is described as a tough-minded attitude, where evidence is essential to support claims.
Then the scientific method is introduced as the general approach
that inspires all data-gathering methods in psychology including: forming a hypothesis gathering data, accepting or rejecting the hypothesis based on the collected data
The text also provides an overview of various research methods in
psychology and related fields. It discusses
1. Naturalistic Observation: Describes how researchers use
naturalistic observation to study human and animal behavior in their natural settings, emphasizing the need for minimal interference.
2. The Clinical Method: Discusses the clinical method in
psychology and its historical connection to psychoanalysis, focusing on treating individuals with mental or behavioral disorders.
3. The Survey Method: Explains how surveys are used to study
large populations, highlights the importance of random sampling, and mentions the Kinsey surveys as a famous example.
4. The Testing Method: Introduces the use of psychological tests
to explore attributes like intelligence and personality, discussing the example of Lewis Terman's research on gifted children and the issues of validity and reliability in testing.
5. The Correlational Method: Explores the concept of correlation
between two variables, explaining positive, negative, and zero correlations and clarifying that correlation does not imply causation.
The text emphasizes the importance of selecting appropriate
research methods and ensuring validity and reliability in psychological research.
