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EUROPEANS CREATE SMALL, TRAINED &

PAID CORPS OF SUBCONTINENTAL MERCENARIES TO PROTECT THEIR
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MUGHAL INDIA IS WEALTHIER AND MORE IN TIME, ECONOMIC POLICIES OF MUGHAL EMPIRE ON PAR OR HIGHER THAN CONTEMPORARY
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What was the reason behind the betrayal of Ghaseti Begun and What the reason for Mir Jafar's deal with the British during the
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Mir Jafar during the Battle of Plassey? Battle of Plassey?

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Mir Jafar's deal with the British during the Battle of Plassey

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Ghaseti Begum was a rival of Siraj-ud-Daulah's mother, Amina was motivated by a number of factors, including:

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Begum. She had wanted her own son, Shaukat Jang, to succeed

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Alivardi Khan as Nawab of Bengal. When Siraj-ud-Daulah was Greed. The British offered Mir Jafar a large bribe to betray

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Siraj-ud-Daulah. They promised to make him the new Nawab

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chosen instead, Ghaseti Begum became resentful and began to
plot against him. of Bengal if he would help them win the Battle of Plassey.

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ga

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Mir Jafar was angry with Siraj-ud-Daulah for dismissing him as Ambition. Mir Jafar was ambitious and wanted to be the
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paymaster general of the Bengal army. He had been expecting to Nawab of Bengal. He saw the British as his best chance to

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be rewarded for his loyalty to the Nawab, but instead he was achieve his goal.
punished. This made him bitter and willing to listen to offers from

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the East India Company. Fear. Mir Jafar was afraid of Siraj-ud-Daulah's growing power.

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The Nawab was a young and ambitious ruler who was not

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The East India Company offered Mir Jafar a large bribe to betray afraid to challenge the East India Company. Mir Jafar feared
Siraj-ud-Daulah. They promised to make him the new Nawab of that if he did not side with the Company, he would be the next

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one to be deposed.

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Bengal if he would help them win the Battle of Plassey.

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Mir Jafar was also afraid of Siraj-ud-Daulah's growing power. The

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Dissatisfaction. Mir Jafar was dissatisfied with his position as

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Nawab was a young and ambitious ruler who was not afraid to
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challenge the East India Company. Mir Jafar feared that if he did paymaster general of the Bengal army. He felt that he was not

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not side with the Company, he would be the next one to be being rewarded for his loyalty to the Nawab. This made him
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deposed. bitter and willing to listen to offers from the East India
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Company.

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All of these factors contributed to the betrayal of Ghaseti Begum
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and Mir Jafar during the Battle of Plassey. Their actions led to the

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defeat of Siraj-ud-Daulah and the establishment of British rule in The Battle of Plassey was a decisive victory of the British East India

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Bengal. Company over the Nawab of Bengal and his French allies on 23
June 1757, under the leadership of Robert Clive. The battle took

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place at Palashi (Anglicised version: Plassey) on the banks of the
In addition to the reasons mentioned above, there were also some

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Hooghly River, about 150 kilometres (93 mi) north of Calcutta (now
personal factors that may have influenced Ghaseti Begum and Mir Kolkata) and south of Murshidabad in West Bengal, then capital of
Jafar's decision to betray Siraj-ud-Daulah. For example, Ghaseti Bengal Subah.
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Begum was reportedly motivated by a desire for revenge after
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Siraj-ud-Daulah had executed her son, Shaukat Jang. And Mir The battle was preceded by an attack on British-controlled Calcutta
Jafar may have been motivated by a sense of greed and ambition.

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by Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah and the Black Hole massacre. The victory

was made possible by the defection of Mir Jafar, who was Nawab

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East India Company take control of Bengal. Over the next hundred
What was the reason behind Siraj-ud-Dawla and the distance years, they seized control of most of the rest of the Indian

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between his locals or his people? subcontinent, including Burma.
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Here are some of the key events of the Battle of Plassey:
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There were a number of reasons behind the distance between

Siraj-ud-Daulah and his locals or his people.
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• The Nawab's army was larger than the British army, but it was
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poorly trained and equipped.

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He was a young and inexperienced ruler. Siraj-ud-Daulah was

only 23 years old when he became Nawab of Bengal. He had • The British army was led by Robert Clive, who was a skilled
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not had much time to learn the ropes of government, and he military commander.
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often made decisions that were unpopular with the people

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• The British army was also supported by Mir Jafar, who had
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defected from the Nawab's side.

He was seen as aloof and arrogant. Siraj-ud-Daulah was not
known for his charisma or his ability to connect with people. He • The battle was fought on a rainy day, which favored the British,
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as their cannons were able to fire more effectively than the

often kept to himself, and he did not seem to understand the
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Nawab's cannons.
concerns of the common people.
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• The British army won the battle, and the Nawab was forced to
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He was seen as a puppet of the British. The East India flee.

Company had a lot of influence over Siraj-ud-Daulah. They
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The Battle of Plassey was a major turning point in Indian history. It

were providing him with military and financial support, and they
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marked the beginning of British rule in India, which lasted for over
were also advising him on matters of state. This made many
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200 years. The battle also had a profound impact on the Indian
people believe that Siraj-ud-Daulah was not really in control of economy and society.
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his own destiny.

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Here are some of the consequences of the Battle of Plassey:

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He was seen as a threat to the power of the zamindars. The

zamindars were the landed gentry of Bengal. They had a lot of
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• The British East India Company gained control of Bengal,

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power and influence, and they were not happy when Siraj-ud-
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which was one of the richest provinces in India.

Daulah tried to reform the system of land revenue. This led to a
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number of uprisings against the Nawab, and it further alienated • The British began to expand their control over other parts of
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him from the people. India.

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• The Indian economy was disrupted, as the British imposed

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taxes and regulations on trade.

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All of these factors contributed to the distance between Siraj-

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• The Indian social order was also disrupted, as the British

ud-Daulah and his locals or his people. This distance made it
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began to interfere in Indian customs and traditions.

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difficult for him to maintain control of the province, and it

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ultimately led to his defeat at the Battle of Plassey The Battle of Plassey is a complex and controversial event in Indian
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history. It has been seen as both a victory and a defeat for India.
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However, there is no doubt that the battle had a profound impact on

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the course of Indian history.

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The Battle of Buxar had far-reaching

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consequences that reshaped the political

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landscape of colonial India. Its aftermath
witnessed significant shifts in power dynamics
and set the stage for British dominance in the

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region. Following their victory over the combined

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forces of the Nawab of Bengal, the Nawab of

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Awadh, and the Mughal Emperor—the three
main scions—the British East India Company

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emerged as the preeminent power in northern

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the Mughal Empire's political influence, as the

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Company consolidated its control over vast
territories. However, this rise to power came with
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various challenges, especially from the

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zamindars of Bihar.
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The Permanent Settlement Act of 1793, which was implemented in Bengal and Bihar, incorporated

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communalism in a number of ways.

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were given the right to collect land revenue from the peasantry, were mostly Hindu, while the
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leasing land to tenants who then sublease it to even smaller tenants. This concentration of land

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against Muslim peasants. For example, they might charge them higher rents or deny them

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access to irrigation water. This led to resentment among the Muslim peasantry, which

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contributed to the growth of communalism in Bengal.

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The Permanent Settlement Act was a major factor in the development of communalism in Bengal. It
created a system in which the Hindu zamindars had a disproportionate amount of power and

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ga influence, while the Muslim peasantry were disproportionately disadvantaged. This situation led to
resentment and conflict between the two communities, which ultimately contributed to the partition

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of India in 1947.
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In addition to the above, the Permanent Settlement Act also had a number of other negative
consequences, such as:

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in agricultural improvements, as they were guaranteed a fixed amount of revenue from the

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peasantry. This led to a decline in crop yields and an increase in rural poverty.

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money from the peasantry. This corruption further impoverished the peasantry and led to social

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unrest.

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• It hindered the development of a modern economy. The Permanent Settlement Act created

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ga a system that was based on exploitation and privilege. This hindered the development of a
modern economy in Bengal, which was ultimately detrimental to the entire region.

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ga It led to the dissolution of the East India Company, and forced

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the British to reorganize the army, the financial system, and the
administration in India, through passage of the Government of
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India Act 1858. India was thereafter administered directly by the

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British government in the new British Raj. On 1 November
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1858, Queen Victoria issued a proclamation to Indians, which

while lacking the authority of a constitutional provision,

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promised rights similar to those of other British subjects. In the
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following decades, when admission to these rights was not

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always forthcoming, Indians were to pointedly refer to the

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Queen's proclamation in growing avowals of a new nationalism.

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A historic Resolution was
passed on 23rd March 1940 for

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establishment of a separate
ga homeland. Muslims shared one
vision, one dream of freedom
and work for it and succeeded
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against all odds, to share one

homeland we call Pakistan!

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In 1919, Huq was chosen as a member of the Punjab Enquiry

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Committee along with Motilal Nehru, Chittaranjan Das and other

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prominent leaders which was set up by the Indian National

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Congress to investigate the Amritsar massacre.
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Bengal Pact, 1923 an agreement

aimed at resolving the question of
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Hindu-Muslim differences.
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a) Representation in the Bengal Legislative Council would be on population basis with

separate electorates.
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b) Representation in the local bodies would be on the proportion of 60 per cent to the majority
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community and 40 percent to the minority community.

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c) Regarding Government appointments, it was decided that fifty five percent of the
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appointments should go to the Muslims. Till the above percentage was attained, 80 per cent of
posts would go to the Muslims and the remaining 20 percent should go to the Hindus.
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d) No resolution or enactment would be allowed to be moved without the consent of 75

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percent of the elected members of the affected community.

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e) Music in processions would not be allowed in front of the mosques.

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f) No legislation in respect of cow killing for food would be taken up in the Council and
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endeavour should be made outside the Council to bring about an understanding between the
two communities. Cow killing should be taken up in such a manner as not to wound the
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religious feelings of the Hindus and cow killing for religious purpose should not be interfered
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with.
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Soon after its announcement, the Pact created

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a great outcry among Hindus and Muslims in

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Bengal. Its bold provisions offended middle

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class Bengali Hindus who opposed it

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stubbornly because they thought that the

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implementation of the Pact would diminish their

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power and influence in political as well as in

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administrative spheres.
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Abolition of diarchy at province, introduction at centre.

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Indian Council replaced by an advisory body.

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All India Federation with British India territories and princely
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states.
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Safeguards and protective instruments for minorities.
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In the Indian subcontinent, the significant year for the

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establishment of electoral politics is 1935. The
Supremacy of British Parliament.
by

Government of India Act of 1935 introduced important

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Simon Commission report was

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electoral reforms, providing for the election of boycotted
representatives to the legislative bodies at the provincial Increase in size of legislatures, extension of franchise, division
Communal award 1932; Congress and

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and central levels.
other parties had reservations of subjects into three lists and retention of communal
electorate.

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Key features of electoral politics during the Indian The Government of India Act, 1935
subcontinent in 1935 include: passed in the Parliament

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Provincial Elections: The Act allowed for the Responsible govt. with adult franchise
establishment of provincial legislative assemblies, with a
certain number of seats to be filled through direct
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elections. These assemblies had the power to make laws General election was held in 1937 under
and handle provincial matters. this Act
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Separate Electorates: The Act introduced separate

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electorates based on religious communities, which meant

that Muslims, Sikhs, and other religious minorities would

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have their own reserved seats in the legislative bodies.
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This policy of communal representation aimed to

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safeguard the interests of different religious groups.

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ra
Pa

t
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ga

ks
og

Tebhaga Movement was the sharecroppers' movement demanding two thirds of the produce from land

Na
for themselves and one third for the landlords. Tebhaga literally means 'three shares' of harvests.
Pr

Traditionally, sharecroppers used to hold their tenancy on fifty-fifty basis of the share of the produce. In
land control parlance such crop sharing system was known as barga, adhi, bhagi, etc., all meaning half

&
share. The sharecroppers were commonly called bargadars, adhiars etc. The traditional system of
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dividing the produce between the sharecroppers and owners came under challenge in 1946-47, when

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the sharecroppers called the traditional system unjust and claimed two-thirds share of the whole

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produce on the ground of their investment and labour input. During the winter or aman harvest of 1946,

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mi
sharecroppers of some north and northeastern districts of Bengal and their supporters had gone to
fields and cut down crops and thrashed them on their own khalan (harvest processing field).

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On two counts the action was indeed an insurrection. First, they demanded that the half-sharing

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system was unjust and unjustified. Since all the labour and other investments were made by the

tr
Pa
tenants and since the landowner had virtually no participation in the production processes in terms of
capital input, labour and infrastructure, the latter should get at most one-third of the crops, not one

ha
ga half. Second, the tenants were traditionally required to stack the harvests at the owner's khalan
(thrashing floor) and share the straw and other by-products on half-sharing basis. The tenants refused

ks
to obey this. They argued that the harvests would be stacked at the tenant's compound and the
og

landlord would not get any share from the by-products.

Na
Tebhaga movement was organised mainly by the communist cadres of the bengal provincial krishak
Pr

sabha. Under their leadership the barga (sharecropping) peasants were mobilised against the landlord
class. Tebhaga movement spread out to nineteen districts of Bengal. However, the movement was

&
most intensely felt in the districts of Dinajpur, Rangpur, Jalpaiguri, Khulna, Mymensingh, Jessore and
by

the 24-Parganas. As expected, the landholders had refused to accept the terms dictated by their

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tenants. They called in police and caused many of the tebhaga activists arrested and jailed. But the

y
zamindari repression could not subdue the resistance movement. The resisting tenants rather added a

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mi
new slogan to their agenda: the total abolition of zamindari system. The slogan for reduction of rent
rate was also raised by the peasants supporting the tebhaga struggle.

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In some places the tebhaga movement made such an advance that the peasants declared their zone

Pa
as tebhaga elaka and tebhaga committees were set up for the governance of the area locally. Under

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the tebhaga pressure many of the landholders withdrew their litigation filed against the tebhaga

ha
ga activists and came to terms with them. The tebhaga movement was most successful in the districts of
Jessore, Dinajpur and Jalpaiguri. The tebhaga rights were extensively established in Midnapur and 24-

ks
Parganas. All these developments led the government to initiate a bill in the Legislative Assembly in
early 1947. The bill intended to reform the barga system in the country in the light of the latest agrarian
og

Na
unrest. But other political developments handicapped the government to get the Barga Bill enacted
into a law. The Partition of Bengal and the promises of the new government led to the suspension of
Pr

the movement.

&
The tebhaga struggle was successful in so far as it has been estimated that about 40% of the
by
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sharecropping peasants got tebhaga right granted willingly by the landholders. The struggle also led to

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the abolition or reduction of unjust and illegal exaction in the name of abwabs. But the movement had
limited success in East Bengal districts. There was another spate of tebhaga movement in these

mi
districts in 1948-50. The government attributed the movement to the Indian agents, an allegation,
which the general people tended to believe and thus refrained themselves from participating in the

ro
movement. But the movement had definitely influenced the passage of the east bengal state
acquisition and tenancy act of 1950. [Sirajul Islam]

Pa
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N
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&
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Insafbad, which was developed by Maulana Bhashani, is a

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Bengali word that means "justice." It is based on the principles

ga
Na

of Islam and seeks to create a society where everyone is

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treated fairly and has equal opportunities. Insafbad does not

Pr
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specifically advocate for the nationalization of industries or the

abolition of private property, but it does believe that the
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by
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government should play a role in regulating the economy and

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ensuring that the benefits of economic growth are shared by

everyone.
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Socialism, on the other hand, is a more radical ideology that

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advocates for the public ownership of the means of production.

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Socialists believe that private ownership of capital leads to

Na

exploitation and inequality, and they argue that the only way to
achieve a just society is through the abolition of capitalism.
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Pr
&
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In practice, the two ideologies have often been combined. For

by
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example, many socialist countries have adopted some

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elements of Insafbad, such as the government's role in

providing social welfare programs. However, there are also
ra
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some countries that have implemented Insafbad without

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adopting socialism, such as Bangladesh.

ha
ga

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Ultimately, the difference between Insafbad and socialism is

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Na

one of degree. Insafbad is a more moderate ideology that

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seeks to achieve social justice through reforms within the

&

existing system, while socialism is a more radical ideology that

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advocates for a complete overhaul of the economic system.

a

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economic concession, or privilege

ga
in order to promote a public objective.
subsidy, a direct or indirect payment, -

households, or other governmental units

granted by a government to private firms,

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Known formerly as the Bangladesh Rehabilitation Assistance

ro
Committee, then as the Bangladesh Rural Advancement

a
Committee, and later as Building Resources Across

tr
Pa
Communities,[11] BRAC was initiated in 1972 by Sir Fazlé
Hasan Abed at Shallah Upazillah in the district of Sunamganj

ha
ga as ll-scale relief and rehabilitation project to help returning war
refugees after the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971.

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