Fungal Diversity

DOI 10.1007/s13225-016-0367-8

Bambusicolous fungi
Dong Qin Dai 1,2,3,4,5 & Rungtiwa Phookamsak 1,3,4,5 & Nalin N. Wijayawardene 4,5 &
Wen Jing Li 1,3,4,5 & D. Jayarama Bhat 6,7 & Jian Chu Xu 1,3 & Joanne E. Taylor 8 &
Kevin D. Hyde 1,3,4,5 & E. Chukeatirote 4,5

Received: 22 March 2016 / Accepted: 11 April 2016

# School of Science 2016

Abstract Fourty-three species of microfungi from bamboo Keywords Dothideomycetes . Sordariomycetes .

are treated, including one new family, Occultibambusaceae, Botryosphaeriales . Chaetosphaeriales . Hypocreales .
three new genera, Neoanthostomella, Occultibambusa and Myriangiales . Pleosporales . Sordariales . Togniniales .
Seriascoma, 27 new species, one renamed species and 15 re- Tubeufiales . Valsariales . Xylariales . Apiosporaceae .
described or re-illustrated species, and four designated refer- Bambusicolaceae . Botryosphaeriaceae . Diatrypaceae .
ence specimens are treated in this paper, the majority of which Lasiosphaeriaceae . Myriangiaceae . Nectriaceae .
are saprobic on dead culms. To determine species identifica- Roussoellaceae . Stachybotryaceae . Togniniaceae .
tion, separate phylogenetical analyses for each group are car- Tubeufiaceae . Valsariaceae . Xylariaceae
ried out, based on molecular data from this study and se-
quences downloaded from GenBank. Morphologically similar
species and phylogenetically close taxa are compared and Table of Contents
discussed. In addition a list of bambusicolous fungi published
since Hyde and colleagues in 2002 is provided. Ascomycota

* Kevin D. Hyde Pezizomycotina

[email protected]
Class Dothideomycetes
1
Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia,
Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Botryosphaeriales
Kunming 650201, People’s Republic of China
2
Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and
Botryosphaeriaceae
Utilization, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering,
Qujing Normal University, Qujing, Yunnan 655011, People’s 1. Neodeightonia microspora D.Q. Dai & K.D.
Republic of China Hyde, sp. nov. .................... 6
3
World Agroforestry Centre, East and Central Asia, Heilongtan, 2. Neodeightonia subglobosa
Kunming 650201, People’s Republic of China C. Booth ......................................................................... 6
4
School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100,
Thailand Myriangiales
5
Centre of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University,
Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand Myriangiaceae
6
Department of Botany, Goa University, Goa, India
7
No. 128/1-J, Azad Housing Society, Curca, P.O., Goa Velha 403108, 3. Mendogia bambusina Racib.
India ..................................................................................... 13
8
Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, 4. Mendogia macrostroma D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde,
Edinburgh EH3 5LR, UK sp. nov. ......................................... 13
 Fungal Diversity

Pleosporales Valsariales

Bambusicolaceae Valsariaceae
23. Bambusaria bambusae (J.N. Kapoor & H.S. Gill)
5. Bambusicola didymospora Phookamsak, D.Q. Dai & K.D. Jaklitsch et al. .......................... 44
Hyde, sp. nov. .............. 18
6. Bambusicola pustulata D.Q. Dai & K.D. Class Sordariomycetes
Hyde, sp. nov. .......................................... 20
7. Bambusicola thailandica Phookamsak, D.Q. Dai & K.D. Chaetosphaeriales genera, incertae sedis
Hyde, sp. nov. ................. 22
8. Bambusicola triseptatispora Phookamsak, D.Q. 24. Leptosporella bambusae D.Q. Dai & K.D.
Dai & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. ............ 22 Hyde, sp. nov. ...................................... 44
9. Occultibambusaceae D.Q. Dai & K.D.
Hyde, fam. nov. ........................................... 25 Hypocreales
10. Occultibambusa D.Q. Dai & K.D.
Hyde, gen. nov. ................................................. 26 Stachybotryaceae
11. Occultibambusa bambusae D.Q. Dai & K.D.
Hyde, sp. nov. .................................. 26 25. Myrothecium thailandicum D.Q. Dai & K.D.
12. Occultibambusa fusispora Phookamsak, D.Q. Hyde, sp. nov. ................................. 48
Dai & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. ............ 28 26. Myrothecium chiangmaiense D. Q. Dai & K.D.
13. Occultibambusa pustula D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. ............................. 49
Hyde, sp. nov. ...................................... 30 27. Myrothecium cylindrosporum D.Q. Dai & K.D.
14. Seriascoma Phookamsak, D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde, nom. nov. .......................... 51
Hyde, gen. nov. .................................. 30 28. Myrothecium uttaraditense D.Q. Dai & K.D.
15. Seriascoma didymospora Phookamsak, Hyde, sp. nov. ................................. 52
D.Q. Dai, S.C.Karunarathana & K.D.
Hyde, sp. nov.................................................................... 32 Nectriaceae

Roussoellaceae 29. Nectria pseudotrichia

Berk. & M.A. Curtis ............................................................. 54
16. Roussoella mukdahanensis Phookamsak, D.Q.
Dai & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. ........... 32 Sordariales
17. Roussoella neopustulans D.Q. Dai, J.K. Liu & K.D.
Hyde .................................... 35 Lasiosphaeriaceae
18. Roussoella pseudohysterioides D.Q. Dai & K.D.
Hyde, sp. nov. ............................ 37 30. Cercophora thailandica D.Q. Dai & K.D.
19. Roussoella tuberculata D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov ........................................ 57
Hyde, sp. nov. ........................................ 19
20. Roussoella siamensis Phookamsak, J.K. Liu & K.D. Togniniales
Hyde ..................................... 40
Togniniaceae
Tubeufiales
31. Phaeoacremonium sphinctrophorum
Tubeufiaceae L. Mostert, Summerb. & Crous .................. 59

21. Tubeufia javanica Penz. & Xylariales

Sacc. ............................................................................. 41
22. Tubeufia longiseta D.Q. Dai & K.D. Apiosporaceae
Hyde, sp. nov. ............................................... 42
32. Arthrinium longistromum D.Q. Dai &
K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. ................................... 62
Fungal Diversity

33. Arthrinium rasikravindrae Shiv M. forest and in regenerated forests (Kirschner et al. 2009).
Singh et al. ..................................................... 32 Bamboo has a long history of use in Asian furniture and con-
34. Arthrinium thailandicum D.Q. Dai & K.D. struction of roof thatches (Lin 2004). In China and India,
Hyde, sp. nov. .................................... 66 bamboo has been used to hold up simple suspension bridges,
35. Arthrinium yunnanum D.Q. Dai & K.D. either by making cables of split bamboo or twisting whole
Hyde, sp. nov. ........................................ 69 culms of sufficiently pliable bamboo together (Peters 1987).
Bamboo shoots are also edible (Dransfield and Widjaja 1995)
Diatrypaceae and are used in numerous Asian culinary dishes and broths,
and are available in supermarkets in various sliced forms, both
36. Eutypa linearis as fresh and canned versions (Idris and Mohamad 2002).
Rehm ................................................................................. 69 Bamboo is used in Chinese traditional medicine for treating
37. Peroneutypa scoparia (Schwein.) Carmarán infections and healing (Janssen 1991).
& A.I. Romero .................................. 73 Studies on the taxonomy and phylogeny of bamboo fungi
can be of economic significance (Zhang and Zhang 2000; Jiang
Xylariaceae et al. 2002; Dharmananda 2004; Zhou et al. 2005; Singhal et al.
2013). Some fungi are pathogens causing spots or
38. Anthostomella pseudobambusicola D.Q. Dai & K.D. malformations on bamboo leaves and culms (Xu et al. 2006,
Hyde, sp. nov. ..................... 75 2007). Examples include Linearistroma lineare (Rehm) Höhn.,
39. Astrocystis mirabilis Berk. Shiraria bambusicola P. Henn. and Calonectria spp., which
& Broome ..................................................................... 75 can affect the growth and development of bamboo, and cause
40. Daldinia bambusicola serious economic losses (Tewari 1993; Mohanan 2002; Li et al.
Y.M. Ju et al. ........................................................................ 40 2009). However some fungi can be beneficial to humans.
41. Hypoxylon pseudefendleri D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde, sp. Shiraia bambusicola is of medical importance because of its
nov. ................................... 82 metabolite, hypocrellin (Hudson et al. 1994), which has prom-
42. Hypoxylon neosublenormandii D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde, ising applications in photodynamic therapy (PDT) for antican-
sp. nov. ........................... 82 cer treatment (Liu et al. 2012b).
43. Neoanthostomella D.Q. Dai & K.D. A review of the literature on bamboo-associated fungi re-
Hyde, gen. nov. .............................................. 84 veals that nearly 1100 species, which belong to 228 genera,
44. Neoanthostomella pseudostromatica D.Q. have so far been described or recorded worldwide (Hyde et al.
Dai & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. .................. 84 2002a, b). There have been several large studies on
45. Vamsapriya bambusicola D.Q. bambusicolous fungi. Hino and Katumoto (1960) published
Dai et al. ................................................................. 86 ‘Icones Fungorum Bambusicolum Japonicorum’ and listed
46. Xylaria bambusicola 258 species of fungi from bamboo in Japan. Petrini et al.
Y.M. Ju & J.D. Rogers ........................................................... 88 (1989) investigated the fungi on bamboo in France and
listed 63 species, including two new species. Eriksson and
Sordariomycetes genera, incertae sedis Yue (1998) provided a checklist of the ascomycetes on bam-
boo that included 587 names. Zhang and Wang (1999) record-
47. Pleurophragmium bambusinum D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde, ed 213 species (including 104 species, belonging 60 genera of
sp. nov. ......................... 92 ascomycetes), described from bamboo in China.
There have been few thorough studies on the taxonomy
Introduction and phylogeny of fungi on bamboo (Hyde et al. 2002a).
Generally bambusicolous fungi have been poorly documented
Bamboo, members of the grass family Poaceae and subfamily (Rehm 1913, 1914; Sydow and Sydow 1913, 1914b; Eriksson
Bambusoideae, comprise more than 115 genera with approx- and Yue 1998; Zhou and Hyde 2001, 2002). In Japan, ca. 300
imately 1,450 species (Gratani et al. 2008; Kelchner and species are known from bamboo (Tanaka and Harada 2004)
Group 2013; Bamboo Botanicals 2016). Bamboo species are and from 2003 to 2015, Tanaka described 48 new species,
found growing in diverse climates, from cold mountain areas which belong to 19 genera, including seven new genera from
to hot tropical regions (Kelchner and Group 2013). They are bamboo in Japan (Tanaka and Harada 2003a, b, 2004, 2005a,
distributed in almost all countries of Asia, Australia, Africa b; Shirouzu and Harada 2004; Hatakeyama et al. 2005, 2008;
and the Americas (Bystriakova et al. 2003; Shimokawa et al. Sato et al. 2008; Tanaka et al. 2005, 2009, 2015). Since 2011
2009; Song et al. 2011). Europe however, has no native bam- until now, 60 new species, belonging to 29 genera, including
boo species (INBAR 2016). In Thailand, bamboos are widely 16 new genera were published on bamboo in Thailand (Liu
distributed in several forest types, especially mixed deciduous et al. 2011, 2012a, 2014, 2015; Dai et al. 2012, 2014a, b, c,
 Fungal Diversity

2015, 2016; Phookamsak et al. 2014, 2015; Adamčík et al. deposited at the herbarium of Mae Fah Luang University,
2015; Ariyawansa et al. 2015; Senanayake et al. 2015). Chiang Rai, Thailand (MFLU) and Herbarium of Kunming
As pointed by Hyde et al. (2002b), the hitherto knowledge Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (KUN).
on bamboo fungi is incomplete and largely remained at Living cultures are deposited at Mae Fah Luang University
cataloguing stage. Numerous bamboo fungi lack molecular Culture Collection (MFLUCC), CBS-KNAW Fungal
data and defined studies. In this paper, we provide detailed Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands (CBS),
taxonomic and phylogenetic information on bambusicolous Mycothèque de l’Université catholique de Louvain
fungi from Thailand, including one taxon from China. (MUCL), Kunming Culture Collection (KUMCC) and in the
International Collection of Microorganisms from Plants
(ICMP), Landcare Research, New Zealand. Facesoffungi
Materials and methods (Jayasiri et al. 2015) and Index Fungorum (2016) numbers
were provided for new taxa.
Collection and isolation
DNA extraction, PCR amplification and sequencing
Dead bamboo culms were collected from China and Thailand.
The samples were placed in Ziplock plastic bags and brought to Fungal isolates were grown on PDA for 15–30 day at 27 °C
the laboratory. Fresh materials were examined by using stereo and genomic DNA was extracted from fresh mycelia, follow-
and compound microscopes. The specimens were incubated in ing the protocols of Biospin Fungus Genomic DNA
a moist chamber for 3–7 days at room temperature, if they did Extraction Kit (BioFlux®). If cultures were unavailable, fun-
not sporulate. Microscopic observations were made in distilled gal fruiting bodies were used to directly extract DNA using an
water. Staining of the ascus apical ring was tested in Melzer’s OMEGA E.Z.N.A.® Forensic DNA Kit following the manu-
reagent. India ink was used to observe the mucilaginous sheath facturer’s instructions.
and appendages of spores. Micro-morphological characters ITS5 and ITS4, NS1 and NS4 (White et al. 1990), and
were examined by differential interference contrast (DIC), LROR and LR5 (Vilgalys and Hester 1990) primers were used
using a Nikon ECLIPSE 80i or Ni compound microscope with for the amplification of internal transcribed spacers (ITS),
a Cannon 550D or a 600D digital camera. Fruiting bodies were small subunit rDNA (SSU) and large subunit rDNA (LSU)
observed by stereomicroscopy using a Zeiss Stereo Discovery respectively. Translation elongation factor 1-α gene region
V8 and photographed by AxioCam ERc 5 s. Measurements (TEF 1-alpha) and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit
were made using Tarosoft (R) Image Frame Work software. (RPB2) genes were amplified by using EF1-983 F and EF1-
The fungi were isolated based on the way of single spore 2218R (Rehner 2001), fRPB2-5f and fRPB2-7cr primers (Liu
isolation. Ascomata or conidiomata were cut horizontally, the et al. 1999) respectively.
hymenium containing ascospores, conidia mass or conidio- Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification was carried
phores bearing conidia (hyphomycetes) were transferred to a out as follows: the final volume of the PCR reaction was
drop of sterile water on a flamed concave microscope slide. 25 μl, which contained 1 μl of DNA template, 1 μl of each
The hymenium contents or conidia mass were broken up and forward and reverse primers, 12.5 μl of 2 × Power Taq PCR
seperated by using the sterile needles until the single spores Master Mix (mixture of EasyTaqTM DNA Polymerase,
suspended in the sterile water. The spore suspension was si- dNTPs, and optimized buffer, Beijing Bio Teke Corporation
phoned by a sterile pipette and droped on the surface of a Petri (Bio Teke), PR China) and 9.5 μl Distilled-Deionized-Water.
dish with 2 % Difco potato-dextrose agar (PDA) media. To The PCR thermal cycle program of ITS, SSU, LSU and TEF
obtain germinating spores, the plates were keeped within 24– 1-alpha genes amplifications were provided as: initially 94 °C
48 h at room temperature, under 12 h light/12 h dark. The for 3 min, followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 94 °C for
germinating spores were individually transferred to three fresh 30 s, annealing at 55 °C for 50 s, elongation at 72 °C for 1 min,
plates. Cultures were growing on PDA or MEA (33.6 g/L and final extension at 72 °C for 10 min. The PCR thermal
sterile distilled water, Difco malt extract) in 15–45 days, at cycle program for the RPB2 gene was provided as initially
25–32 °C, under 12 h light/12 h dark for recording growth 95 °C for 5 min, followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at
rates and culture characters. Colours rated according to 95 °C for 1 min, annealing at 52 °C for 2 min, elongation at
Kornerup and Wanscher (1978). Pieces of growing colonies 72 °C for 90 s, and final extension at 72 °C for 10 min. The
were cut and transferred on WA (15 g/l sterile distilled water) quality of PCR products were checked by 1 % Biowest aga-
placed nearby the sterile bamboo pieces to sporulate. rose gel electrophoresis. Amplified PCR fragments were se-
The growing colonies were transferred to 1.5 ml quenced at Shanghai Majorbio Bio-Pharm Technology Co.,
microcentrifuge tubes with PDA to store at 4 °C and Ltd. and BGI Tech Solutions Co., Ltd. (BGI-Tech), P.R.
suspended in 2 ml screw cap microcentrifuge tubes with China. Generated new sequences of ITS, LSU, SSU, RPB2
15 % glycerol for storage at −20 °C. Type materials are and TEF1 regions are deposited in GenBank.
Fungal Diversity

Phylogenetic analyses are provided below. Phylogenetically similar taxa are discussed.
All new sequence data are deposited in GenBank and GenBank
Based on blast searches in GenBank, using LSU or ITS se- accession numbers are provided in Tables 1.
quence data, separate phylogenetic analyses were carried out
to determine the placements of each fungal group. Additional
sequences were downloaded from GenBank, based on blast Taxonomy
search and recent publications.
Single gene sequence alignments were generated with Dothideomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka, Myconet 1(1): 5
MAFFT v. 7.215 (Katoh and Standley 2013: http://mafft. (1997)
cbrc.jp/alignment/server/index.html) and edited manually Dothideomycetes is one of the largest classes within
when necessary in MEGA6 version 6.0 (Tamura et al. 2013) Ascomycota with an estimated 19,000 species (Kirk et al.
or BioEdit v. 7.0 (Hall 2004). 2008; Schoch et al. 2009). Hyde et al. (2013) re-examined
Maximum-likelihood (ML) analyses including 1000 boot- 105 family types of Dothideomycetes and provided multi-
strap replicates were run using RAxMLGUI v.1.0. gene analyses for 64 families. Wijayawardene et al. (2014)
(Stamatakis 2006; Silvestro and Michalak 2011). listed all genera accepted in Dothideomycetes (belonging to
Alignments in PHYLIP format were exchanged and loaded 23 orders and 110 families), including pleomorphic and
from the website (http://sing.ei.uvigo.es/ALTER/). The online nonpleomorphic genera. Rossman et al. (2015) provided rec-
tool Findmodel (http://www.hiv.lanl.gov/content/sequence/ ommended names for pleomorphic genera in
findmodel/findmodel.html) was used to determine the best Dothideomycetes.
nucleotide substitution model for each partition data. Botryosphaeriales C.L. Schoch, et al., Mycologia 98(6):
Maximum-parsimony (MP) analyses were carried out in 1050 (2007) [2006]
PAUP v. 4.0b10 (Swofford 2002) with 1000 replications. The order Botryosphaeriales was introduced by Schoch et al.
Maxtrees were set to 1000, branches of zero length were col- (2006) with a single family Botryosphaeriaceae. Liu et al.
lapsed, and all multiple equally most parsimonious trees were (2012a) provided a phylogenetic analysis of Botryosphaeriales
saved. The robustness of the most parsimonious trees was eval- and included the families Botryosphaeriaceae and
uated from 1 000 bootstrap replications (Phillips et al. 2013). Phyllostictaceae. Hyde et al. (2013) stated that the order
Bayesian analyses were performed by using MrBayes v. Botryosphaeriales comprises three families: Botryosp
3.0b4 (Ronquist and Huelsenbeck 2003). The model of evo- haeriaceae, Planistromellaceae and Phyllostictaceae.
lution was performed by using MrModeltest v. 2.2 (Nylander Subsequently, Slippers et al. (2013) introduced the families
2004). Posterior probabilities (PP) (Rannala and Yang 1996; Aplosporellaceae, Melanopsaceae and Saccharataceae.
Zhaxybayeva and Gogarten 2002) were determined by Wijayawardene et al. (2014) recognized six families, viz.
Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling (MCMC) in MrBayes Aplosporellaceae, Botryosphaeriaceae, Melanopsaceae,
v. 3.0b4 (Huelsenbeck and Ronquist 2001). Six simultaneous Phyllostictaceae, Planistromellaceae and Saccharataceae, in
Markov chains were run for 1,000,000 generations and trees this order.
were sampled every 100th generation. The burn-in was set to Botryosphaeriaceae Theiss. & Syd. [as ‘Botryos
0.25, and the run was automatically stopped when the average phaeriacae’], Annls mycol. 16(1/2): 16 (1918)
standard deviation of split frequencies reached below 0.01 The family Botryosphaeriaceae was introduced by
(Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015). Theissen and Sydow (1918). This family has been well
Trees were visualized with TreeView (Page 1996) or circumscribed by several authors (Crous et al. 2006b;
FigTree v. 1.4.0 (http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk software/figtree/), Phillips et al. 2008, 2013; Liu et al. 2012a; Slippers
and additionally layouts were done with Adobe Illustrator et al. 2013; Hyde et al. 2014; Linaldeddu et al. 2015).
CS v. 5. Maximum-likelihood bootstrap values (MLBP) and Liu et al. (2012a) accepted 29 genera in this family, based
Maximum-parsimony bootstrap values (MPBP) equal or on morphology. Phillips et al. (2013) considered only the
greater than 50 % are given for each tree. Bayesian posterior genera known from culture and based the number of
probabilities (BYPP) > 0.90 are indicated as thickened lines. accepted genera on morphology and phylogeny. Thus 17
genera were recognized by Phillips et al. (2013) using
morphological features and combined phylogenetic anal-
Results ysis of SSU, ITS, LSU, EF1-α and β-tubulin sequence
data, and further keys to the genera and species were
Phylogeny provided. Crous et al. (2015) introduced Eutiarosporella,
Marasasiomyces, Mucoharknessia and Sakireeta, which
Due to the diversity of taxa found, we made the individual trees Wijayawardene et al. (2016) accepted in their phylogenet-
at the family or order levels. Phylogenic trees for each data set ic analyses.
 Fungal Diversity

Neodeightonia C. Booth, in Punithalingam, Mycol. Pap. bootstrap support (94/96 % MPBP/MLBP, BYPP value great-
119: 17 (1970) [1969] er than 0.90).
The genus Neodeightonia was introduced by Booth Neodeightonia subglobosa C. Booth, in Punithalingam,
(Punithalingam 1969), and placed in the fami ly Mycol. Pap. 119: 19 (1970) [1969]
Botryosphaeriaceae. This genus comprises four species, viz. Facesoffungi number: FoF 01966; Figs. 3 and 4
N. microspora (new species in this study), N. palmicola, Synonymy: See index Fungorum
N. phoenicum and N. subglobosa based on morphological and Saprobic on dead bamboo culms. Sexual morphs:
phylogenetic analyses (Phillips et al. 2008, 2013; Liu et al. 2012). Ascostromata 160–220 μm high, 250–370 μm diam., im-
Neodeightonia microspora D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. mersed under epidermis to erumpent, gregarious, visible as
Index Fungorum number: IF552019; Facesoffungi minute black dots or papilla on host tissue, dark brown to
number: FoF 01965; Figs. 1 and 2 black, uniloculate, globose to subglobose, coriaceous, with a
Etymology: In reference to the small ascospores. centrally located ostiole, papillate. Peridium 17–40 μm wide,
Holotype: MFLU 15–1201 comprising several layers, with outer layers composed of rel-
Saprobic on dead bamboo culms. Sexual morph: atively thick brown to black-walled cells of textura angularis,
Ascostromata 100–150 μm high, 95–150 μm diam., dark inner layers composed of light brown to hyaline cells of
brown to black, immersed under epidermis to erumpent, sol- textura angularis, poorly developed at the base.
itary, visible as minute black dots or papillae on host tissue, Hamathecium of hyaline, septate, up to 2–4 μm wide
uni-loculate, locules globose to subglobose or fused, coria- pseudoparaphyses. Asci 110–150 × 16–20 μm (x =
ceous, vertically orientated to the host surface, with a central 124.8 × 19.5 μm, n = 20), 8–spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate,
ostiole. Peridium 15–20 μm wide, comprising several layers cylindro-clavate, pedicellate, apically rounded with well-
of cells, with relatively thick brown to black walls of textura developed ocular chamber. Ascospores 17–21 × 8–10.5 μm
angularis, broader at the base. Hamathecium comprising only (x = 20.5 × 8.4 μm, n = 20), 2–3-seriate, hyaline, aseptate, ob-
asci. Asci 70–110 × 14–20 μm (x = 90.8 × 18.5 μm, n = 20), 8– ovoid, usually wider at the apex, thick-walled, surrounded by
spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, clavate to cylindro-clavate, a distinctive structured mucilaginous sheath. Asexual morph:
with a 25–45 μm long pedicel, apically rounded, with a Fertile on pine needls on WA after 1 month. Conidiomata
well-developed ocular chamber. Ascospores 10–12 × 4.5– 150–200 μm diam., pycnidial, immersed to superficial, soli-
6 μm (x = 10.5 × 5.4 μm, n = 30), 2–3-seriate, hyaline, tary to gregarious, globose to subglobose, black, coriaceous.
aseptate, obovoid, usually wider at the apex, thick-walled, Conidiogenous cells 5–12.5 × 2–3 μm (x = 9.8 × 2.6 μm,
surrounded by a distinctive, structured, mucilaginous sheath. n = 20), holoblastic, cylindrical, hyaline, straight to curved,
Asexual morph: Undetermined. smooth-walled. Conidia 11–13.5 × 8–10.5 μm (x =
Culture characters: Ascospores germinating on PDA with- 12.6 × 9.3 μm, n = 20), globose to subglobose, hyaline,
in 24 h and germ tubes produced from apex. Colonies growing aseptate, smooth-walled, guttulate.
fast on PDA, reaching 5 cm in 1 week at 28 °C, under 12 h Culture characters: Ascospores germinating on PDA with-
light/12 h dark, effuse, velvety to hairy, circular, initially in 24 h and germ tubes produced from apex. Colonies growing
white, becoming dark brown to black after 1 week. fast on PDA, reaching 5 cm in 1 week at 28 °C, under 12 h
Material examined: THAILAND, Payae, Bah Huay light/12 h dark, effuse, velvety to hairy, circular, white in first
Kawkhand, Ampher, on dead culms of bamboo, 31 October week, dark brown to black after 1 week from below and
2011, Dong-Qin Dai DDQ00228 (MFLU 15–1201, above.
holotype); ibid. (KUN HKAS88710, isotype), living culture, Material examined: THAILAND, Chiang Rai, Mae Fah
MFLUCC 11–0483, KUMCC; Chiang Rai, Doi Pui, on dead Luang University, on dead culms of bamboo, 1 August
culms of bamboo, 1 September 2011, Dong-Qin Dai 2011, Dong-Qin Dai DDQ00087 (MFLU 15–1189, reference
DDQ00111 (MFLU 15–1314, paratype), living cultures, specimen designated here); ibid. (KUN, HKAS88699, du-
MFLUCC 11–0504. plicates of reference specimen), living culture, MFLUCC 11–
Notes: Neodeightonia microspora is characterized by cla- 0482, MFLUCC 11–0607; asexual morph, 19 June 2011,
vate to cylindro-clavate asci with long pedicels and small ob- Dong-Qin Dai DDQ00041, living cultures, MFLUCC 11–
ovoid ascospores, with a thick mucilaginous sheath. The new 0388.
taxon differs from N. subglobosa and N. palmicola in its Notes: Neodeightonia subglobosa was originally collected
smaller obovoid ascospores (10–12 × 4.5–6 μm) as compared from Bambusa arundinacea Willd. (synonym of Bambusa
to N. subglobosa (ellipsoidal to fusiform, 21–26 × 7.5– bambos (L.) Voss) in Africa, and introduced by
9.5 μm) and N. palmicola (ellipsoidal to fusiform, 23– Punithalingam (1969). Phillips et al. (2008) isolated this spe-
31.5 × 8.5–12.5 μm). It also differs in having asci with a long cies, which causes keratomycosis of the eye, from a human
pedicel. In the phylogenic analyses (Fig. 1) N. microspora host in an unknown location, illustrated only the asexual
separates from other Neodeightonia species with high morph, and provided a sequence based on the culture CBS
Table 1 Newly sequence data with GenBank accession numbers in this study are provided

Organism Strain Collection_date Country Host Specimen_voucher Type GenBank accession numbers

LSU SSU ITS RPB2 RRR

Fungal Diversity

Neodeightonia MFLUCC 11– 31-Oct-2011 Thailand bamboo MFLU 15–1201 holotype KU863099 KU872104 KU940110 / /
microspora 0483
Neodeightonia MFLUCC 11– 1-Sep-2011 Thailand bamboo MFLU 15–1314 KU863100 KU872105 KU940111 / /
microspora 0504
Neodeightonia MFLUCC 11– 1-Aug-2011 Thailand bamboo MFLU 15–1189 KU863101 KU872106 KU940112 / KU940184
subglobosa 0482
Neodeightonia MFLUCC 11– 1-Aug-2011 Thailand bamboo MFLU 15–1189 KU863102 KU872107 KU940113 / KU940185
subglobosa 0607
Neodeightonia MFLUCC 11– 19-Jun-2011 Thailand bamboo / KU863103 KU872108 KU940114 / KU940186
subglobosa 0388
Mendogia / 5-Oct-2012 Thailand bamboo MFLU 13–0642 holotype KU863104 KU872109 KU940115 KU940162 KU940187
macrostroma
Bambusicola MFLUCC 10– 10-Mar-2010 Thailand bamboo MFLU 11–0149 holotype KU863105 KU872110 KU940116 KU940163 KU940188
didymospora 0557
Bambusicola MFLUCC 15– 5-Dec-2014 Thailand bamboo MFLU 16–0882 KU863106 KU872111 KU940117 KU940164 KU940189
didymospora 0189
Bambusicola MFLUCC 15– 5-Dec-2014 Thailand bamboo MFLU 15–1216 holotype KU863107 KU872112 KU940118 KU940165 KU940190
pustulata 0190
Bambusicola MFLUCC 11– 13-Aug-2010 Thailand bamboo MFLU 11–0183 holotype KU863108 KU872113 KU940119 KU940166 KU940191
thailandica 0147
Bambusicola MFLUCC 11– 13-Apr-2011 Thailand bamboo MFLU 11–0202 holotype KU863109 / KU940120 KU940167 /
triseptatispora 0166
Bambusicola MFLUCC 11– 1-Aug-2011 Thailand bamboo / KU863110 KU872114 KU940121 KU940168 /
splendida 0611
Bambusicola MFLUCC 11– 16-Jun-2010 Thailand bamboo MFLU 11–0171 KU863111 KU872115 KU940122 KU940169 KU940192
massarinia 0135
Occultibambusa MFLUCC 13– 9-Jul-2013 Thailand bamboo MFLU 15–1212 holotype KU863112 KU872116 KU940123 KU940170 KU940193
bambusae 0855
Occultibambusa MFLUCC 11– 14-May-2011 Thailand bamboo MFLU 16–0880 KU863113 KU872117 KU940124 KU940171 KU940194
bambusae 0394
Occultibambusa MFLUCC 11– 29-Jun-2010 Thailand bamboo MFLU 11–0163 holotype KU863114 / KU940125 KU940172 KU940195
fusispora 0127
Occultibambusa MFLUCC 11– 19-Jul-2011 Thailand bamboo MFLU 15–1185 holotype KU863115 KU872118 KU940126 / /
pustula 0502
Seriascoma MFLUCC 11– 25-Oct-2010 Thailand bamboo MFLU 11–0215 holotype KU863116 KU872119 KU940127 KU940173 KU940196
didymospora 0179
Seriascoma MFLUCC 11– 13-Jan-2011 Thailand bamboo MFLU 11–0230 KU863117 KU872120 KU940128 KU940174 KU940197
didymospora 0194
Roussoella MFLUCC 11– 13-Apr-2011 Thailand bamboo MFLU 11–0237 holotype KU863118 KU872121 KU940129 / /
mukdahanensis 0201
Roussoella MFLUCC 12– 13-Apr-2011 Thailand bamboo MFLU 11–0241 KU863119 KU872122 KU940130 / /
neopustulans 0003
9-Jul-2013 Thailand bamboo MFLU 15–1209 holotype KU863120 KU872123 KU940131 / KU940198
Table 1 (continued)

Organism Strain Collection_date Country Host Specimen_voucher Type GenBank accession numbers

LSU SSU ITS RPB2 RRR

Roussoella MFLUCC 13–

pseudohysterioides 0852
Roussoella MFLUCC 13– 9-Jul-2013 Thailand bamboo MFLU 15–1211 holotype KU863121 KU872124 KU940132 / KU940199
tuberculata 0854
Roussoella MFLUCC 11– 13-Aug-2010 Thailand bamboo MFLU 11–0185 holotype / KU872125 / / /
siamensis 0149
Tubeufia MFLUCC 15– 6-Oct-2014 Thailand bamboo MFLU 15–1215 holotype KU940133 / /
longiseta 0188
Leptosporella MFLUCC 12– 31-Jul-2012 Thailand bamboo MFLU 15–1203 holotype KU863122 / KU940134 / /
bambusae 0846
Myrothecium MFLUCC 11– 14-May-2011 Thailand bamboo MFLU 15–1180 holotype KU863123 KU872126 KU940135 / KU940200
thailandicum 0395
Myrothecium MFLUCC 11– 26-May-2011 Thailand bamboo MFLU 15–1181 holotype KU863124 KU872127 KU940136 KU940175 KU940201
chiangmaiense 0506
Myrothecium MFLUCC 11– 14-May-2011 Thailand bamboo MFLU 14–0823 holotype / KU872128 / / /
cylindrosporum 0392
Myrothecium MFLUCC 11– 28-Oct-2011 Thailand bamboo MFLU 15–1197 holotype KU863125 KU872129 KU940137 / /
uttaraditense 0632
Nectria MFLUCC 11– 12-May-2011 Thailand bamboo MFLU 15–1179 holotype KU863126 KU872130 KU940138 / /
pseudotrichia 0391
Cercophora MFLUCC 12– 31-Jul-2012 Thailand bamboo MFLU 15–1202 holotype KU863127 KU872131 KU940139 KU940176 /
thailandica 0845
Phaeoacremonium MFLUCC 11– 6-Oct-2011 Thailand bamboo MFLU 15–1196 KU863128 KU872132 KU940140 / KU940202
sphinctrophorum 0629
Arthrinium MFLUCC 11– 19-Jul-2011 Thailand bamboo MFLU 15–1184 holotype KU863129 / KU940141 / /
longistromum 0481
Arthrinium MFLUCC 11– 17-Jul-2011 Thailand bamboo / KU863130 / KU940142 / /
longistromum 0479
Arthrinium MFLUCC 15– 4-Oct-2014 Thailand bamboo MFLU 15–1227 KU863131 KU872133 KU940143 / /
rasikravindrae 0203
Arthrinium MFLUCC 11– 1-Oct-2011 Thailand bamboo / KU863132 KU872134 KU940144 / /
rasikravindrae 0616
Arthrinium MFLUCC 15– 4-Oct-2014 Thailand bamboo MFLU 15–1226 holotype KU863133 / KU940145 / /
thailandicum 0202
Arthrinium MFLUCC 15– 4-Oct-2014 Thailand bamboo MFLU 15–1224 KU863134 / KU940146 / /
thailandicum 0199
Arthrinium MFLUCC 15– 7-Jul-2014 China bamboo MFLU 15–0382 holotype KU863135 KU872135 KU940147 KU940177 /
yunnanum 0002
Arthrinium DDQ00281 7-Jul-2014 China bamboo / KU863136 KU872136 KU940148 KU940178 /
yunnanum
Eutypa linearis MFLUCC 15– 6-Dec-2014 Thailand bamboo MFLU 15–1223 KU863137 KU872137 KU940149 / KU940203
0198
Eutypa linearis 19-Jul-2011 Thailand bamboo MFLU 15–1186 KU863138 KU872138 KU940150 / KU940204
Fungal Diversity
Table 1 (continued)

Organism Strain Collection_date Country Host Specimen_voucher Type GenBank accession numbers

LSU SSU ITS RPB2 RRR

Fungal Diversity

MFLUCC 11–
0503
Peroneutypa MFLUCC 11– 16-Jul-2011 Thailand bamboo MFLU 15–1183 KU863139 KU872139 KU940151 KU940179 KU940205
scoparia 0478
Peroneutypa MFLUCC 11– 11-Aug-2011 Thailand bamboo MFLU 16–0881 KU863140 KU872140 KU940152 KU940180 KU940206
scoparia 0615
Anthostomella MFLUCC 15– 6-Dec-2014 Thailand bamboo MFLU 16–0255 holotype KU863141 KU872141 KU940153 / /
pseudobambusicola 0192
Astrocystis MFLUCC 11– 28-Oct-2011 Thailand bamboo MFLU 15–1199 KU863142 KU872142 KU940154 / KU940207
mirabilis 0636
Daldinia MFLUCC 11– 1-Aug-2011 Thailand bamboo MFLU 15–1187 KU863143 KU872143 KU940155 KU940181 KU940208
bambusicola 0605
Hypoxylon MFLUCC 11– 29-Oct-2011 Thailand bamboo MFLU 15–1200 holotype KU863144 / KU940156 / /
pseudefendleri 0639
Hypoxylon MFLUCC 11– 1-Aug-2011 Thailand bamboo MFLU 15–1193 holotype KU863145 / KU940157 / /
neosublenormandii 0618
Neoanthostomella MFLUCC 11– 1-Aug-2011 Thailand bamboo MFLU 15–1190 holotype KU863146 KU872144 KU940158 / /
pseudostromatica 0610
Vamsapriya MFLUCC 11- 30-Jun-2011 Thailand Dendrocalamus MFLU 13-0368 holotype / / / / KU940209
bambusicola 0477 giganteus
Vamsapriya MFLUCC 11- 28-Oct-2011 Thailand bamboo MFLU 15-1315 KU863147 KU872145 KU940159 KU940182 KU940210
bambusicola 0637
Vamsapriya MFLUCC 11- 30-Jun-2011 Thailand Dendrocalamus MFLU 13-0367 holotype / / / / KU940211
khunkonensis 0475 giganteus
Vamsapriya MFLUCC 12- 21-Jun-2012 Thailand bamboo MFLU 13-0370 epitype / / / / KU940212
indica 0544
Xylaria MFLUCC 11- 1-Aug-2011 Thailand bamboo MFLU 15-1188 KU863148 KU872146 KU940160 KU940183 /
bambusicola 0606
Pleurophragmium MFLUCC 12- 3-Aug-2012 Thailand bamboo MFLU 15-1207 holotype KU863149 / KU940161 / KU940213
bambusinum 0850
 Fungal Diversity

448.91. Phillips et al. (2013) however, indicated CBS 448.91 (2013), Wijayawardene et al. (2014) accepted only
as ex-type without any justification. Liu et al. (2012a) illus- Elsinoaceae and Myriangiaceae in this order.
trated the sexual morph of this species based on a new collec- Myriangiaceae Nyl., Mém. Soc. Sci. nat. Cherbourg 2: 9
tion. In this study, new isolates and specimens were obtained (1854)
collected on bamboo in Thailand with both sexual and asexual The family Myriangiaceae was introduced by Nylander
morphs. Thus a reference specimen is designated here, and the (1854). Von Arx and Müller (1975) placed 16 genera in the
species is re-described and illustrated species, due to no avail- family, but Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010) included only four
able strain linked to Punithalingam (1969). Punithalingam genera (Anhellia, Diplotheca, Eurytheca, Myriangium).
(1969) stated that N. subglobosa has brown and 1-septate Dissanayake et al. (2014) re-examined the generic type spec-
ascospores. However, these characters were not observed in imens and accepted ten genera, providing descriptions and
this study. Phylogenetic analyses show three new strains in the discussion on the generic types of Anhellia, Ascostratum,
same branch, with another two strains of N. subglobosa Butleria, Dictyocyclus, Diplotheca, Eurytheca,
(MFLUCC 11–0163 and CBS 448.91), clustering with high Hemimyriangium, Micularia, Myriangium and Zukaliopsis.
bootstrap support (98/94 % MPBP/MLBP) (Fig. 1). However, only Anhellia and Myriangium have molecular data
Myriangiales Starbäck 1899 (Pinho et al. 2012; Hyde et al. 2013; Wijayawardene et al.
The order Myriangiales was introduced by Starbäck (1899) 2014). The family Myriangiaceae is characterized by having
based on a genus producing crustose, loculate ascostromata, only one ascus in each locule, and superficial, erumpent, dark
with muriform ascospores (Hyde et al. 2013). Three families, ascostromata. The asci are clavate to subglobose or globose
Cookellaceae, Elsinoaceae and Myriangiaceae, were includ- and ascospores smooth to verruculose and muriform, occa-
ed in Myriangiales by Kirk et al. (2008). Based on phyloge- sionally with only transverse septa (Miller 1938; Hyde et al.
netic analyses, Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010), Hyde et al. 2013; Dissanayake et al. 2014). The formations of the asci of

Fig. 1 Maximum likelihood N. subglobosa MFLUCC 11-0607

phylogenetic tree (lnL =
−2178.664062) generated by
RAxML (GTR+G model), based N. subglobosa MFLUCC 11-0482
on combined SSU, ITS and LSU
sequence data. MP/ML values N. subglobosa MFLUCC 11-0163
(>50 %) resulting from 1000
98/94
bootstrap replicates are given at N. subglobosa CBS 448.91
the nodes and branches with
Bayesian posterior probabilities N. subglobosa MFLUCC 11-0388
greater than 0.90 are in bold. The 65/74
original isolate numbers codes are
noted after the species names. The N. phoenicum CBS 122528
tree is rooted to Neofusicoccum 98/100 Neodeightonia
98/97
arbuti (CBS 116131). Ex-type N. phoenicum CBS 169.34
strains are in bold. Newly gener-
ated sequences are highlighted N. palmicola MFLUCC 10-0823
with a blue background 94/96 94/100

N. palmicola MFLUCC 10-0822

N. microspora MFLUCC 11-0504

100/100 100/100
N. microspora MFLUCC 11-0483

B. fusicoccum MFLUCC 11-0657

100/100 Botryobambusa
B. fusicoccum CBS 134113

B. fusispora MFLUCC 10-0098

100/100 Botryosphaeria
B. dothidea CBS 115476

Neofusicoccum arbuti CBS 116131

0.01
Fungal Diversity

Fig. 2 Neodeightonia microspora (MFLU 15–1201, holotype). a by mucilaginous sheath. k Germinating ascospore. l, m Cultures on PDA.
Appearance of ascomata on bamboo host. b Vertical section of ascoma. Scale bars: d, e = 20 μm, f–j = 10 μm
c Peridium. d, e Asci with eight ascospores. f–j Ascospores surrounded

this family are two typies. Type I: The asci are scattered irreg- regions (Miller 1940; Dissanayake et al. 2014). Species of
ularly over the whole ascostromata. Type II: The asci are lo- Myriangiaceae are usually epiphytic on bark, leaves and
calized in definite regions, usually forming at the base of the branches of various plants (Hyde et al. 2013; Dissanayake
ascostromata, which are differentiated into sterile and fertile et al. 2014).
Fungal Diversity
 Fungal Diversity

ƒFig. 3 Neodeightonia subglobosa (MFLU 15–1189, reference Epiphytic on living bamboo culms. Sexual morph:
specimen). a Appearance of ascomata on bamboo. b Vertical section of Ascostromata 0.98–1.85 mm diam., scattered, solitary to gre-
ascoma. c Ostiole of ascoma. d Peridium. e Germinating ascospores. f–g
Asci. i Immature asci. j, k Ascospores. l, m Culture on PDA. Scale bars:
garious, superficial on host surface, black, flattened, circular
a = 200 μm, b, c = 50 μm, d–k = 10 μm to round, hemisphaerical or shield-shape, rugulose, sunken
near the edge, easily removed from the host, loculate, gla-
brous, walls rough, carbonaceous at the outer surface, with
Mendogia Racib., Parasit. Alg. Pilze Java’s (Jakarta) 3: 31 centre sterile region and fertile region located near the margin.
(1900) Fertile region locule-like, 100–210 μm high, 260–420 μm
Epiphytic on living bamboo culms or palms. Sexual diam. in vertical section, forming as circular ring near the edge
morph: Ascostromata small to large, solitary to gregarious, of ascostroma, immersed in ascostroma, raised, subglobose to
superficial, round to irregular, black, carbonaceous, flattened, hemisphaerical, with asci separated by paraphysoid-like fila-
with central area slightly raised, and peripheral wall of stro- ments, discharging asci and ascospores via cracking of the
mata cracking, pseudoparenchymatous tissue and asci grow- outer walls, with slit-like opening. Peridium 15–60 μm wide,
ing under stroma, revealing the dark brown inner issue, with thick-walled, of unequal thickness, thick at the rim, slightly
irregular edge, rugose to rugulose at the surface, loculate, eas- thin at the base, composed of two layers, of dark brown to
ily removable from the host, with asci separated by black cells, outer layers comprising thick, black, melanized
paraphysoid-like filaments or pseudoparenchymatous cells. cells, carbonaceous, arranged in a textura angularis, inner
Wall of ascostromata consisting of two layers, outer layer layers comprising thick, brown to dark brown, pseudoparen-
composed of black, thin carbonaceous tissue, easily breaking; chymatous cells, arranged in textura angularis. Hamathecium
inner layer composed of large, hyaline to pale-brown to dark composed of dense, 1.5–4 μm wide, paraphysoid-like fila-
brown pseudoparenchymatous cells of textura angularis. ments, septate, constricted at the septum, anastomosing
Hamathecium with asci or paraphysoid-like filaments. Asci among the asci. Asci arranged in type II, (55–)60–
8-spored, thick-walled, bitunicate, fissitunicate, subglobose 75(−80)(−90) × (17–)18–22(−25) μm (x = 71.6 × 20.5 μm,
to clavate, or cylindrical, with rounded pedicel, with a distinct n = 25), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindric-clavate
ocular chamber. Ascospores irregularly arranged, ellipsoidal, to clavate, short pedicellate, apically rounded with well-
muriform, with rounded ends, hyaline, smooth-walled. developed ocular chamber, thickened at the apex.
Asexual morph: Undetermined. Ascospores (13.5–)17–20(−25) × (5–)6–8 μm (x =
Type species: Mendogia bambusina Racib., Parasit. Alg. 19.4 × 6.7 μm, n = 30), overlapping, uni- to tri-seriate, hyaline,
Pilze Java’s (Jakarta) 3: 31 (1900) ellipsoidal to clavate, muriform, with 3–5 transverse septa and
Notes: Mendogia was introduced by Raciborski (1900) 1–2 longitudinal septa, constricted at the septum, smooth-
based on a single species on a bamboo host, collected in walled. Asexual morph: Undetermined.
Java, Indonesia. Two more species Mendogia manaosensis Material examined: INDONESIA, Jawa Barat (West)
(Henn.) Theiss. & Syd. and Mendogia philippinensis (Syd. District, Java, Buitenzorg, on bamboo, 1907, G. v. Höhnel
& P. Syd.) Arx & E. Müll. observed on palms were named (S, F48345).
under this genus (Hennings 1904; von Arx and Müller 1975). Notes: Mendogia bambusina differs from other Mendogia
Mendogia is characterized by small to large, black, rather species in having asci arrainged in a fertile region lying as
flattened ascostromata, and subglobose to clavate asci, pro- concentric rings near the edge of ascostroma, with muriform
ducing eight muriform ascospores. This genus was earlier ascospores, having 4–5 transverse septa and 1–2 longitudinal
placed in family Schizothyriaceae by von Arx and Müller septa.
(1975). Without molecular data, Hyde et al. (2013) and Mendogia macrostroma D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Wijayawardene et al. (2014) followed this placement. Index Fungorum number: IF552020; Facesoffungi
In this study, we re-examined the type species Mendogia number: FoF 01968; Fig. 7
bambusina Racib. and introduce a new species, Mendogia Etymology: In reference to it’s large stromata.
macrostroma, from a bamboo host. Multi-gene (SSU, LSU Holotype: MFLU 13–0642
and TEF1) phylogenetic analyses indicate that Mendogia be- Epiphytic on living bamboo culms. Sexual morph:
longs to order Myriangiales (97/97 % MPBP/MLBP) in the Ascostromata 10–20 × 5–15 mm, 130–200 μm high, solitary,
family Myriangiaceae (94/97 % MPBP/MLBP) (Fig. 5). This or gregarious up to 25 × 20 mm, superficial, round, elliptical to
genus can phylogenetically be separated from similar studied irregular, black, coriaceous, flattened, with central area slight-
genera (Anhellia and Myriangium) with high bootstrap sup- ly raised, and peripheral wall of stromata cracking, revealing
port (99/100 % MPBP/MLBP) (Fig. 5). the dark brown inner issue, pseudoparenchymatous tissue and
Mendogia bambusina Racib., Parasit. Alg. Pilze Java’s asci growing under stroma, with irregular edge, rugose to
(Jakarta) 3: 31 (1900) rugulose at surface, multi-loculate, easily removable from
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01967; Fig. 6 the host. Surface cells of ascostromata 20–30 μm thick,
Fungal Diversity
 Fungal Diversity

ƒFig. 4 Neodeightonia subglobosa (MFLUCC 11–0388). a Appearance Notes: Mendogia macrostroma differs morphylogically
of conidiomata on pine needles. b, f–h Conidia. c–e Conidiogenous cells. from other species of Mendogia by its large ascostromata
i, j Cultures on PDA. Scale bars: a = 200 μm, b–h = 10 μm
(10–20 × 8–15 mm vs. less than 4 mm diam.) and wider asci
(28–33.5 μm vs. less than 25 μm) (Hennings 1904; Sydow
composed of black tissue, easily breaking. Cells between asci and Sydow 1914a, 1917). The new taxon can be compared
100–150 μm thick composed of large, hyaline, pseudoparen- with Myriangium haraeanum F.L. Tai & C.T. Wei (synonym:
chymatous cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium with only Myriangium bambusae Hara 1913) in having dark, flattened
asci; pseudoparaphyses not observed. Asci arranged in type II, ascostromata and muriform ascospores (Tai and Wei 1933;
72–85 × 28–33.5 μm (x = 76.6 × 31.2 μm, n = 20), 8-spored, Eriksson and Yue 1998). However, the new species differs
bitunicate, fissitunicate, subglobose to clavate, with rounded in having larger ascostromata (10–20 × 8–15 mm vs. 1–
pedicel, with a distinct ocular chamber. Ascospores 20– 3 mm in diam.). Moreover, Mendogia macrostroma has
27 × 9–11 μm (x = 24.2 × 10.1 μm, n = 20), irregularly ar- subglobose to clavate asci, whereas Myriangium haraeanum
ranged, hyaline, ellipsoidal, with rounded ends, muriform, has cylindrical asci (Tai and Wei 1933).
with 4–6 transverse septa and 2–4 longitudinal septa, con- Pleosporales Luttr. ex M.E. Barr 1987
stricted at the septa, smooth-walled, narrow at basal end, oc- Pleosporales, the largest order of Dothideomycetes,
casionally narrow at both ends. Asexual morph: was introduced by Nitschke (1869), and later validated
Undetermined. by Barr (1987). Luttrell (1975) included eight families
Material examined: THAILAND, Chiang Rai, Khun Korn in this order, Kirk et al. (2008) listed 23 families,
Waterfall, on living culms of bamboo, 5 October 2012, Dong- Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010) accepted 28 families
Qin Dai DDQ00255 (MFLU 13–0642, holotype); Ibid. (KUN and Zhang et al. (2012) included 25 families in the
HKAS88716, isotype); Ibid., August 2014, R. Phookamsak phylogenetic analysis. Fourty-one families were placed
RP0134 (KUN HKAS83874). in Pleosporales by Hyde et al. (2013), based on the

Fig. 5 Maximum likelihood Sphaceloma erythrinae CPC18530

phylogenetic tree (lnL = 95/99
Sphaceloma erythrinae CPC18542
−2981.957640) generated by --/63
RAxML (GTR+G model) based Elsinoe eucalypticola CBS 124765
--/75
on combined SSU, LSU and Elsinoe fawcettii CPC18535
TEF1 sequence data. MP/ML 59/72
Sphaceloma terminaliae CPC18538
values (>50 %) resulting from Elsinoaceae
1000 bootstrap replicates are giv- Elsinoe centrolobic CBS 222.50
50/64
en at the nodes and branches with Sphaceloma krugii CPC18531
62/54
Bayesian posterior probabilities 61/81 Sphaceloma asclepiadis CPC18544
greater than 0.90 are in bold. The
Elsinoe phaseoli CBS 165.31
original isolate or specimen num-
bers are noted after the species Elsinoe veneta CBS 150.27
names. The tree is rooted to 94/97 Myriangium hispanicum CBS 247.33
Teratosphaeria associata (CBS 68/74
Myriangiales 94/97
Myriangium duriaei CBS 260.36
112224). Ex-type strains are in Myriangiaceae
bold. Newly generated sequence 63/73
Myriangiaceae sp. M43
is highlighted with a blue 97/97
99/100
Anhellia nectandrae VIC31767
background Mendogia macrostroma MFLU 13-0642
Endosporium aviarium UAMH10530
100/100
Endosporium aviarium UAMH10531 Myriangiales incerta sedis
99/100
100/100 Endosporium populi-tremuloidis UAMH10529
Dothidea insculpta CBS 189.58
100/100
Dothidea sambuci AFTOL-ID 274
54/50
Dothiora cannabinae CBS 737.71 Dothideales
100/-- 95/77
Sydowia polyspora CBS 116.29
100/100
Discosphaerina fagi CBS 171.93
Capnodium coartatum MFLUCC 10-0069
100/100
Capnodium coffeae CBS 147.52 Capnodiales
100/100
Leptoxyphium cacuminum MFLUCC 10-0059
Teratosphaeria associata CBS112224
0.1
 Fungal Diversity

Fig. 6 Mendogia bambusina (S F48345). a Herbaium materials. b Ascospores (m–o: Ascospores stained in cotton blue). Scale bars:
Black ascostromata on bamboo host. c Section of ascostroma. d, e c = 100 μm, d–i = 20 μm, j–o = 5 μm
Peridium. f Asci separated by paraphysoid-like filaments. g–i Asci. j–o

multi-gene analyses and morphological study of family Kaz. Tanaka & K. Hiray. and Sulcatisporaceae Kaz.
types. However, Wijayawardene et al. (2014) accepted Tanaka & K. Hiray.) were introduced by Tanaka et al.
39 families. Two new families (Parabambusicolaceae (2015) in the suborder Massarineae of the Pleosporales.
Fungal Diversity

Fig. 7 Mendogia macrostroma (MFLU 13–0642, holotype). a Type pseudoparenchymatous cells between asci. g–j Asci (g: Showing
material. b, c Black ascostromata on host. d Vertical section of fissitunicate dehiscence). k–n Ascospores. Scale bars: a = 2 mm, b,
ascostroma. e, f Surface cells of ascostromata and c = 1 mm, d–g = 100 μm, h–j = 20 μm

Ariyawansa et al. (2015) introduced three more new leaves of Strelitzia nicolai (Strelitziaceae) and introduced a
families Ascocylindricaceae Abdel-Wahab et al., new genus Neobambusicola. Liu et al. (2015) described
Caryosporaceae H. Zhang et al. and Wicklowiaceae Palmiascoma from a dead palm frond, thus widening the fam-
Ariyawansa & K.D. Hyde in Pleosporales. ily concept (Dai et al. 2015). The species of Bambusicolaceae
Bambusicolaceae D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde, Fungal usually produce asxual morph on host substrate or on culture,
Diversity 63: 49 (2013) with holoblastic, annelidic or phialidic conidiogenous cells
The family Bambusicolaceae was introduced by Hyde (Dai et al. 2012; Crous et al. 2014b; Liu et al. 2015). In this
et al. (2013), with the type genus Bambusicola, to accommo- paper, we provide a multi-gene (SSU, LSU, TEF1 and RPB2
date taxa with small, immersed ascomata, with cellular to sequence data) phylogram for all genera of Bambusicolaceae
trabeculate pseudoparaphyses, cylindrical, bitunicate asci (Fig. 8).
and fusiform ascospores, and usually inhabiting bamboo. Bambusicola D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde, Cryptog. Mycol.
Crous et al. (2014b) isolated a related asexual taxon from 33(3): 367 (2012)
 Fungal Diversity

Fig. 8 Maximum likelihood

B. splendida MFLUCC 11-0611
phylogenetic tree generated by
99/100
RAxML (GTR+G model) based
B. splendida MFLUCC 11-0439
on analysis of combined SSU, 100/100
LSU, TEF1 and RPB2 sequence B. irregulispora MFLUCC 11-0437
data. MP/ML values (>50 %) 97/100
resulting from 1000 bootstrap B. bambusae MFLUCC 11-614
replicates are given at the nodes, 97/95
and branches with Bayesian pos- 99/98 B. pustulata MFLUCC 15-0190
terior probabilities greater than

Bambusicolaceae
0.90 are in bold. The original iso- B. didymospora MFLUCC 15-0189
late numbers are noted after the 100/100
species names. The tree is rooted B. didymospora MFLUCC 10–0557 Bambusicola
85/--
to Massarina eburnea (CBS
473.64). Ex-type strains are in B. loculata MFLUCC 13-0856
bold. Newly generated sequences 100/100
B. triseptatispora MFLUCC 11-0166
are highlighted with a blue
97/80 61/--
background
B. massarinia MFLUCC 11-0389
100/100
B. massarinia MFLUCC 11-0135
100/77

B. thailandica MFLUCC 11-0147

100/-- P. gregariascomum MFLUCC 11-0175 Palmiascoma

N.strelitziae CBS:138869 Neobambusicola
Massarina eburnea CBS 473.64
50.0

Bambusicola was introduced by Dai et al. (2012) and typ- 8. A s e x u a l m o r p h w i t h o b l o n g t o e l l i p s o i d a l

ified by B. massarinia D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde. This genus is conidia.......................................B. didymospora
characterized by ascomata forming dark to light raised areas 9. Ascospores larger than 15 μm × 3 μm..............B. bambusae
on the host surface with an asexual morph typified by holo- 9. Ascospores smaller than 15 μm × 3 μm.............B. pustulata
blastic, annelidic conidiogenous cells and cylindrical conidia. 10. Conidia fusoid-ellipsoid..........Neobambusicola strelitziae
Bambusicola now contains nine species including four new 10. Conidia cylindrical..........................................................11
species described in this paper (Dai et al. 2012, 2015). 11. Conidiomata acerose, conidia 15–18 × 1.5–3
μm....................................................B. irregulispora
Key to species of Bambusicolaceae 11. Conidiomata subglobose, conidia 20–30 × 3.5–5
μm.................................................................B. splendida
1. Fruiting bodies ascostromata...............................................2
1. Fruiting bodies conidiomata only......................................10 Bambusicola didymospora Phookamsak, D.Q. Dai &
2. Ascospores hyaline..............................................................3 K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
2. Ascospores dark brown.......Palmiascoma gregariascomum Index Fungorum: IF552021; Facesoffungi number: FoF
3. Ascostromata containing a single locule.............................5 01969; Fig. 9
4. A s c o s t r o m a t a c o n t a i n i n g m o r e t h a n o n e Etymology: The epithet Bdidymospora^ refers to the
locule.............................................Bambusicola loculata didymosporous ascospores and conidia.
5. Ascospores 3-septate...........................................................6 Holotype: MFLU 11–0149
5. Ascospores 1-septate...........................................................7 Saprobic on dead bamboo culms, as raised, black, dome-
6. Ascostromata less than 160 μm high × 450 μm shaped stractures, on host surface. Sexual morph:
diam................................................B. thailandica
6. Ascostromata more than 160 μm high × 450 μm Fig. 9 Bambusicola didymospora (MFLU 11–0149, holotype). a„
diam.............................................B. triseptatispora Appearance of ascostromata on host surface. b Vertical section through
7. Ascostromata forming dark, rounded, raised spots, on host ascoma. c Peridium. d Pseudoparaphyses. e–h Asci. i–l Ascospores. m
surface, with a black halo around the ostiolar opening.....8 Ascospore stained in Indian ink. n Ascospore germination on WA. o, p
Culture characteristics (upper and lower sides). q, r Conidiomata
7. Ascostromata forming light coloured, raised spots, on the produced on culture colony. s–v Conidiogenous cells producing
host surface, with split ostiolar opening...........................9 conidia. w–aa Conidia. Scale bars: b = 100 μm, c, r = 50 μm, d, e–h,
8. Asexual morph with cylindrical conidia........B. massarinia n = 20 μm, i–m = 10 μm, s–aa = 5 μm
Fungal Diversity
 Fungal Diversity

Ascostromata 90–155 μm high, 310–400 μm diam., solitary, Notes: Bambusicola didymospora is similar to
scattered to gregarious, immersed in host cortex, with red B. massarinia D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde, B. bambusae D.Q.
pigment in the ostiole, with flattened base, convex or dome- Dai & K.D. Hyde, B. loculata D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde and
shaped, uni-loculate, rarely bi-loculate, with centrally located B. pustulata D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde in having
ostiole. Peridium 16–33 μm wide, thin- to thick-walled, of didymosporous, fusiform ascospores with rounded ends.
unequal thickness, poorly developed at the base, composed However, B. didymospora differs from B. massarinia in its
of several layers of dark brown to black, pseudoparenchyma- asexual morph. Bambusicola didymospora forms oblong to
tous cells, intermixed with host cells, arranged in a textura ellipsoidal, brown to reddish brown conidia, with phialidic
angularis, coriaceous. Hamathecium of dense, 0.5–1.5 μm conidiogenous cells, while B. massarinia forms cylindrical,
wide, filamentous, indistinct, septate, cellular pale brown conidia with many guttules; phialidic
pseudoparaphyses, not constricted at the septum, slightly conidiogenous cells were not observed (Dai et al. 2012).
rough-walled, anastomosing at the apex, embedded in a hya- Bambusicola didymospora differs from B. loculata in having
line gelatinous matrix. Asci 55–85 × 9–13 μm (x = scattered ascostromata, while B. loculata forms multi-loculate
71 × 11.2 μm, n = 20), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, ascostromata (Dai et al. 2015). Bambusicola didymospora
cylindric-clavate to clavate, short pedicellate, apically round- differs from B. bambusae and B. pustulata in having im-
ed, with an ocular chamber. Ascospores 17–23 × 4.5–6 μm (x mersed ascostromata strongly raised from host surface, black,
= 20.7 × 5.6 μm, n = 25), overlapping bi-seriate, hyaline, fusi- dome-shaped, however, in B. bambusae and B. pustulata
form, with rounded to acute ends, 1-septate, constricted at the darken only at the slightly raised cracks (Dai et al. 2012).
septum, upper cell larger than lower cell, smooth-walled, Multi-gene phylogenetic analyses show that B. didymospora
guttulate, surrounded by a mucilaginous sheath. Asexual forms a robust clade close to B. bambusae and B. pustulata,
morph: Coelomycetous, produced in culture after 4 months. but is distinct with high boostrap support (99/98 % MPBP/
Conidiomata 90–210 μm high, 95–180 μm diam., pycnidial, MLBP, BYPP value greaer than 0.90).
solitary, semi-immersed to embedded in agar, visible as raised, Bambusicola pustulata D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
black dots, ovoid to obpyriform, or irregular in shape, uni- Index Fungorum numbers: IF552022; Facesoffungi
loculate, ostiolate, covered by vegetative hyphae. Wall of numbers: FoF 01970; Fig. 10
conidiomata thin-walled, composed of a few layers of orang- Etymology: In reference to the ascomata rising as pustules.
ish brown to dark brown, pseudoparenchymatous cells, ar- Holotype: MFLU 15–1216
ranged in textura angularis. Conidiophores reduced to Saprobic on dead culm of bamboo, forming dark pustule-
conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells (2–)5–8 × 1–3 μm like spots on the host surface with ascostromata breaking
(x = 5.5 × 2 μm, n = 30), enteroblastic, phialidic, determinate, through raised cracks at the centre. Sexual morph:
discrete, cylindrical to ampulliform, hyaline, aseptate, apically Ascostromata 100–125 μm high, 250–300 μm diam., solitary,
attenuated, with distinct periclinal thickening, smooth-walled. scattered or in groups of 2–5, immersed under the host tissue,
Conidia (9.5–)10–13(−15) × 4–5 μm (x = 12.5 × 4.5 μm, uni-loculate, subglobose, light brown, coriaceous, ostiolate at
n = 30), pale brown, oblong to ellipsoidal, rounded apex, with the centre, black at the apex of ostiolar opening, 40–45 μm
truncate base, 1-septate, slightly constricted at the septum, diam. and 30–35 μm high. Peridium comprising several
smooth-walled. layers of host and fungal tissues, laterally 30–45 μm thick,
Culture characters: Colonies on MEA 26–30 mm diam. composed of brown to hyaline cells of textura angularis,
after 2 weeks at 25–30 °C, under 12 h light/12 h dark, circular, intermingled with host cells, basal part poorly developed;
dense, flat, slightly raised, dull with entire edge, fluffy to wedge of palisade-like cells at the periphery: 80–105 μm
floccose, with regular edge; white at the margin, becoming thick, composed of large, thick-walled, dark brown, 4.5–
greyish at the center with red droplets; reverse white to cream 8 × 1–3 μm, cells. Hamathecium of dense, long, 0.5–1 μm
at the margin, greenish-grey at middle, pale yellowish to red- broad, septate, branched, anastomosing, trabeculate
dish, slightly radiating with pale yellowish concentric ring; pseudoparaphyses, occurring between and above the asci.
non-pigmented, forming black pycnidia at the margin. Asci 40–60 × 5.5–7 μm (x = 52.6 × 6.3 μm, n = 10), 8-spored,
Material examined: THAILAND, Chiang Rai, Muang bitunicate, fissitunicate, cylindrical, with a shallow apical
District, Huai Mae Sai Waterfall, on dead culms of bamboo, chamber and a short furcate pedicel. Ascospores 11.5–
10 March 2010, R. Phookamsak, RP0028 (MFLU 11–0149, 17.5 × 2.5–3.8 μm (x = 14.2 × 2.9 μm, n = 20), 2–3-seriate,
holotype), ex-type living culture, MFLUCC 10–0557, hyaline, fusiform, 1-septate, occasionally with large upper
KUMCC; Phang-Nga Province, Amphoe Mueang Phang- cell, with narrowly rounded ends, smooth-walled, surrounded
nga, Tambon Tham Nam Phut, forest, 8°26′24″N 98°32′15″ by a thick gelatinous sheath 2.5–4.5 μm wide; each cell with
E, on dead culms of bamboo, 5 December 2014, Kevin D. 1–2 guttules. Asexual morph: Undetermined.
Hyde DDQ00288 (MFLU 16–0882, paratype), living cul- Culture characters: Ascospores germinating on PDA with-
tures, MFLUCC 15–0189, MUCL 55886. in 24 h and germ tubes produced at both ends. Colonies slow
Fungal Diversity

Fig. 10 Bambusicola pustulata (MFLU 15–1216, holotype). a Ascospores (h, i Ascospores surrounded by gelatinous sheath). k
Appearance of ascostromata on bamboo host. b, c Vertical section of Germinating ascospore. i Cultures on PDA. Scale bars: a = 500 μm, b,
ascostromata. d Peridium. e Pseudoparaphyses. f, g Asci. h–j c = 100 μm, d = 10 μm, e–k = 5 μm

growing, attaining 35 mm diam. after 40 days at room tem- forest, 8°26′24″N 98°32′15″E, on dead culms of bamboo, 5
perature (25–28 °C), under 12 h light/12 h dark, circular, white December 2014, Kevin D. Hyde DDQ00289 (MFLU 15–
on the periphery and yellowish green in center from above, 1216, holotype); Ibid. (KUN HKAS88723, isotype), ex-
dark yellow to black from below. type living cultures, MFLUCC 15–0190, MUCL 55887.
Material examined: THAILAND, Phang-Nga Province, Notes: Bambusicola pustulata is similar to B. bambusae in
Amphoe Mueang Phang-nga, Tambon Tham Nam Phut, having small, immersed ascostromata, cylindrical asci and
 Fungal Diversity

slightly broad fusiform, 1-septate, hyaline ascospores (Dai et Fig. 11 Bambusicola thailandica (MFLU 11–0183, holotype). a„
al. 2012). However, this new taxon differs by having dark Appearance of ascomata on host surface. b Vertical section through
ascoma. c, d Section through peridium. e Pseudoparaphyses. f–h Asci.
ascostromata and smaller ascospores (14.2 × 2.9 μm vs.
i–m Ascospores. n, o Culture characteristics (upper and lower sides).
17.6 × 3.4 μm), and greener culture (Dai et al. 2012). The Scale bars: b = 100 μm, c–h = 20 μm, i–m = 5 μm
branch length of the phylogenetic tree (Fig. 8) also indicates
they are different species.
Bambusicola thailandica Phookamsak, D.Q. Dai & K.D. whereas, these in B. triseptatispora are pointed.
Hyde, sp. nov. Bambusicola thailandica forms a distinct clade in multi-
Index Fungorum: IF552023; Facesoffungi number: FoF gene analyses, at the base of Bambusicola, whereas
01971; Fig. 11 B. triseptatispora clusters with B. loculata (Fig. 8).
Etymology: The epithet Bthailandica^ refers to the country Bambusicola triseptatispora Phookamsak, D.Q. Dai &
where the fungus was collected. K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Holotype: MFLU 11–0183 Index Fungorum: IF552024; Facesoffungi number: FoF
Saprobic on dead bamboo culms. Sexual morph: 01972; Fig. 12
Ascostromata 90–155 μm high, 310–400 μm diam., soli- Etymology: The epithet Btriseptatispora^ refers to the 3-
tary, scattered to gregarious, immersed in host cortex to septate ascospores and conidia.
semi-immersed, erumpent through host tissue at maturity, Holotype: MFLU 11–0202
visible as raised, dark spots on host surface, with flattened Saprobic on rotten dead bamboo culms. Sexual morph:
base, convex or dome-shaped, wedge-shaped at sides, Ascostromata 180–310 μm high, 470–730 μm diam.,
uniloculate, glabrous, with centrally located ostiole, with scattered to clustered, solitary to gregarious, immersed,
a clypeus and flattened tope. Peridium 14–28 μm wide, sub-epidermal, visible as raised, black structures on the
thin-to thick-walled, of unequal thickness, poorly devel- host surface, with flattened base, convex or dome-shaped
oped at the base, composed of several layers of dark to ampulliform, uni-loculate; sometimes forming
brown to black, pseudoparenchymatous cells intermixed pseudostroma, bi- to tri-loculate, glabrous, centrally
with host cells, arranged in a textura angularis to textura ostiolate ascomata. Peridium 10–40 μm wide, thin- to
epidermoidea, coriaceous. Hamathecium of dense, 1–2 μm thick-walled, of unequal thickness, slightly thick at the
wide, filamentous, indistinctly septate, smooth-walled, cel- sides, poorly developed at the base, composed of several
lular pseudoparaphyses, anastomosing at the apex, embed- layers of brown to dark brown, pseudoparenchymatous
ded in a hyaline, gelatinous matrix. Asci (60–)70– cells interdispersed with host cells, with inner layers com-
90(−97) × 10–12(−14) μm (x = 75.5 × 12 μm, n = 20), 8- prising several layers of hyaline textura angularis cells,
spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, broadly cylindrical to outer layers comprising several layers of flattened, brown
cylindri-clavate, with a short pedicel, apically rounded to dark brown textura angularis cells, coriaceous.
with well-developed ocular chamber. Ascospores (16–)18– Hamathecium dense, filamentous, 1–2 μm wide, distinctly
22(−24) × (3.5–)4–6 μm (x = 20.8 × 5 μm, n = 30), overlap- septate, smooth-walled, cellular pseudoparaphyses, anasto-
ping, uni- to bi-seriate, hyaline, fusiform, with acute ends, mosing at the apex, embedded in a hyaline gelatinous
3-septate, slightly constricted at the median septum, matrix. Asci (78–)80–100(−110) × 10–12(−14) μm (x =
smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Undetermined. 95 × 11.1 μm, n = 30), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate,
Culture characters: Colonies on MEA fast growing, 65– cylindrical to cylindri-clavate, short pedicellate, apically
70 mm diam. after 4 weeks at 25–30 °C, under 12 h light/12 h rounded, with well-developed ocular chamber. Ascospores
dark, circular, medium dense, flat, slightly raised, smooth, (25–)26–30(−31) × 4–6 μm (x = 27.7 × 5.5 μm, n = 30),
with entire edge, fluffy to floccose, white to cream, reverse overlapping, uni- to bi-seriate, hyaline to pale brown, fu-
white to cream at the margin, reddish grey to greenish grey at siform, with acute ends, 3-septate, rarely constricted at
middle, pale grey at the center, slightly radiating, not produc- septa, smooth-walled, surrounded by an irregular mucilag-
ing pigments. inous sheath. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous, produced
Material examined: THAILAND, Chiang Rai Province, on bamboo pieces on WA after 2 months. Conidiomata
Muang District, Mae Fah Luang University campus grounds, 350–480 μm high, 420–700 μm diam., pycnidial, solitary
on dead culms of bamboo, 13 August 2010, R. Phookamsak, to gregrarious, semi-immersed at the base, becoming su-
RP0063 (MFLU 11–0183, holotype), ex-type living cultures, perficial, visible as raised, black dots on colonies,
MFLUCC 11–0147, KUMCC. eustromatic or sometimes pseudostromatic, irregularly
Notes: Bambusicola thailandica is morphylogically similar shaped, uni- to multi-loculate, covered by vegetative hy-
to B. triseptatispora in having phragmospores, however, dif- phae, with indistinct ostioles. Wall of Comidiomata 17–
fers from latter in having a thiner and lighter peridium. 60 μm wide, thin- to thick-walled, of unequal thickness,
Moreover, ascomata in B. thailandica have a flattened top, slightly thick at sides, composed of several layers, of dark
Fungal Diversity
 Fungal Diversity

Fig. 12 Bambusicola triseptatispora (MFLU 11–0202, holotype). a lower sides). p Conidiomata produced on bamboo pieces on WA. q
Appearance of ascostromata on host surface. b Vertical section through Section through pycnidia. r–t Conidiogenous cells attached with
ascostromata. c, d Section through peridium. e Asci with conidia. u–z Conidia. Scale bars: b, q = 200 μm, c–h, r, t = 20 μm, i–m,
pseudoparaphyses stained with congo red. f–h Asci. i–l Ascospores. m s, u–z = 10 μm
Ascospore stained with Indian ink. n, o Cultures characters (upper and

brown to black, textura angularis to textura prismatica Conidiogenous cells (9–)(10–)12–28(−32) × 1.5–3 μm (x
pseudoparenchymatous cells mixed with host cells. = 18.8 × 2.2 μm, n = 30), holoblastic, determinate, discrete,
Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. cylindrical to irregularly-shaped, hyaline, with distinct
Fungal Diversity

periclinal thickening, smooth. Conidia (15–)18– gelatinous sheath, with guttulate cells. Asexual morph:
20(−22) × 3–5 μm (x = 19.3 × 4.1 μm, n = 30), cylindrical Coelomycetous, produced on bamboo pieces on WA.
to cylindric-clavate, narrow towards ends, apex rounded, Conidiomata eustromatic, immersed to partly immersed, sol-
with truncate base, initially 1-septate and hyaline, becom- itary to gregarious, globose to subglobose, conical in section,
ing 3-septate and brown at maturity, constricted at the dark ostiolate, with a short neck. Conidiomata wall with sev-
septa, smooth, with guttules. eral layers, composed of dark to hyaline cells of textura
Culture characters: Colonies on PDA fast growing, 50– angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells.
60 mm diam. after 4 weeks at 25–30 °C, under 12 h light/ Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic, phialidic, determinate, dis-
12 h dark, irregular, medium dense to dense, flat, slightly crete, ampulliform to cylindrical, smooth-walled. Conidia ob-
raised, rough with lobate edge, fluffy to floccose, or velvety; ovoid, cylindrical to oblong, 0–3-septate, hyaline to pale
white to cream at the margin, white-grey at the centre; reverse brown, rounded at the apex, smooth-walled, guttulate.
white to cream at the margin, pale yellowish to yellowish at Notes: Occultibambusaceae is introduced herein to accom-
middle, yellowish grey to dark grey at the center, slightly modate two new genera Occultibambusa and Seriascoma, a
radiating outwards; forming grey to white tufts, with pycnidia coelomycetous genus Versicolorisporium (Hatakeyama et al.
and yellowish droplets surrounding the colonies. 2008) and Neooccultibambusa introduced in Doilom et al.
Material examined: THAILAND, Mukdahan Province, (2016).
Nongsung District, Wang Hai Village, on dead culms of bam- Species of the family Occultibambusaceae usually
boo, 13 April 2011, R. Phookamsak, RP0082 (MFLU11– occur on monocotyledons, such as bamboo, but have
0202, holotype), ex-type living cultures, MFLUCC 11– also been found on hardwood trees such as teak
0166, KUMCC. (Tectona grandis L.f., Lamiaceae). This family is char-
Notes: Bambusicola triseptatispora is similar to B. acterized by immersed, solitary to gregarious ascomata
thailandica in having phragmosporous, fusiform, 3-septate with black ostioles, broadly cylindrical to clavate,
ascospores. However, B. triseptatispora differs from B. bitunicate asci, cellular pseudoparaphyses and broad-fu-
thailandica by the colour of its ascospores, ascostromata and siform, hyaline to dark brown ascospores with 1–3 sep-
asexual morph. Bambusicola triseptatispora has ta. The asexual morphs are morphologically diverse. For
phragmosporous, fusiform, pale brown, 3-septate, smooth as- example, the conidia in the genus Occultibambusa are
cospores with uni- to multi-loculate pseudoascostromata and oblong and pale brown, whereas Seriascoma has cylin-
phragmosporous, cylindric-clavate, brown, 3-septate conidia, drical and hyaline conidia. Obovoid conidia with a
whereas B. thailandica forms phragmosporous, fusiform, hy- darker middle cell are observed in Versicolorisporium
aline, ascospores slightly constricted at median septum, with (Hatakeyama et al. 2008). However, they are all formed
scattered, uni-loculate ascostromata. The asexual morph of B. in eustromatic conidomata and have phialidic
triseptatispora is similar to B. splendida. However, B. conidiogenous cells with enteroblastic conidiogenesis.
triseptatispora has smaller conidia and longer conidiogenous Members of Occultibambusaceae are similar to species of
cells. Based on multi-gene phylogenetic analyses (Fig. 8), B. Bambusicola, Lophiostoma, and Massarina in having fusi-
triseptatispora forms a robust clade with B. loculata, which is form ascospores and clavate asci (Zhang et al. 2009; Dai
similar, but has multi-loculate ascomata and 1-septate asco- et al. 2012, 2015). However, Bambusicola has hyaline asco-
spores (Dai et al. 2015). spores and asexual morphs with usually annellidic
Occultibambusaceae D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde, fam. nov. conidiogenous cells (Dai et al. 2012). Ascospores of the spe-
Index Fungorum number: IF552012; Facesoffungi cies of Occultibambusaceae are mostly brown, no annellidic
number: FoF 01973 conidiogenous cells observed. Lophiostoma has ascomata
Saprobic on dead bamboo culms or teak branches, forming containing a compressed/crest-like ostiole (Zhang et al.
dark, ascostromata on raised areas, with ostiolate oppening. 2009; Thambugala et al. 2015), while those in
Sexual morph: Ascostromata solitary, scattered or gregarious, Occultibambusaceae are papillate. Lophiostoma and
subglobose, uni- or multi-loculate, greyish to dark brown, Massarina differ by cylindrical or oblong asci (Zhang et al.
coriaceous, with a central, papillate, rounded ostiole, internal- 2009; Thambugala et al. 2015).
ly lined with periphyses. Peridium comprising host and fungal The family Occultibambusaceae is phylogenetically close
tissues or, only fungal tissue brown and thick-walled to hya- to the family Biatriosporaceae (Fig. 13). However, the species
line and thin-walled cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium of Biatriosporaceae are manglicolous and the dark brown
composed of long, septate, cellular pseudoparaphyses, above ascospores usually have hyaline, rounded, swollen ends which
the asci. Asci 8-spored, bitunicate, broadly cylindrical to cla- release mucilage (Hyde et al. 2013). Members of
vate, with a short furcate pedicel, with a shallow ocular cham- Occultibambusaceae are separated from Biatriosporaceae
ber. Ascospores 2–3-seriate, slightly broad-fusiform, 1–3-sep- by high bootstrap support (100 % MLBP, BYPP greater than
tate, hyaline, pale brown to dark brown, surrounded by a 0.90).
 Fungal Diversity

Type: Occultibambusa D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde still immersed under host tissue. Sexual morph:
Occultibambusa D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde, gen. nov. Ascostromata 150–200 μm high, 400–550 μm diam., solitary,
Index Fungorum number: IF552013; Facesoffungi scattered, immersed, subglobose, slightly conical in section,
number: FoF 01974 uni-loculate, black at the ostiolar regions, coriaceous, with a
Etymology: Occulti means hidden in Latin, and refers to central, rounded, papillate ostiole, lined internally with
members of this genus hidden on bamboo substrates. periphyses. Peridium comprising host and fungal tissues,
Saprobic on dead bamboo culms, forming dark, round, 30–45 μm thick, composed of brown to hyaline, thick- to
black spots on host surface, with ascostromata on raised areas, thin-walled cells of textura angularis, intermingled with host
with an ostiolate oppening. Sexual morph: Ascostromata sol- cells, with basal part 15–30 μm thick; wedge of palisade-like
itary, scattered, immersed under host tissue, subglobose, con- cells at the periphery: 50–100 μm thick, composed of large,
ical in section, uni-loculate, black at ostiolar region, coria- brown cells. Hamathecium composed of long, 2–3.5 μm
ceous, with a central, papillate, rounded ostiole, internally wide, septate, cellular pseudoparaphyses branching above
lined with periphyses. Peridium comprising host and fungal the asci. Asci (50–)60–80(−90) × (9.5–)11.5–14.5(−15) μm
tissues, composed of brown and thick-walled to hyaline (x = 70.8 × 13.1 μm, n = 20), 8-spored, bitunicate, broadly
and thin-walled cells of textura angularis intermingled cylindrical, with a short furcate pedicel, with a shallow ocular
with host cells. Hamathecium composed of long, septate, apical chamber. Ascospores (22–)23.5–27.5 × 4.5–7 μm (x =
cellular pseudoparaphyses above the asci. Asci 8-spored, 25.7 × 6.3 μm, n = 20), 2–3-seriate, slightly broad and fusi-
bitunicate, broadly cylindrical to clavate, with a short form, 1-septate, occasionally with larger upper cell, narrowly
furcate pedicel, and a shallow ocular chamber. acute at both ends, dark brown, straight to curved, surrounded
Ascospores 2–3-seriate, broad-fusiform, 1-septate, usually by a gelatinous sheath, each cell with 2–3 guttules. Asexual
with larger upper cell, narrowly acute at both ends, dark morph: Undetermined.
brown, straight to curved, surrounded by a gelatinous Cultural characters: Ascospores germinating on PDA
sheath, guttulate. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous, pro- within 24 h with germ tubes produced from both cells.
duced on bamboo pieces on WA. Conidiomata Colonies growing slowly on PDA, reaching 1.5–2 mm in
eustromatic, immersed to partly-immersed, solitary to gre- 18 days at 28 °C, under 12 h light/12 h dark, circular, floccose,
garious, globose to subglobose, black, with a black papil- with even margin, dark brown above and below. Mycelium
lae or short neck. Wall of conidiomata comprising several immersed and superficial in the media, composed of
layers, composed of dark to hyaline cells of textura branched, septate, smooth-walled, brown hyphae.
angularis. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. Material examined: THAILAND, Chiang Rai Province,
Conidiogenous cells enteroblastic, phialidic, determinate, Mae Fah Luang Unversity, on dead culms of bamboo, 9 July
ampulliform to cylindrical, smooth-walled. Conidia ob- 2013, Dong-Qin Dai, DDQ00262 (MFLU 15–1212,
long, aseptate, pale brown to hyaline, rounded at the apex, holotype); Ibid. (KUN HKAS88749, isotype), ex-type living
smooth-walled, guttulate. cultures, MFLUCC 13–0855, CBS 139960, MUCL 55882;
Type species: Occultibambusa bambusae D.Q. Dai & Chiang Mai, Mae Sae Village, on dead culms of bamboo, 14
K.D. Hyde May 2011, Dong-Qin Dai, DDQ00025 (MFLU 16–0880),
Notes: The genus Occultibambusa is characterized by im- living culture, MFLUCC 11–0394.
mersed, dark coloured, ascostromata with periphysate osti- Notes: Occultibambusa bambusae is similar to O.
oles, broad cylindrical to clavate asci, and dark brown, fusi- fusispora in having clavate asci and fusiform, dark brown
form, 1-septate ascospores. The asexual morphs of ascospores. However, O. bambusae differs in its larger
Occultibambusa produce black necks at the center of the ascomata (150–200 μm high, 400–550 μm diam. vs. 135–
conidiomata. This character is not observed in other genera 185 μm high, 240–275 μm diam.). The branch length of phy-
of the family Occultibambusaceae. Characters such as pale logenetic tree shows they are different species (Fig. 13).
brown and oblong conidia are similar with Bambusicola spe- Occultibambusa bambusae can produce ascomata on bamboo
cies (Dai et al. 2012), however, annellidic conidiogenous cells pieces on WA after 3 months, however, asexual morph are not
are not observed in Occultibambusa. ovserved from culture.
Occultibambusa bambusae D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde, sp.
nov. Fig. 13 Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree generated by RAxML„
Index Fungorum number: IF552016; Facesoffungi (GTR+G model) based on combined SSU, LSU, TEF1 and RPB2
number: FoF 01975; Fig. 14 sequence data. MP/ML values (>50 %) resulting from 1000 bootstrap
Etymology: Refers to the bamboo host. replicates are given at the nodes, and branches with Bayesian posterior
probabilities greater than 0.90 are given in bold. The original isolate
Holotype: MFLU 15–1212 numbers are noted after the species names. The tree is rooted to
Saprobic on dead bamboo culms, forming dark, round Dothidea insculpta (CBS 189.58). Ex-type strains are in bold. The new
spots on host surface, with ascostromata on raised areas, but family is highlighted with a yellow background
Fungal Diversity

92/100 Cochliobolus heterostrophus AFTOL-ID 54

99/100 Pleospora herbarum CBS 191.86
100/100 Alternaria alternata CBS 916.96 Pleosporaceae
97/100 Pyrenophora phaeocomes DAOM 222769
Phoma betae CBS 109410
59/75
90/100 Cucurbitaria berberidis CBS 394.84
56/71 Pyrenochaeta nobilis CBS 407.76
Cucurbitariaceae
Coniothyrium palmarum AFTOL-ID 1379
94/100 52/75 Neophaeosphaeria filamentosa CBS 102202
Coniothyriaceae
--/98 Didymella exigua CBS 183.55
100/99 Macroventuria anomochaeta CBS 525.71 Didymellaceae
--/93 56/56 Monascostroma innumerosum CBS 345.50
Dothidotthia aspera CPC 12933
Dothidotthia symphoricarpi CPC 12929
Dothidotthiaceae
66/84 100/100 Halojulella avicenniae BCC 18422
Halojulella avicenniae BCC 20173
Halojulellaceae
98/100 Bambusicola splendida MFLUCC 11-0439
Bambusicola massarinia MFLUCC 11-0389
Bambusicolaceae
73/--
98/98 Montagnula opulenta CBS 168.34
--/81 Didymosphaeriaceae
Paraconiothyrium minitans CBS 122788
67/98 Lentithecium fluviatile CBS 122367
99/98 Ophiosphaerella sasicola KT1706 Lentitheciaceae
--/61
Keissleriella cladophila CBS 104.55
--/86 93/100 Halomassarina thalassiae BCC 17055
100/100
71/99 Halomassarina thalassiae BCC 17054 Morosphaeriaceae
Trematosphaeria pertusa CBS 122368
100/100 Morosphaeria ramunculicola JK5304B
--/96 99/100 Morosphaeria velataspora BCC 17059Trematosphaeriaceae
Helicascus nypae BCC 36752
100/100 Corynespora smithii CABI 5649b
Corynesporaceae
Corynespora cassiicola CBS 100822
--/78 Massariosphaeria phaeospora CBS 611.86
50/92
Thyridaria rubronotata CBS 419.85
Thyridariaceae
63/57 Monotosporella tuberculata CBS 256.84
64/53 Herpotrichia macrotricha GKM196N
81/85 Melanomma pulvis-pyrius CBS 124080 Meloanomamataceae
97/100 Byssosphaeria salebrosa SMH2387
100/100 Prosthemium stellare VM20050611
Pleomassariaceae
Pleomassaria siparia AFTOL-ID 1600

100/100 Occultibambusa bambusae MFLUCC 11-0394

97/100 Occultibambusa bambusae MFLUCC 13-0855
--/95 Occultibambusa pustula MFLUCC 11-0502
90/83 Occultibambusa fusispora MFLUCC 11-0127
--/65 84/87 Versicolorisporium triseptatum JCM 14775 Occultibambusaceae
MFLUCC 12-0564
94/96 92/100
Neooccultibambusa chiangraiensis MFLUCC 12-0559
100/100 Seriascoma didymospora MFLUCC 11-0179
84/100 Seriascoma didymospora MFLUCC 11-0194
87/70 Biatriospora mackinnonii CBS674.75
53/51 Biatriospora mackinnonii CBS110022
100/100 Biatriospora sp. E11301D
Biatriospraceae
--/79 Biatriospora marina CY 1228
100/100 Roussoella nitidula MFLUCC 11-0182
100/100 Roussoella nitidula MFLUCC11-0634
--/90 Roussoella hysterioides HH26988 Roussoellaceae
100/100 76/87
--/79 Roussoella pustulans KT1709
Neoroussoella bambusea MFLUCC 11-0124
94/97 Paradictyoarthrinium diffractum MFLUCC 13-0466
100/100 Paradictyoarthrinium diffractum MFLUCC 12-0557 Paradictyoarthriniaceae
Paradictyoarthrinium tectonicola MFLUCC 13-0465
98/99 Paradictyoarthrinium tectonicola MFLUCC 12-0556
87/93 Preussia funiculata CBS 659.74
94/100 Preussia minima AFTOL-ID1256 Sporormiacea
--/58 Westerdykella ornata CBS 379.55
99/100 Decaisnella formosa BCC 25617 Lophiostomataceae
--/74 Lophiostoma macrostomoides GKM 1033
100/100 Halotthia posidoniae BBH 22481
Mauritiana rhizophorae BCC 28866 Halotthiaceae
82/95 Anteaglonium parvulum SMH 5223
93/95 Anteaglonium abbreviatum ANM 925a
97/95 Anteaglonium globosum SMH 5283
Anteagloniaceae
--/73 Anteaglonium latirostrum GKM 1119
99/96 Lophiotrema nucula CBS 627.86
Lophiotrema lignicola CBS 122364
Lophiotremataceae
100/100 Aigialus grandis BCC 18419
89/99
Aigialus mangrovis BCC 33564 Aigialaceae
Fissuroma maculans MFLUCC 10-0886
100/100 Massaria vomitoria WU30606
90/86 Massariaceae
Massaria campestris WU30611
Massaria inquinans CBS 122369
96/63 Tetraplosphaeria sasicola KT563
2x Tetralosphaeraceae
Quadricrura septentrionalis CBS 125430
100/99 Massariosphaeria grandispora CBS 613.86
Amniculicola immersa CBS 123083
Amniculicolaceae
97/95 Delitschia chaetomioides SMH 3253.2
Delitschiaceae
Delitschia winteri CBS 225.62
2x
Dothidea insculpta CBS 189.58

0.08
 Fungal Diversity

Fig. 14 Occultibambusa bambusae (MFLU 15–1212, holotype). a–c ascospores. k Pseudoparaphyses. l Germinating ascospore. m–o Dark
Ascostromata developing on bamboo culm. d Ostiole with periphyses. e, brown ascospores with a single septum. p Ascospore with gelatinous
f Vertical section of ascostroma (e Ascostroma with wedge of palisade- sheath. q, r Cultures on MEA. Scale bars: a = 5 cm, b, c = 500 μm,
like cells at the periphery). g Wall of ascostroma. h–j Asci containing e = 100 μm, d, f, g = 50 μm, h–p = 10 μm

Occultibambusa fusispora Phookamsak, D.Q. Dai & at the sides and towards apex, poorly developed at the
K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. base, composed of several layers of small, brown to
Index Fungorum: IF552017; Facesoffungi number: FoF dark brown, textura angularis to textura prismatica
01976; Fig. 15 pseudoparenchymatous cells.. Hamathecium composed
Etymology: The epithet Bfusispora^ refers to the fusiform of dense, broad, 1.8–2.7 μm wide, filamentous, distinct-
ascospores. ly septate, cellular pseudoparaphyses, not constricted at
Holotype: MFLU 11–0163 the septa, anastomosing at the apex, embedded in a
Saprobic on dead bamboo culm. Sexual morph: gelatinous matrix. Asci (60–)65–90(−110) × (11–)12–
Ascomata 135–185 μm high, 240–275 μm diam., 14(−15)(−16) μm (x = 75.6 × 13.2 μm, n = 30), 8-spored,
scattered, gregarious, subpepidermal, semi-immersed to bitunicate, fissitunicate, clavate to cylindric-clavate,
erumpent through host surface, raised, brown to dark short pedicellate, with furcate to obtuse ends, apically
brown, with black papillate dots, conical with wedged ro un ded w ith well -de ve lope d, oc ula r c ha m be r.
sides, uni-loculate, ostiole central with minute papilla. Ascospores (20–)22–25(−26) × 5–6(−6.5) μm (x =
Peridium 7–60 μm wide, pseudostromatic, with thin- 23.9 × 5.7 μm, n = 30), overlapping, bi-seriate, fusiform,
to thick-walled cells of unequal thickness, slightly thick with acute ends, light brown, mostly 1-septate, rarely 2–
Fungal Diversity

Fig. 15 Occultibambusa fusispora (MFLU 11–0163, holotype). a on WA. o Section through pycnostroma. p Pycnidial wall. q–s
Appearance of ascostromata on host surface. b Vertical section through Conidiogenous cells. t–x Conidia. Scale bars: o = 200 μm, b = 100 μm,
ascostroma. c Section through peridium. d Asci with pseudoparaphyses. c = 50 μm, d–h, p = 20 μm, i–m, q–s = 10 μm, t–x = 5 μm
e–h Asci. i–m Ascospores. n Pycnostroma produced on bamboo pieces

3-septate, not constricted at the septum, slightly curved, 500–800 μm diam., eustromatic, subepidermal, solitary
smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Coeloemycetous, pro- to gregarious, clustered, visible as raised, black, elon-
duced on bamboo pieces on WA after 12 weeks. gate spikes, covered by sparse hyphae on bamboo
Conidiomata 160–250 μm high (including beaks), pieces, elongate irregular in shape, multi-loculate,
 Fungal Diversity

glabrous, ostiolate with long beaked papilla. Locules Saprobic on decaying bamboo culms, forming black,
140–250 μm high (including neck), 110–230 μm diam., rounded, pustule-like spots on host surface, with im-
gregarious, clustered, immersed in cortex of host to mersed ascostromata on raised areas. Sexual morphs:
erumpent through host surface by papilla, conical to Ascostromata 150–200 μm high, 200–300 μm diam.,
ampulliform, or irregular-shaped. Neck 50–195 μm high immersed, subepidermal, slightly conical, black, with a
50–100 μm diam., in each locule, ostiole central, slight- centrally located ostiole. Peridium 30–80 μm thick,
ly oblique, with short to long beaks. Wall of composed of brown and thick-walled to hyaline and
conidiomata 10–45 μm wide, thin- to thick-walled, of thin-walled textura angularis, upper peridium combined
unequal thickness, thick at the sides and base of with epidermal cells. Hamathecium composed of dense,
pycnidia, composed of several layers of dark brown to long, up to 2 μm wide, cellular pseudoparaphyses above
black, textura angularis to textura prismatica pseudo- the asci. Asci 80–105 × 8–12 μm (x = 90.4 × 11.4 μm,
parenchymatous cells, with host cells and fungal tissue. n = 20), 8-spored, bitunicate, cylindrical, with a short
Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells. furcate pedicel, with a shallow ocular chamber.
Conidiogenous cells (6–)7–12(−15) × 2–4 μm (x = Ascospores 22–25 × 5–5.5 μm (x = 21.6 × 5.3 μm,
10.2 × 2.7 μm, n = 30), enteroblastic, phialidic, determi- n = 20), 2–3-seriate, slightly broad-fusiform, 1-septate,
nate, discrete, cylindrical to ampulliform or lageniform, hyaline to pale brown, guttulate, surrounded by a gelat-
hyaline, aseptate, apically attenuated, with indistinct inous sheath. Asexual morphs: Undetermined.
periclinal thickening, smooth-walled. Conidia (14–)15– Culture characters: Ascospores germinating on PDA
17(−19) × 4–5(−5.5) μm (x = 16.5 × 5.2 μm, n = 30), ob- within 24 h and germ tubes produced from both ends.
long to cylindrical, with rounded ends, hyaline, aseptate, Colonies growing slowly on PDA, reaching 40 mm in
smooth-walled, with large guttules. 2 weeks at 28 °C, under 12 h light/12 h dark, circular,
Culture characters: Colonies on MEA fast growing, 55– edge regular, flocculent, dark brown from above and
60 mm diam. after 4 weeks at 25–30 °C, under 12 h light/12 h below. Mycelium superficial to immersed in media,
dark, colonies irregular, dense, flat, slightly raised, dull to composed of branched, septate, smooth hyphae.
rough, with undulate edge, velvety, radiating, wrinkled and Material examined: THAILAND, Chiang Rai, Mae Fah
folded at the margin, green to brown greenish at the margin, Luang University, on dead culm of bamboo, 19 July 2011,
dull green to white-grey at the centre from above, brown Dong-Qin Dai DDQ00081 (MFLU 15–1185, holotype);
greenish at the margin, dark greenish to black at the centre Ibid. (KUN HKAS88695, isotype), ex-type living culture,
from below, no pigments on PDA. MFLUCC 11–0502.
Material examined: THAILAND, Chiang Rai Province, Notes: Occultabambusa pustula is similar to O.
Mae Fah Luang District, Doi Tung, on dead branch of bam- bambusae in having broad fusiform, 1-septate ascospores,
boo, 29 June 2010, R. Phookamsak, RP0043 (MFLU 11– but the latter has darker brown ascospores. Further distinctions
0163, holotype), ex-type living cultures, MFLUCC 11– between O. pustula and O. bambusae is that the former has
0127, KUMCC. raised and darker ascomata and there are also colony differ-
Notes: Morphologically, Occultabambusa fusispora is sim- ences. Branch length in the phylogenetic tree (Fig. 13) shows
ilar to O. bambusae in having clavate asci and fusiform, that they are different species with high bootstrap support
brown ascospores. However, they differ in the size of asci value (97/100 % MPBP/MLBP, BYPP greater than 0.90).
and ascospores, ascospore septation, sheath surrounding the Seriascoma Phookamsak, D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde, gen.
ascospores and asexual morph. Occultabambusa fusispora nov.
has longer asci (60–110 μm vs. 50–90 μm) and smaller asco- Index Fungorum number: IF552014; Facesoffungi
spores (22–25 × 5–6 μm vs. 23.5–27.5 × 4.5–7 μm). In addi- number: FoF 01978
tion, O. fusispora has 1–3-septate ascospores, lacks a muci- Etymology: The generic epithet BSeriascoma^ refers to the
laginous sheath. Occultabambusa bambusae has 1-septate as- elongate rows of ascomata which form on the host surface.
cospores with a mucilaginous sheath. Based on multi-gene Saprobic on bamboo culms. Sexual morph: Ascostromata
phylogenetic analyses (Fig. 13), O. fusispora forms a robust gregarious, clustered, immersed beneath clypeus, coriaceous,
clade which is distinct from O. bambusae (95 % MLBP, raised, erumpent in linear rows, with slit-like opening, multi-
BYPP greater than 0.90). Therefore, we introduce a second loculate, ostiolate. Locules arranged in rows, immersed, clus-
species in the genus Occultabambusa. tered, gregarious, subglobose to ampulliform, or quadrilateral,
Occultibambusa pustula D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. glabrous, central ostiole with minute papilla. Peridium thick-
Index Fungorum number: IF552018; Facesoffungi walled, composed of several layers of small, dark brown pseu-
number: FoF 01977; Fig. 16 doparenchymatous cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium
Etymology: Refers to its pustule-like ascomata. composed of broad, filamentous, distinctly, septate, cellular,
Holotype: MFLU 15–1212 pseudoparaphyses. Asci 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate,
Fungal Diversity

Fig. 16 Occultibambusa pustula

(MFLU 15–1185, holotype). a
Appearance of ascostromata on
bamboo. b Vertical section of
ascostromata. c, d Asci. e
Pseudoparaphyses. f Germinating
ascospores. h, i Culture on PDA.
Scale bars: b = 50 μm, c–f = 5 μm

clavate, long pedicellate, apically rounded, with well-devel- discrete, cylindrical to ampulliform or lageniform, hya-
oped, ocular chamber. Ascospores overlapping, uni- to tri-se- line, aseptate, apically attenuated, with distinct periclinal
riate, clavate to fusiform, with rounded ends, hyaline, 1-sep- thickening, smooth-walled. Conidia oblong, with round-
tate, slightly constricted at the septum, straight to curved, ed to obtuse ends, hyaline, aseptate, smooth-walled.
smooth-walled, with guttules. Asexual morph: Type species: Seriascoma didymospora Phookamsak,
Coelomycetous, Conidiomata eustromatic, solitary to gre- D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde
garious, immersed in cortex layers, raised, black, elon- Notes: Seriascoma is introduced to accommodate
gate on bamboo pieces, conical, uni-loculate, glabrous, Dothideomycete species forming elongated, multiloculate, co-
covered by vegetative hyphae. Wall of conidiomata riaceous ascostromata, embedded beneath a clypeus,
comprising host and fungi tissue, with several layers erumpent and splitting the host epidemis parallel with the
composed of dark brown to black, textura angularis veination to form a slit like opening. The ascospores are
pseudoparenchymatous cells. Conidiophores arising from didymosporous, clavate to fusiform andhyaline. The genus is
the basal cavity, reduced to conidiogenous cells. commonly found on bamboo. Seriascoma morphologically
Conidiogenous cells holoblastic, phialidic, determinate, differs from other genera in the family Occultabambusaceae
 Fungal Diversity

in the position of its ascostromata under a clypeus. The asex- reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells 4–
ual m o rph of S er i asco ma is a lso differ ent from 7(−8) × 1.5–3 μm (x = 5.7 × 2.4 μm, n = 30), enteroblastic,
Occultabambusa and Versicolorisporium. Seriascoma has hy- phialidic, determinate, discrete, cylindrical to ampulliform or
aline, oblong, aseptate conidia, similar to Occultabambusa, lageniform, hyaline, aseptate, apically attenuated, with distinct
but the conidia of Seriascoma (4.9 × 1.9 μm) are smaller than periclinal thickening, smooth-walled. Conidia 4–5.5 × 1.5–
Occultabambusa (16.5 × 5.2 μm). Versicolorisporium forms 2 μm (x = 4.9 × 1.9 μm, n = 30), oblong, with rounded to
brown, clavate and septate conidia. Based on multi-gene anal- obtuse ends, hyaline, aseptate, smooth-walled.
yses (Fig. 13), Seriascoma forms a robust clade, close to Culture characters: Colonies on PDA fast growing, 64–
Neooccultabambusa (Doilom et al. 2016). Ascostroma of 73 mm diam. after 4 weeks at 25–30 °C, under 12 h light/
Seriascoma are similar to those of Apiospora which are com- 12 h dark, colonies circular, dense, flat, slightly raised, smooth
monly found on bamboo. However, Apiospora has with entire edge, velvety to floccose, slightly radiating, aspect
unitunicate asci and belongs to Sordariomycetes smooth, slightly raised at the centre, dull green to dark green
(Senanayake et al. 2015). Therefore, we propose to introduce from above, blackish green from below.
the new genus Seriascoma. Material examined: THAILAND, Chiang Rai Province,
Seriascoma didymospora Phookamsak, D.Q. Dai, Mae Jun District, Huai Kang Pla waterfall, on dead clums of
S.C.Karunarathana & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. bamboo, 25 October 2010, R. Phookamsak, RP0095 (MFLU
Index Fungorum number: IF552015; Facesoffungi 11–0215, holotype), ex-type living cultures, MFLUCC 11–
number: FoF 01979; Fig. 17 0179, KUMCC; Muang District, Khun Korn waterfall, on
Etymology: The epithet Bdidymospora^ refers to the asco- dead culms of bamboo, 13 January 2011,
spores having two cells. S.C.Karunarathana, RP0110 (MFLU 11–0230, paratype), liv-
Holotype: MFLU 11–0215 ing cultures, MFLUCC 11–0194, KUMCC.
Saprobic on bamboo culms. Sexual morph: Ascostromata Roussoellaceae J.K. Liu, et al. Phytotaxa 181(1): 7 (2014)
150–320 μm high, 1000–1900 μm diam., gregarious, clus- The family Roussoellaceae, introduced by Liu et al.
tered, immersed beneath clypeus, coriaceous, raised, (2014), is characterized by immersed, gregarious, clypeate
erumpent in linear rows, with slit-like opening, multi-loculate, ascostromata, cylindrical, bitunicate asci and 2-celled, brown,
ostiolate. Locules 120–230 μm high, 180–300 μm diam., ar- ornamented ascospores. Wijayawardene et al. (2014) included
ranged in rows, clustered, gregarious, subglobose to five genera, Appendispora, Cytoplea, Neoroussoella,
ampulliform, glabrous, central ostiole with minute papilla. Roussoella and Roussoellopsis, in this family. Members of
Peridium 15–85 μm wide, thin- to thick-walled, sometimes Roussoellaceae mostly occur on monocotyledons, such as
unequal in thickness, thicker at the sides towards apex, thinner bamboo and palms (Hyde et al. 1996; Hyde 1997; Liu et al.
at the base, composed of several layers of small, dark brown 2014). Crous et al. (2014b), however, described a new species,
pseudoparenchymatous cells of textura angularis. Roussoella acaciae, from Acacia, a dicotyledonous plant. The
Hamathecium composed of 2–2.5 μm wide, broad, filamen- asexual morphs of this family are linked to Cytoplea,
tous, distinctly septate cellular pseudoparaphyses. Asci Melanconiopsis and Neomelanconium (Liu et al. 2014).
(56–)60–75(−80) × 8–11(−13) μm (x = 68 × 10 μm, n = 30), Ariyawansa et al. (2015) reported a microconidial state occur-
8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate, clavate, long pedicellate, ring in the same conidiomata of Roussoella species.
with furcate to obtuse ends, apically rounded, with well- Roussoella Sacc., in Saccardo & Paoletti, Atti Inst. Veneto
developed ocular chamber. Ascospores 11–12(−14.5) × 3– Sci. lett., ed Arti, Sér. 6 6: 410 (1888)
4 μm (x = 11.9 × 3.9 μm, n = 30), overlapping, uni- to tri- Roussoella was introduced by Saccardo and Paoletti
seriate, didymosporous, clavate to fusiform, with rounded (1888), with the type species R. nitidula Sacc. & Paol., which
ends, hyaline, slightly constricted at the septum, straight to was collected from bamboo in Malaysia. This genus was pre-
curved, with upper cell shorter and wider than lower cell, viously placed in order Xylariales (Müller and von Arx 1962),
smooth-walled, with large and small guttules. Asexual as from the asci and the paraphyses, it was very difficult to
morph: Coelomycetous, produced on bamboo pieces on distinguish if they were unitunicate or bitunicate. However,
WA after 4 months. Conidiomata 110–170 μm high, 250– Hyde et al. (1996) re-examined the type material and
470 μm diam., eustromatic, solitary to gregarious, semi- demonstrated that Roussoella has bitunicate asci, lacking a
immersed in cortex layers, to erumpent, raised, black, elongate blue staining ring. Hyde (1997) reviewed Roussoella with a
on bamboo pieces, conical, uni-loculate, glabrous, covered by modified key provided. The asexual morph of Roussoella
vegetative hyphae. Wall of conidiomata 8–80 μm thick, thin- links to Cytoplea (Liu et al. 2014).
to thick-walled, of unequal thickness, thick at the sides, com- Roussoella mukdahanensis Phookamsak, D.Q. Dai &
prised of host and fungi tissue, with several layers of dark K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
brown to black, pseudoparenchymatous cells of textura Index Fungorum: IF552025; Facesoffungi number: FoF
angularis. Conidiophores arising from the base of the cavity, 01980; Fig. 18
Fungal Diversity

Fig. 17 Seriascoma didymospora (MFLU 11–0215, holotype). a i–m Ascospores (MFLU 11–0230). Asexual morph from MFLU 11–
Appearance of ascostromata on host surface (MFLU 11–0230). b 0215: n Rows of conidiomata produced on bamboo pieces on WA. o
Horizontal section through ascostroma (MFLU 11–0230). c Vertical Section through conidiomata. p Conidiomata wall. q–r Conidiogenous
section through ascostroma (MFLU 11–0230). d Section through locule cells. s–x Conidia. Scale bars: c = 200 μm, d, o = 100 μm, e, p = 50 μm, f–
(MFLU 11–0215). e Section through peridium (MFLU 11–0230). f Asci h = 20 μm, i–m = 5 μm, q–x = 2 μm
with pseudoparaphyses (MFLU 11–0230). g–h Asci (MFLU 11–0230).

Etymology: The epithet Bmukdahanensis^ refers to the Saprobic on dead bamboo culms, forming raised, dark
Mukdahan Province, one of the Northeastern provinces in brown areas with black dots on host surface. Sexual morph:
Thailand, where the fungus was found. Ascostromata pseudostromatic, 280–350 μm high, 520–
Holotype: MFLU 11–0237 880 μm diam., solitary to gregarious, immersed, uni- to
 Fungal Diversity

Fig. 18 Roussoella mukdahanensis (MFLU 11–0237, holotype). a i–l Ascospores. m Germinating ascospore. n–o Culture characters
Appearanceof scostromata on host surface. b Vertical section through (n = upper side, o = lower side). Scale bars: b = 100 μm, c = 50 μm, d–h,
ascostroma. c Section through peridium. d Pseudoparaphyses. e–h Asci. m = 20 μm, i–l = 5 μm

multi-loculate. Locules 250–350 μm high, 300–420 μm overlapping, uni-seriate, ellipsoidal to fusiform, with
diam., scattered to clustered, forming groups immersed in rounded to acute ends, brown to dark brown, 1-septate,
ascostroma to erumpent through host surface by papilla, glo- not constricted at the septum, rough-walled, striate or
bose to subglobose, glabrous, ostioles central, with minute longitudinally ribbed. Asexual morph: Undetermined.
papilla, periphyses. Peridium 15–40 μm wide, thin-walled, Culture characters: Colonies on MEA slow growing,
of equal thickness, comprising several layers of flattened, 38–40 mm diam. after 4 weeks at 25–30 °C, under
brown to dark brown, textura angularis to textura 12 h light/12 h dark, colonies irregular, dense, slightly
prismatica pseudoparenchymatous cells, textura raised to umbonate, dull with undulate edge, floccose to
epidermoidea beside papilla . Hamathecium composed velvety, slightly radiating, the margin separated by yel-
of dense, 1.5–2.5 μm wide, cellular pseudoparaphyses, lowish brown concentric ring, white to cream at the
distinctly septate, not constricted at the septa, branched, margin, white to grey outwards towards the centre, grey
anastomosing at the apex, embedded in a gelatinous at the centre from above, white to cream at the margin,
matrix. Asci (65–)70–80(−89) × (7–)8–10 μm (x = grey to dark grey at the centre, separated from margin
77.9 × 8.8 μm, n = 30), 4–6–8-spored, bitunicate, cylin- by orangish brown concentric ring from below, not pro-
drical to cylindric-clavate, short to long pedicellate with ducing pigments.
furcate or knob-like pedicel, apically rounded with in- Material examined: THAILAND, Mukdahan Province,
distinct ocular chamber. Ascospores (10.5–)11– Nongsung District, Wang Hai village, on dead culms of bam-
13(−14) × (4–)5–6 μm (x = 12.4 × 5.4 μm, n = 30), boo, 13 April 2011, R. Phookamsak, RP0117 (MFLU 11–
Fungal Diversity

0237, holotype); Ibid. (BBH isotype), ex-type living cultures, Liu et al. (2014) mentioned that Roussoella species were bare-
MFLUCC 11–0201, KUMCC. ly distinguishable by morphological characters, however, they
Notes: Roussoella mukdahanensis is similar to R. can be separated by phylogenetic investigation.
donacicola, R. minutella, R. munkii, R. neopustulans and R. Roussoella neopustulans D.Q. Dai, J.K. Liu & K.D.
pustulans in the size of asci and ascospores, however, they can Hyde, in Liu et al. Phytotaxa 181(1): 1–33 (2014)
be differentiated by their ascostroma size and morphology on Facesoffungi number: FoF 01981; Fig. 20
the host surface (Saccardo 1891; Aptroot 1995; Ju et al. 1996; Saprobic on dead culms of bamboo, forming raised, brown
Hyde 1997; Liu et al. 2014). Roussoella mukdahanensis is to dark brown area, with black dots on host surface. Sexual
most similar to R. neopustulans and R. pustulans in sharing morph: Ascostromata 210–280 μm high, 300–400 μm diam.,
the size range of asci and ascospores and papillate ostioles in gregarious, immersed to erumpent through host surface by
R. neopustulans (Liu et al. 2014). Based on the multi-gene papilla, globose to subglobose, uni-loculate, glabrous, with a
phylogenetic analyses (Fig. 19), Roussoella mukdahanensis central ostiole, with minute papilla. Peridium 9.5–25.5 μm
distinctly separates from the morphologically similar species. wide, thin-walled, of unequal thickness, slightly thinner at

Roussoella scabrispora MFLUCC 11-0624

Roussoellopsis sp. NBRC106246
--/50
Roussoellopsis tosaensis MAFF 239638
95/93
Roussoellopsis macrospora MFLUCC 12-0005
72/76
Roussoella intermedia NBRC 106245
95/100
Roussoella pustulans MAFF 239637
Roussoella japanensis MAFF 239636
99/95
--/52 Roussoella hysterioides CBS 546.94
96/92
Roussoella verrucispora CBS 125434
Roussoella thailandica MFLUCC 11-0621
100/100Roussoella nitidula MFLUCC 11-0182
100/100
95/95 Roussoella nitidula MFLUCC 11-0634
--/64 Rousoella pustulata MFLUCC 13-0854
Roussoellaceae
87/98
Rousoella pseudohysterioides MFLUCC 13-0852
Roussoella mukdahanensis MFLUCC 11-0201

52/63 Roussoella percutanea CBS 128203

100/100
63/52 Roussoella percutanea CBS 868.95
--/75 67/98
Roussoella acaciae CBS 138873
Neoroussoella bambusae MFLUCC 11-0124
100/100
Neoroussoella bambusae MFLUCC 11-0190
--/87
Roussoella angustior MFLUCC 15–0186
95/96
Roussoella magnatum MFLUCC 15-0186
--/77
100/100 Roussoella chiangraina MFLUCC 10-0556
Roussoella siamensis MFLUCC 11-0149
Roussoella neopustulans MFLUCC 11-0609
100/100
92/100 Roussoella neopustulans MFLUCC 12-0003
Paradictyoarthrinium diffractum MFLUCC 12-0557
100/85
Paradictyoarthrinium diffractum MFLUCC 13-0466
100/99
Paradictyoarthrinium tectonicola MFLUCC 12-0556
Paradictyoarthriniaceae
92/98
Paradictyoarthrinium tectonicola MFLUCC 13-0465
Tetraplosphaeria yakushimensis CBS 125435
100/97
Tetraplosphaeria sasicola KT 563
100/100
Triplosphaeria maxima KT 870 Tetralosphaeriaceae
100/98
Triplosphaeria acuta KT 1170
Lindgomyces angustiascus G202_1a

0.06
Fig. 19 Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree generated by RAxML greater than 0.90 are given in bold. The original isolate numbers are noted
(GTR+G model) based on combined SSU, LSU and TEF1 sequence data. after the species names. The tree is rooted to Lindgomyces angustiascus
MP/ML values (>50 %) resulting from 1000 bootstrap replicates are (G202_1a). Ex-type strains are in bold and newly generated sequences are
given at the nodes, and branches with Bayesian posterior probabilities highlighted with a blue background
 Fungal Diversity

Fig. 20 Roussoella neopustulans (MFLU 11–0241). a Appearance of bamboo pieces on WA. n Vertical section through conidioma. o Section
ascostromata on host surface. b Vertical section through ascostroma. c through pycnidial wall. p Conidiogenous cells. q Conidia stained with
Section through peridium. d Pseudoparaphyses. e–g Asci. h–k Indian ink. r–u Conidia. Scale bars: b, n = 100 μm, c, e, f, g, o = 20 μm, d,
Ascospores. l Ascospore stained with Indian ink. m Conidiomata on p, q = 10 μm, h–l = 5 μm, r–u = 2 μm

the base, composed of several layers of flattened, brown to rarely textura angularis. Hamathecium composed of dense,
dark brown, textura prismatica pseudoparenchymatous cells, 2–2.5 μm wide, cellular pseudoparaphyses, distinctly septate,
Fungal Diversity

constricted at the septum, anastomosing at the apex, embed- shorter and irregular striations. Based on multi-gene
ded in a gelatinous matrix. Asci (63–)75–90(−96) × 5–6(−7) phylogenetic analyses (Fig. 19), R. neopustulans forms
μm (x = 80.1 × 5.9 μm, n = 30), 8-spored, bitunicate, cylindri- a distinct basal clade in the family Roussoellaceae.
cal, short pedicellate, with furcate or knob-like pedicel, api- Roussoella pustulans has no known asexual morph.
cally rounded with indistinct ocular chamber. Ascospores Roussoella pseudohysterioides D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde,
(8–)9–12× 3–4(−5) μm (x = 10.3 × 3.8 μm, n = 30), overlap- sp. nov.
ping, uni-seriate, ellipsoidal to fusiform, with rounded to acute Index Fungorum number: IF552026; Facesoffungi
ends, brown to dark brown, 1-septate, slightly constricted at number: FoF 01982; Fig. 21
the septum, rough-walled, with striations or longitudinally Etymology: Refers to the similarity with Roussoella
ribbed, surrounded by mucilaginous sheath. Asexual morph: hysterioides.
produced on bamboo pieces on WA after 12 weeks. Holotype: MFLU 15–1209
Conidiomata 140–300 μm high, 170–320 μm diam., pycnid- Saprobic on decaying bamboo culms. Sexual morph:
ial, solitary to gregarious, clustered, superficial, visible as Ascostromata forming under black area, up to 3–5 mm long
blackdots on bamboo pieces, variable in shape, globose to and 1–2 mm wide, raised at maturity, ellipsoidal to irregular,
subglobose, lenticular, dome-shaped to irregular-shaped, uni- black, coriaceous. Locules in vertical section 200–250 μm
to multi-loculate, covered by hyphae, ostiole central, with high, 170–350 μm diam., solitary to gregarious, subglobose
pore-like opening. Wall of conidomata 12–25.5 μm wide, to ellipsoidal, dark brown, with ostiolate opening. Peridium
thin-walled, of equal thickness, composed of two types cell 15–25 μm wide, composed of dark brown to hyaline cells of
layers, inner part comprising several layers of flattened, dark compressed textura angularis, with upper wall 15–45 μm
brown to black, textura angularis pseudoparenchymatous wide, darker, comprising host and fungal tissues.
cells, barely distinguishable from conidiogenous cells, outer Hamathecium comprising dense, 2–3.5 μm wide, cellular
part comprising a few layers of textura epidermoidea to pseudoparaphyses, indistinctly septate, anastomosing and
textura intricata. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous branching at the apex, embedded in a gelatinous matrix. Asci
cells. Conidiogenous cells (2.5–)3–6 × (2–)3–5 μm (x = 100–270 × 7–15 μm (x = 148.2 × 9.7 μm, n = 20), 8-spored,
4.8 × 3.9 μm, n = 30), enteroblastic, annellidic and phialidic, bitunicate, cylindrical, with a short furcate pedicel, with an
determinate, discrete, unbranched, ampulliform to lageniform, apical ocular chamber. Ascospores 12.5–20 × 4–6 μm (x =
hyaline, aseptate, smooth-walled. Conidia 4–5.5(−6) × 2– 16.1 × 5.2 μm, n = 20), uniseriate, fusiform-ellipsoidal, 1-sep-
3 μm (x = 5.2 × 3 μm, n = 30), oblong to ellipsoidal, with tate, constricted at the septum, narrow at both ends, with lon-
rounded to obtuse ends, initially hyaline, becoming brown, gitudinally striate and verrucose wall ornamentation. Asexual
aseptate, verrucose. morph: Undetermined.
Culture characters: Colonies on PDA fast growing, 30– Culture characters: Ascospores germinating on PDA
40 mm diam. after 2 weeks at 25–30 °C, colonies irregular, within 24 h and germ tubes produced from lower end or
sparse to medium dense, slightly raised to umbonate, surface both ends. Colonies circular, slow growing, 25 mm diam.
rough, with entire edge, woolly at the magin, floccose to vel- in 30 days at 28–32 °C, under 12 h light/12 h dark,
vety in the centre, wrinkled at the centre, colonies white at the cottony, yellowish brown at the centre, light coloured
margin, grey to greenish grey in the middle, with white-grey at and floccose at the periphery from above, yellow to dark
the centre from above, white to cream at the margin, brown to brown to orange from below.
dark brown at the centre from below, not producing pigments. Material examined: THAILAND, Chiang Rai Province,
Material examined: THAILAND, Mukdahan Province, Mae Fah Luang University, on dead culm of bamboo, 9 July
Nongsung District, Wang Hai Village, on dead culms of bam- 2013, Dong-Qin Dai DDQ00259 (MFLU 15–1209); Ibid.
boo, 13 April 2011, R. Phookamsak, RP0121 (MFLU 11– (KUN HKAS88717, isotype), ex-type living cultures,
0241), living cultures, MFLUCC 12–0003, KUMCC. MFLUCC 13–0852, CBS 139992.
Notes: Roussoella neopustulans was introduced by Liu et Note: Roussoella pseudohysterioides is similar to R.
al. (2014), with a description of only the sexual morph. This hysterioides in having black stromatic ascomata, cylindrical
species was recollected in the same country, and the new col- asci and fusiform-ellipsoidal ascospores with longitudinal stri-
lection sporulated on bamboo pieces on water agar. Thus this ations (Hyde et al. 1996). Roussoella pseudohysterioides,
species is redescribed and illustrated here with both sexual and however, differs by its smaller ascospores (12.5–20 × 4–
asexual morphs. 6 μm vs. 18–34 × 6–8 μm) (Hyde et al. 1996). Moreover, R.
This species is morphologically similar to R. pseudohysterioides has verrucose ascospores, a character not
pustulans. However, R. neopustulans has smaller asco- observed in R. hysterioides. In the phylogenic tree (Fig. 19) R.
spores but larger asci (Liu et al. 2014). Additionally, R. pseudohysterioides is close to R. pustulata, while the branch
neopustulans ascospores have linear striations along length indicates that they are different species.
their entire length, while those of R. pustulans have Roussoella tuberculata D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
 Fungal Diversity

Fig. 21 Roussoella pseudohysterioides (MFLU 15–1209, holotype). a, ascospore. h–k Asci containing eight ascospores. l–o Dark brown
b Ascostromata developing on bamboo culm. c, d Vertical sections of ascospores. p, q Cultures on MEA. Scale bars: a = 2 cm, b = 1 mm,
ascostromata. e Peridium. f Branched pseudoparaphyses. g Germinating c = 50 μm, d = 100 μm, e = 20 μm, f–k = 10 μm, l–o = 5 μm, p, q = 25 mm

Index Fungorum number: IF552027; Facesoffungi Saprobic on decaying bamboo culms. Sexual morph:
number: FoF 01983; Fig. 22 Undetermined. Asexual morph: Stromata forming under
Etymology: Refers to the conidia covered by tubercules. a blackened area, up to 1–2 mm long and 2–3 mm wide,
Holotype: MFLU 15–1211 and becoming raised at maturity, ellipsoidal to irregular.
Fungal Diversity

Fig. 22 Roussoella tuberculata (MFLU 15–1211, holotype). a, b Germinating conidia. o, q, r Dark brown conidia (o, r: Mature conidia
Conidiomata on bamboo culm. c Basal wall of conidioma. d, e Vertical covered by small tubercules). s, t Cultures on MEA. Scale bars: a = 2 cm,
sections of conidiomata. f, g, i–n Conidiogenous cells developing conidia b = 2 mm, b, d, e = 200 μm, c = 20 μm, f–j, m, o = 10 μm, k, l, n, p–
(n: showing annellidic conidiogenous cells). h Paraphyses. p r = 5 μm

Conidiomata 150–250 μm high, 500–800 μm diam., discernible annellations, indeterminate, discrete, cylindri-
eustromatic, immersed in the stromata, globose to cal to ampulliform, hyaline, smooth-walled. Conidia 8.5–
subglobose, dark brown, with ostiolate opening. 10 × 4.5–5.5 μm (x = 9.5 × 5.2 μm, n = 20), ellipsoidal to
Conidiomatal wall comprising two layers of cells of oblong, occasionally obovoid, aseptate, straight, rounded
textura angularis, with dark to brown outer thin layer at both ends, brown to dark brown, smooth-walled, with
5 μm thick, with 10–17 μm thick, hyaline, conidiogenous wall sparsely covered by small, roughened tubercules, in-
inner layer. Paraphyses 30–40 μm long × 2–3.5 μm wide, side usually containing 1–2 large guttules.
septate, wide at the base, curved. Conidiophores Culture characters: Conidia germinating on MEA within
5–12.5 × 2.5–4 μm (x = 7.4 × 3.6 μm, n = 20) short, hya- 24 h and germ tubes produced from sides. Colonies slow
line, wide at base, smooth, formed from the inner cells of growing, 30 mm diam. after 15 days at 28–32 °C, under
the conidiomata wall. Conidiogenous cells 2. 5–12 × 1.5– 12 h light/12 h dark, circular, with even margin, floccose at
3.5 μm (x = 8.1 × 2.5 μm, n = 20) obclavate, enteroblastic, the center, drift white at margin, and light greenish brown at
phialidic, becoming annellidic, with 1–3 barely the centre.
 Fungal Diversity

Material examined: THAILAND, Chiang Rai Province, cells, a stratum of 3–5 layers of dark brown to black,
Mae Fah Luang Unversity, on dead culms of bamboo, 9 July pseudoparenchymatous cells, arranged in a textura
2013, Dong-Qin Dai, DDQ00261 (MFLU 15–1211, angularis, a median stratum comprising several layers of
holotype); Ibid. (KUN HKAS88719, isotype), ex-type living flattened, hyaline cells, arranged in textura angularis to
cultures, MFLUCC 13–0854, ICMP 20529. textura prismatica, and an outer stratum comprising sever-
Notes: Roussoella tuberculata is characterized by im- al layers of dark brown to black stromatic cells, arranged
mersed, eustromatic conidiomata, enteroblastic, phialidic, in textura intricata. Conidiophores arising from the basal
annellidic conidiogenous cells and ellipsoidal conidia cavity around conidiomata, unbranched, 0–1 septate, or
covered by small tubercules. Roussoella tuberculata is reduced to conidiogenous cells. Conidiogenous cells 3–
similar to R. hysterioides, but differs in having 6(−10) × 2.5–5 μm (x = 5.3 × 3.7 μm, n = 30),
annellidic conidiogenous cells (Hyde et al. 1996). enteroblastic, phialidic or broadly annellidic, determinate,
Conidia of Roussoella species usually have verrucose discrete, unbranched, ampulliform to lageniform, or irreg-
wall ornamentation (Hyde et al. 1996; Liu et al. ular in shape, hyaline, aseptate, smooth-walled, with dis-
2014), while R. tuberculata has conidia with small, tinct periclinal thickening. Conidia 4–5 × 3–4 μm (x =
roughened tubercules. 4.8 × 3.4 μm, n = 50), globose to subglobose, initially hya-
Roussoella siamensis Phookamsak, J.K. Liu & K.D. line, becoming brown, aseptate, rough-walled, verrucose.
Hyde., in Liu et al. Phytotaxa 181(1): 1–33 (2014) Culture characters: Colonies on PDA fast growing, 55–
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01984; Figs. 23 60 mm diam. after 4 weeks at 25–30 °C, colonies irreg-
Saprobic on dead bamboo culms. Sexual morph: ular, medium dense, slightly raised to umbonate, dull with
Ascostromata 120–150 μm high, 620–750 μm diam., gre- undulate edge, floccose to woolly, slightly radiating, pale
garious, immersed within cortex, visible as raised, brown yellowish to brownish orange at the margin, white to
to dark brown areas on the host surface, shield-shaped to cream medianly, pale yellowish at the centre from above,
continuously low convex, uni- to multi-loculate, coria- pale yellowish at the margin, brown to golden brown me-
ceous. Locules 70–120 μm high, 130–350 μm diam., dianly, dark brown to black at the centre from below,
scattered to clustered, gregarious, immersed in produced yellowish brown pigment in agar.
ascostromata, lenticular to subglobose, with a flattened ba- Material examined: THAILAND, Chiang Rai Province,
se, glabrous, ostiole central, with a minute ostiole embed- Muang District, Mae Fah Luang University campus grounds,
ded beneath a clypeus, becoming pore-like opening on on dead culms of Bambusa sp., 13 August 2010, R.
host surface at maturity. Peridium 7–15 μm wide, thin- Phookamsak, RP0065 (MFLU 11–0185, holotype), ex-type
walled of unequal thickness, thinner at the base, composed living cultures, MFLUCC 11–0149, KUMCC.
of several layers of flattened, brown to dark brown, com- Notes: Roussoella siamensis was introduced by Liu et al.
pressed textura angularis pseudoparenchymatous cells. (2014), and lacked the asexual morph description. In this
Hamathecium composed of dense, 1–2 μm wide, cellular study, the ex-type culture produced a coeloemycetous asexual
pseudoparaphyses, indistinctly septate, not constricted at morph on bamboo pieces on water agar. Thus, we redescribe
the septum, anastomosing and branching at the apex, em- and illustrate this species based on morphological characters
bedded in a gelatinous matrix. Asci (67–)70–90(−94) × 6– of both sexual and asexual morphs.
8 μm (x = 77.8 × 7.3 μm, n = 25), 8-spored, bitunicate, The species was described as forming multi-loculate
cylindrical, short to long pedicellate with furcate or foot- ascomata with cylindrical, bitunicate asci and brown, striate,
like pedicel, apically rounded, with an indistinct ocular didymosporous ascospores (Liu et al. 2014). Based on the
chamber. Ascospores (8.5–)10–12(−14) × 4–5 μm (x = morphological characters, Roussoella siamensis is similar to
10.8 × 4.6 μm, n = 30), overlapping, uni-seriate, ellipsoidal R. chiangraina and R. neopustulans (Liu et al. 2014).
to fusiform, with rounded ends, brown to dark brown, 1- However, R. siamensis differs from R. chiangraina and R.
septate, constricted at the septum, rough-walled, longitudi- neopustulans by forming multi-loculate ascostromata, and
nally ribbed. Asexual morph: Coelomycetous, produced having larger asci, ascospores and conidia than R. chiangraina
on bamboo pieces on WA after 12 weeks. Conidiomata and R. neopustulans. Based on multi-gene phylogenetic anal-
360–940 μm high, 560–1300 μm diam., solitary to gre- yses, R. siamensis forms a single basal clade (Fig. 19).
garious, clustered, semi-immersed to superficial, visible as Tubeufiales Boonmee & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 68
black irregular pycnostroma, covered by hyphae on bam- (1): 245 (2014)
boo pieces, globose to subglobose, uni-loculate, becoming The order Tubeufiales was introduced by Boonmee et al.
glabrous at maturity, indistinctly ostiolate. Conidiomata (2014), and accommodates a single family Tubeufiaceae
wall 20–45 μm wide, thin-walled, of equal thickness, (Boonmee et al. 2011). Boonmee et al. (2014) examined the
composed of four strata, an inner layer comprising sexual and asexual morphs, and provided a key to the 19
conidiogenous cells arising from a thin layer of hyaline accepted genera (including five asexual genera).
Fungal Diversity

Fig. 23 Roussoella siamensis (MFLU 11–0185, holotype). a n Conidiomata on bamboo pieces on WA. o Vertical section through
Appearance of ascostromata on host surface. b Vertical section through conidioma. p Section through pycnidial wall. q–s Conidiogenous cells.
ascostroma. c Section through peridium between locules. d t–w Conidia. Scale bars: b, o = 100 μm, c–h, p = 20 μm, m = 10 μm, i–l,
Pseudoparaphyses. e–h Asci. i–l Ascospores. m Germinating ascospore. q–s, t = 5 μm, u–w = 2 μm

Subsequently, Wijayawardene et al. (2014) recognized 21 Material examined: THAILAND, Chiang Rai, Muang,
genera in Tubeufiaceae. Khun Korn Waterfall, on dead culm-sheaths of bamboo, 31
Tubeufia javanica Penz. & Sacc., Malpighia 11(11–12): July 2012, Dong-Qin Dai DDQ00239 (MFLU 13–0371,
517 (1898) [1897], Fig. 24 epitype); Ibid. (PDD 104450, iso-epitype).
 Fungal Diversity

Fig. 24 Tubeufia javanica

(MFLU 13–0371, epitype). a–c
Oblong to clavate ascomata on
host surface. d Ascoma forming
on dark brown hyphae. e, f
Peridium of ascomata g Broken
ascus. h Cylindrical asci with
ocular chambers. i, j Hyaline to
pale brown, filiform, multi-
septate ascospores. k
Germinating ascospore. l, m Dark
brown colonies on PDA media.
Scale bears: a–c = 400 μm, d–
f = 50 μm, g, h = 10 μm, i–
k = 5 μm, l, m = 25 mm

Notes: Tu b e u f i a j a v a n i c a , the family type of 7–11 layers of cells of textura angularis; outer stratum com-
Tubeufiaceae, was described by Penzig and Saccardo posed of large, dark brown, thick-walled, 11–21 × 6.5–
(1897) based on a specimen collected from bamboo. It 14.5 μm cells; inner stratum composed of small, hyaline,
was recollected, epitypified and redescribed in Boonmee thin-walled cells. Hamathecium comprising 2–2.5 μm wide,
et al. (2014). In this paper, we reillustrate this important septate, branched, hyaline, cellular pseudoparaphyses embed-
species to show the typical morphology of Tubeufiaceae. ded in a gelatinous matrix. Asci 90–140 × 14.5–18 μm (x =
Tubeufia longiseta D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. 118.1 × 16.8 μm, n = 20), 8-spored, bitunicate, fissitunicate,
Index Fungorum umbers: IF552029; Facesoffungi number: cylindrical, short pedicellate, apically rounded, with an ocular
FoF 01985; Fig. 25 ch amb er. As cos pore s 38 .5– 55 .5 × 4.5 –6 μm (x =
Etymology: In reference to its ascomata with long setae. 47.3 × 5.6 μm, n = 20), long subfusiform, elongate, pointed
Holotype: MFLU 15–1215 at the ends, slightly curved, 10–13-septate, not constricted at
Saprobic on bamboo culm. Sexual morph: Ascomata the septa, hyaline, smooth-walled. Asexual morph:
250–370 μm high, 180–250 μm diam., superficial, solitary, Undetermined.
gregarious or in loosegroups, subglobose, oboviod, black, Cultural characters: Ascospores germinating on PDA
with a central ostiole. Setae 100–350 × 3.5–5.5 μm, dense, within 24 h. Colonies growing slowly on PDA, reaching
covering the whole ascoma, black, unbranched, septate, dark 2 mm in 30 d at 28 °C, under 12 h light/12 h dark, effuse,
brown, thick-walled. Peridium 25–40 μm wide, composed of velvety to hairy, edge fimbriate, olive to olive brown, dark
Fungal Diversity

Fig. 25 Tubeufia longiseta (MFLU 15–1215, holotype). a Herbarium Sterile cells from PDA. n, o Cultures on PDA. p–t Ascospores. u
specimen. b–d Black ascomata with setae on host surface. e, f Vertical Germinating ascospore. Scale bars: a = 5 mm, b–d = 1 mm, e–
sections of ascomata. g Peridium. h Dark brown setae. i–k Asci. l, m g = 50 μm, h–u = 10 μm
 Fungal Diversity

brown on PDA media. Mycelium superficial and partially species is re-illustrated based on new collections (sexual and
immersed, branched, septate, pale brown to olivaceous brown, asexual morph specimens).
smooth, sterile at 60 days. Sordariomycetes O.E. Erikss. & Winka, Myconet 1(1): 10
Material examined: THAILAND, Phang-Nga, Doi Nang (1997)
Hong, Tham Thong Lang, Thap Put District, 8°32′11″N Sordariomycetes is one of the largest classes of
98°33′35″E, on dead culms of bamboo, 6 October 2014, Ascomycota consisting of 15 orders, 64 families, 1119
Kevin D. Hyde DDQ00287 (MFLU 15–1215, holotype); genera, and 10564 species (Kirk et al. 2008).
Ibid. (KUN HKAS88722, isotype), ex-type living cultures, Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) provided an updated
MFLUCC 15–0188, KUMCC. outline of Sordariomycetes and a backbone tree incor-
Notes: Tubeufia longiseta is similar to T. acacia in having porating asexual and sexual genera in the class. Six
superficial, subglobose, black ascomata, covered with black subclasses, 28 orders, 90 families and 1344 genera were
setae, cylindrical asci and long subfusiform, elongate asco- included by Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015).
spores. However, T. longiseta has smaller ascomata (250– Chaetosphaeriales Huhndorf, A.N. Mill. & F.A.
370 μm high, 180–250 μm diam. vs. 300–375 μm high, Fernández, Mycologia 96(2): 378 (2004)
225–255 μm diam.), ascospores with more transverse septa The order Chaetosphaeriales was introduced by
(10–13 vs. 5–7 septa), and is found on different substrates Huhndorf et al. (2004). Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010)
(bamboo vs. acacia). Black ascomata with long, black setae included a single family Chaetosphaeriaceae with ten
can be observed in several genera of Tubeufiaceae, such as genera in this order. Based on combined LSU, SSU,
Acanthohelicospora, Acanthostigma, Chlamydotubeufia, TEF and RPB2 genes analyses, Maharachchikumbura
Helicangiospora, Neocanthostigma and Thaxteriellopsis et al. (2015) moved the family Helminthosphaeriaceae
(Boonmee et al. 2014). However, phylogenetic analyses con- with seven genera into Chaetosphaeriales and recog-
firm that this new taxon belongs to Tubeufia sensu stricto and nized 35 genera within Chaetosphaeriaceae, and placed
is closely related to T. javanica (Fig. 26). The latter species six genera, as Chaetosphaeriales, genera incertae sedis.
differs in having white to yellowish, oblong to clavate Chaetosphaeriales, genera incertae sedis
ascomata and broad, filiform ascospores (Boonmee et al. Leptosporella Penz. & Sacc., Malpighia 11(9–10): 406
2014). (1897)
Valsariales Jaklitsch, K.D. Hyde & Voglmayr, Fungal Leptosporella was introduced by Penzig and Saccardo
Diversity 73:167 (2015) (1897), and typified by L. gregaria Penz. & Sacc.
The order Valsariales was introduced by Jaklitsch et al. Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010) placed Leptosporella in
(2015) to accommodate the single family Valsariaceae. Sordariomycetidae, genera incertae sedis. Huhndorf and
Jaklitsch et al. (2015) revised Valsaria and introduced Miller (2011) re-examined the holotype of L. gregaria
Valsariaceae based on multi-gene phylogeny analyses (SSU, and collected fresh specimens. Based on LSU sequence
LSU, ITS, RPB2 and tef1 sequences). Jaklitsch et al. (2015) data, Huhndorf and Miller (2011) moved Leptosporella
re-examined and re-collected type species and provided full into Chaetosphaeriales. However, the family placement
descriptions and illustrations. Two new combined genera were o f L e p t o s p o re l l a i s s ti l l n o t y e t d e t e r m in e d
introduced by Jaklitsch et al. (2015). Thus, Valsariaceae in- (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015).
cludes three genera, Bambusaria, Myrmaecium and Valsaria. Leptosporella bambusae D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
Bambusaria bambusae (J.N. Kapoor & H.S. Gill) Index Fungorum numbers: IF552030; Facesoffungi
Jaklitsch, D.Q. Dai, K.D. Hyde & Voglmayr, Fungal numbers: FoF 01986; Figs. 29 and 30
Diversity 73: 196 (2015), Figs. 27 and 28 Etymology: Refers to the bamboo host.
Material examined: THAILAND, Chiang Rai, Mae Fah Holotype: MFLU 15–1203
Luang University, on dead culms of bamboo, 1 August Saprobic on dead bamboo culms. Sexual morph:
2011, Dong-Qin Dai, DDQ0097 (MFLU 15–1192); Doi Pui, Ascomata forming under a black pseudostromata, immersed
1 September 2011, Dong-Qin Dai, DDQ00109 (MFLU 15– within cortex, becoming raised and conical when mature,
1194). 300–450 μm high, 700–1000 μm long and 500–850 μm
Notes: The monotypic genus Bambusaria was introduced wide, coriaceous, with black and round papilla; in vertical
by Jaklitsch et al. (2015) and is typified by B. bambusae (J.N. section 200–250 μm high, 500–850 μm diam., solitary,
Kapoor & H.S. Gill) Jaklitsch, D.Q. Dai, K.D. Hyde subglobose, dark brown, with flattened base, with centrally
(basionym: Valsaria bambusae J.N. Kapoor & H.S. Gill). located ostiole, periphyses not observed. Peridium 15–
Bambusaria bambusae was originally isolated from bamboo 25 μm wide, composed of dark brown to hyaline cells of
in India by Kapoor and Gill (1961). The same species was textura angularis, with poorly developed lower and upper
recollected on Thyrsostachys siamensis (Bambuseae) and walls. Hamathecium of dense, 2–3.5 μm wide, long, fila-
published in Jaklitsch et al. (2015). In the present study, this mentous, unbranched, indistinctly septate, paraphyses. Asci
Fungal Diversity

Fig. 26 Maximum likelihood Tubeufia longiseta MFLUCC 15-0188

71/93
phylogenetic tree Tubeufia javanica MFLUCC 12-0545
(lnL = −1912.497367) generated Tubeufia lilliputeus NBRC 32664
99/80 Tubeufia
by RAxML (GTR+G model) Tubeufia roseus BCC 8808
based on combined LSU and ITS --/66 Tubeufia chiangmaiensis MFLUCC 11-0514
sequence data. MP/ML values Tubeufia helicomyces CBS 271.52
96/98
(>50 %) resulting from 1000 Tubeufia helicomyces MUCL 15702
bootstrap replicates are given at --/72 Helicomyces indicum CBS 374.93
100/100
the nodes, and branches with 84/91 Helicomyces paludosa CBS 120503 Helicomyces
Bayesian posterior probabilities Helicomyces talbotii MUCL 33010
greater than 0.90 are given in Tamhinispora indica NFCCI 2924 Tamhinispora
bold. The original isolate numbers Helicoma miscanthi MFLUCC 11-0375
--/91
are noted after the species names. --/91Helicoma khunkornensis MFLUCC 10-0119
The tree is rooted to --/50 Helicoma linderi NBRC 9207
--/62
Botryosphaeria dothidea (CBS Helicoma rugosa UBCF13877
100/93
115476). Ex-type strains are in Helicoma muelleri CBS9 64.69
bold and newly generated se- --/60 Helicoma conicodentatum UBCF14998
100/100 Helicoma
quences are highlighted with a Helicoma ambiens UAMH10533
blue background 76/87 Helicoma inthanonense MFLUCC 11-0003
65/-- 100/100
Helicoma dennisii NBRC30667
Helicoma chiangraiense MFLUCC 10-0115
Helicoma fagacearum MFLUCC 11-0379
Helicosporium vegetum BCC 8125
68/80
--/70 Helicosporium cereum NBRC 9014
Helicosporium vegetum BCC 3332 Helicosporium
100/100
Helicosporium guianense CBS 269.52
91/56
87/97 Helicosporium vegetum CBS 941.72
Acanthostigma chiangmaiensis MFLUCC 10-0125
99/100 Acanthostigma
Tubeufiaceae

Acanthostigma perpusillum UAMH 7237

Aquaphila asiana BCC 3463
--/62
Aquaphila albicans BCC 3543 Aquaphila
100/100
Aquaphila albicans BCC 3520
61/89 Chlamydotubeufia khunkornensis MFLUCC 10-0118
100/100
Chlamydotubeufia khunkornensis MFLUCC 10-0117Chlamydotubeufia
93/94
Chlamydotubeufia huaikangplaensis MFLUCC 10-0926
--/64 Neoacanthostigma filiforme ANM514 Neoacanthostigma
--/68
Neoacanthostigma septoconstrictum ANM 536.1
Acanthostigmina multiseptatum ANM 475 Acanthostigmina
--/65 100/100
Acanthostigmina multiseptatum ANM 665
Thaxteriellopsis lignicola MFLUCC 10-0121
74/84
Thaxteriellopsis lignicola MFLUCC 10-0124
99/95 Thaxteriellopsis
Thaxteriellopsis lignicola MFLUCC 10-0122
100/97
Thaxteriellopsis lignicola MFLUCC 10-0123
Acanthohelicospora pinicola MFLUCC 10-0116
81/66
Acanthohelicospora guianense UAMH1699 Acanthohelicospora
90/77
Acanthohelicospora aureum NBRC 7098
Helicangiospora lignicola MFLUCC 11-0378 Helicangiospora
Botryosphaeria dothidea CBS 115476
0.1

100–195.5 × 9–13.5 μm (x = 168.6 × 10.8 μm, n = 20), 2–8- centre, brown at margin. Mycelium immersed and su-
spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, with a short furcate pedicel, perficial in the media, composed of branched, septate,
with a J-, apical ring. Ascospores 130–175 × 2–3 μm (x = smooth-walled, brown hyphae.
160.3 × 2.4 μm, n = 20), fasciculate, hyaline, long fusiform, Material examined: THAILAND, Chiang Rai, Khun Korn
2–6-septate, narrow and acute at both ends, curved, with Waterfall, on dead culms of bamboo, 31 July 2012, Dong-Qin
abundant small and round guttules, smooth-walled. Asexual Dai DDQ00243 (MFLU 15–1203, holotype); Ibid. (KUN
morph: Undetermined. HKAS88712, isotype), ex-type living cultures, MFLUCC
Culture characters: Ascospores germinating on PDA 12–0846, MUCL 55879.
within 48 h and germ tubes produced from both ends. Notes: Currently 13 records of Leptosporella are listed
Colonies growing slowly on PDA, reaching 20 mm in in Index Fungorum (2016) of which 9 are considered to
45 d at 25–32 °C, under 12 h light/12 h dark, circular, be species of Leptosporella. Members of Leptosporella
with even margin, floccose, white and high convex in usually occur on wood or branches (Rehm 1901; von
 Fungal Diversity

Fig. 27 Bambusaria bambusae (MFLU 15–1192). a ascostromata on with striations. k Germinating ascospore. l, m Culture on PDA. Scale
bamboo. b Vertical section of ascostroma. c Ostiole of locule. d Peridium bars: b, c = 50 μm, d–h = 10 μm, i–k = 5 μm
of ascostroma and locule. e–h Asci. i Pseudoparaphyses. j Ascospores

Höhnel 1909; Spegazzini 1912; Sydow 1938; Chardón Leptosporella bambusae can be compared with the ge-
1939; Hansford 1957; Huhndorf and Miller 2011) and neric type, L. gregaria, but it has narrower ascospores
occasionally on ferns and Rosa sp. (Edward et al. 1972; (150–175 × 2–3 μm vs. 107–137 × 2.8–4 μm) and pos-
Index Fungorum 2016). However, our new taxon, sesses septa (2–6-septate vs. 0-septate) (Huhndorf and
Leptosporella bambusae, was collected from bamboo. Miller 2011). In the phylogenic analyses (Fig. 29), the
Fungal Diversity

Fig. 28 Bambusaria bambusae

(MFLU 15–1194). a Conidiomata
on bamboo. b Vertical section of
conidioma. c Conidiolocules. d
Wall of conidiolocules. e, f
Conidiogenous cells and conidia.
g Conidia h Germinating
conidium. i, j Cultures on PDA.
Scale bars: a = 1 mm, b = 50 μm,
c–e = 10 μm, f–h = 5 μm

new taxon clusters in Leptosporella with strong support O p h i o c o rd y c i p i t a c e a e , S t a c h y b o t r y a c e a e a n d

(100/99 % MPBP/MLBP). Tilachlidiaceae in the order, based on phylogenetic analyses.
Hypocreales Lindau, in Engler & Prantl, Nat. Stachybotryaceae L. Lombard & Crous [as
Pflanzenfam., Teil. I (Leipzig) 1(1): 343 (1897) ‘Stachybotriaceae’], in Crous et al., Persoonia, Mol. Phyl.
Hypocreales are highly diverse in the tropics and subtrop- Evol. Fungi 32: 283 (2014)
ics (Põldmaa 2011; Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015). Kirk et Stachybotryaceae, typified by Stachybotrys Corda, was in-
al. (2008) indicated that Hypocreales comprised seven fami- troduced by Crous et al. (2014a). This family was established
lies, 237 genera and 2647 species. Maharachchikumbura et al. to accommodate the genera Myrothecium, Peethambara and
(2015) included Bionectriaceae, Clavicipitaceae, Stachybotrys (Crous et al. 2014a), three genera earlier placed
Cordycipitaceae, Hypocreaceae, Nectriaceae, Niessliaceae, in incertae sedis of the order Hypocreales (Lumbsch and
 Fungal Diversity

Fig. 29 Maximum likelihood Leptosporella gregaria SMH4673

phylogenetic tree 99/100
(lnL = −3059.137345) generated
88/-- Leptosporella gregaria SMH4290
by RAxML (GTR+G model)
based on LSU sequence data. MP/ 76/77 Leptosporella gregaria SMH4700
ML values (>50 %) resulting Chaetosphaeriales incertae sedis
from 1000 bootstrap replicates are 100/99
Leptosporella gregaria SMH4867
given at the nodes, and branches
with Bayesian posterior probabil-
ities greater than 0.90 are given in Leptosporella bambusae MFLUCC 12-0846
bold. The original isolate numbers
are noted after the species names. Caudatispora biapiculata SMH1873
The tree is rooted to Linocarpon Chaetosphaeriales
pandani (HKUM16279). Ex-type Erythromada lanciospora SMH1526
strains are in bold and a newly
generated sequence is highlighted Chaetosphaeria raciborskii SMH2017
88/95
with a blue background
100/92Chaetosphaeria spinosa SMH2754
Chaetosphaeriaceae
96/92 Chaetosphaeria biapiculata SMH3074

Chaetosphaeria innumera SMH2748

Synaptospora plumbea SMH3962

86/96

--/89 Ruzenia spermoides SMH4655

Helminthosphaeriaceae
100/100 Echinosphaeria canescens SMH4791
100/--
Helminthosphaeria hyphodermae SMH4192

Rimaconus jamaicensis SMH4782

100/100

Rimaconus coronatus SMH5212

Nawawia malaysiana CBS:125544

Linocarpon pandani HKUM16279

10

Huhndorf 2010; Crous et al. 2014a). A further four genera, bamboo. Chen et al. (2016) revised Myrothecium in detail,
Albosynnema, Parasarcopodium, Sarcopodium and with phylogenetic analyses of ITS, ATP6, EF1-α, LSU,
Scopinella were transferred to Stachybotryaceae by RPB1 and SSU sequence data. In this paper three new species
Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015). were isolated from bamboo and are described and illustrated.
Myrothecium Tode, Fung. mecklenb. sel. (Lüneburg) 1: Myrothecium thailandicum D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde,
25 (1790) sp. nov.
Myrothecium was introduced by Tode (1790). The genus Index Fungorum number: IF552031; Facesoffungi
was placed in Hypocreales order incertae sedis by Castlebury numbers: IF 01987; Figs. 31 and 32
et al. (2004), Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010), Summerbell et Entomology: Referes to the country where this species first
al. (2011) and Wijayawardene et al. (2012). Later, it was trans- collected.
ferred to Stachybotryaceae by Crous et al. (2014). Holotype: MFLU 15–1180
Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) verified this placement Saprobic on decaying bamboo culms. Sexual morph:
by phylogenic analyses. Myrothecium species are usually Undetermined. Asexual morph: Mycelium partly immersed
found in decaying habitats, soil and rotting leaves on the substrate, partly superficial, composed of septate,
(Pidoplichko and Kirilenko 1969; Tulloch 1972; Saccardo branched, hyaline, smooth hyphae. Synnemata 600–
1886; Udagawa and Awao 1984; Matsushima 1989; Jiang et 1000 μm long, apical part 45–60 μm wide, basal part
al. 2014; Wu et al. 2015) occasionally on dung (Faurel and 20–30 μm wide, superficial, gregarious, white, apically
Schotter 1965) and algae (DiCosmo et al. 1980). Liu et al. crowned byslimy, glistening, dark green conidial head.
(2015) introduced a Myrothecium species occurring on Conidiophores macronematous, cylindrical, pale brown,
Fungal Diversity

Fig. 30 Leptosporella bambusae (MFLU 15–1203, holotype). a, b showing septum of ascospore). h–j Asci (j: showing ascal apical ring).
Appearance of ascostromata on bamboo host. c Vertical section of k Paraphyses. l Geminating spore. m, n Cultures on PDA. Scale bars: a,
ascostromata. d Peridium at the side. e–g Hyaline ascospores (g: b = 1 mm, c, d = 100 μm, e–l = 10 μm, m, n = 25 mm

septate, unbranched, straight, smooth, single conidio- Material examined: THAILAND, Chiang Mai, Mae
phores 400–650 × 4–5 μm. Conidiogenous cells 15– Sae Village, on dead culms of bamboo, 14 May 2011,
20 × 1.5–2 μm (x = 17.3 × 1.7 μm, n = 20), phialidic, Dong-Qin Dai, DDQ00029 (MFLU 15–1180, holotype);
integrated or discrete, cylindrical, pale brown to hyaline, Ibid. (KUN HKAS88691, isotype), living cultures,
smooth-walled, straight. Conidia 6.5–10 × 2.5–4.5 μm (x MFLUCC 11–0395, KUMCC.
= 8.5 × 3.4 μm, n = 20), cylindrical, narrow at the apex, Notes: Myrothecium thailandicum can be phylogeneti-
truncate at the base, straight, aseptate, hyaline, smooth- cally distinguished from other species (Fig. 31). This
walled, with guttules. species differs from M. chiangmaiense in having shorter
Culture characters: Conidia germinating on PDA within conidiophores forming together, wider conidia (2.5–
24 h and germ tubes developing from both apices. Colonies 4.5 μm vs. 1.5–2.5 μm), and different culture (culture
growing slowly on PDA, reaching 4 mm in 2 weeks at 28 °C, with a circle in middle and with regular edge vs. one
under 12 h light/12 h dark, circular, with regular edge, hyaline without circle and with irregular edge).
from above and below. Mycelium superficial to immersed in Myrothecium chiangmaiense D. Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde, sp.
media, with branched, septate, smooth hyphae. nov.
 Fungal Diversity

Fig. 31 One of six equally most Myrothecium uttaraditense MFLUCC 11–0632

parsimonious trees obtained from 100
Myrothecium cylindrosporum MFLUCC 11-0392
the ITS sequence data. MP values 99
(>50 %) resulting from 1000 Myrothecium prestonii CBS 175.73
56
bootstrap replicates are given at Myrothecium setiramosum CBS 534.88
the nodes. The original isolate
codes are noted after the species Myrothecium gramineum BCC 9458
100
names. The tree is rooted to Myrothecium gramineum LCJ 177
Melanospora pascuensis (IMI
Myrothecium verrucaria CBS 328.52
378527). Ex-type strains are in
bold and newly generated se- Myrothecium verrucaria D2
96
quences are highlighted with a Myrothecium atroviride wb256
blue background
Myrothecium roridum DGM01
93
51
Myrothecium roridum UB2246 Stachybotryaceae
Myrothecium carmichaelii IMI 199044
75
Myrothecium roridum CICR
90
Myrothecium leucotrichum CBS 131.64
60
Myrothecium tongaense CBS 873.85
94
Myrothecium lachastrae IMI 273160
69
Myrothecium chiangmaiense MFLUCC 11-0506
100
Myrothecium masonii ATCC 24426.2
Myrothecium inundatum CBS 582.93
51
Myrothecium inundatum IN5
Myrothecium thailandicum MFLUCC 11-0395
Stachybotrys echinata ATCC 20513
57
Stachybotrys echinata NRRL 1982
100
Stachybotrys echinata ATCC 34173
57
Thyronectria roseovirens MA4
100
Thyronectria roseovirens MA6
75
Nectria cinnabarina CBS 189.87
Nectriaceae
100
Nectria dematiosa CBS 278.48
100
Tolypocladium cylindrosporum NBRC 100548
Tolypocladium inflatum NBRC 31669 Ophiocordycipitaceae
100
Tolypocladium inflatum IFO 31669
Bionectria ochroleuca ATT017
98 Bionectriaceae
Stephanonectria keithii CBS 100005
Melanospora pascuensis IMI 378527
10

Index Fungorum number: IF552032, Facesoffungi straight, with white and flocculent hyphae at the base.
number: FoF 01988; Fig. 33 Conidiogenous cells 10–30 × 4–5 μm (x =
Entomology: Refers to the province where this species first 25.3 × 4.7 μm, n = 20), phialidic, cylindrical, hyaline,
collected. smooth, straight. Conidia 4–7 × 1.5–2.5 μm (x =
Holotype: MFLU 15–1181 5.6 × 1.9 μm, n = 20) μm, cylindrical, long ellipsoid, nar-
Saprobic on decaying bamboo culms. Mycelium immersed row at basal end, straight to slightly curved, aseptate,
in substrate, composed of septate, branched, hyphae. Sexual hyaline, smooth-walled, guttulate.
morph: Undertermined. Asexual morph: Synnemata Culture characters: Ascospores germinating on PDA
1000–2000 × 500–700 μm (x = 1450× 640 μm, n = 20), within 24 h and germ tubes produced from both ends.
superficial, solitary, creamish white, with conidiophores Colonies growing fast on PDA, reaching 30 cm in
arranged in a palisade layer, sometimes proliferating 2–3 2 weeks at 28 °C, under 12 h light/12 h dark, circular,
times vertically, apically crowned by a slimy, glistening, irregular edge, flocculent, snow white from above and
g r e e n i s h b r o w n c o n i d i a l h e a d . C o n i d i o p h o re s below. Mycelium superficial to immersed in media,
macronematous, synnematous, white, branched, septate, branched, septate, smooth.
Fungal Diversity

Fig. 32 Myrothecium thailandicum (MFLU 15–1180, holotype). a Synnemata gregariously on bamboo. b, h Conidia. c, i Conidiophores. d
Conidiogenous cells. e Germinating conidum. f, g Cultures on PDA. Scale bars: a = 10 mm, b–e = 10 μm, f, g = 30 mm

Material examined: THAILAND, Chiang Mai, Mae Sae R.Br. in UK (Tulloch 1972), but our species is from culms
Village, on dead culms of bamboo, 14 May 2011, Dong-Qin of bamboo, in Thailand.
Dai DDQ00031 (MFLU 15–1181, holotype); Ibid. (KUN Myrothecium cylindrosporum D.Q. Dai & K.D.Hyde,
HKAS88692, isotype), living cultures, MFLUCC 11–0506, nom. nov.
CBS 139986. Index Fungorum Number: IF552044
Notes: Myrothecium chiangmaiense is close to M. masonii Synonym: Myrothecium macrosporum D.Q. Dai &
M.C. Tulloch based on the phylogenic analysis (Fig. 31). K.D.Hyde, in Liu et al., Fungal Diversity: 10.1007/s13225-
However, M. masonii was isolated from leaves of Glyceria 015-0324-y, [33] (2015)
 Fungal Diversity

Fig. 33 Myrothecium
chiangmaiense (MFLU 15–
1181, holotype) a Conidiophores
on surface of host. b, d Hyaline
conidia. c Conidiogenous cell. e, f
Cultures on PDA. Scale bars:
a = 500 μm, b–d = 5 μm, e,
f = 25 mm

Notes: Jiang et al. (2014) described Myrothecium Entomology: Refers to the province where this species first
macrosporum H.F. Wang & T.Y. Zhang from forest soil. collected.
This taxon has pale greenish brown, to dark greenish brown, Holotype: MFLU 15–1197
obovoid to pyriform conidia. Due to Index Fungorum (2016) Saprobic on decaying bamboo culms. Sexual morph:
releasing Myrothecium macrosporum H.F. Wang & T.Y. Undetermined. Asexual morph: Mycelium immersed in
Zhang late, Liu et al. (2015), also introduced Myrothecium the substrate, composed of septate, branched hyphae.
macrosporum D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde to accommodate anoth- Sporodochia comprising white mycelium, round to ir-
er Myrothecium species which has large, hyaline, cylindrical regular, at first dark green, becoming black with a white
conidia. As, the name Myrothecium macrosporum D.Q. Dai & margin, without setae. Conidiophores macronematous,
K.D. Hyde is invalid, we herein provide a new name cylindrical, brown to dark brown, septate, branching ir-
Myrothecium cylindrosporum nom. nov. to accommodate this regularly penicillate, straight, smooth, single conidio-
taxon. phores 60–100 × 2–3 μm (x = 75.3 × 2.6 μm, n = 20).
Myrothecium uttaraditense D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde, sp. Conidiogenous cells 12–25 × 1.5–2.5 μm (x =
nov. 20.6 × 2.1 μm, n = 20), phialidic, integrated or discrete,
Index Fungorum number: IF552033; Facesoffungi cylindrical, pale brown, smooth, straight. Conidia 10–
number: FoF 01989; Fig. 34 15 × 2–3.5 μm (x = 12.6 × 3.1 μm , n = 20) μm,
Fungal Diversity

Fig. 34 Myrothecium uttaraditense (MFLU 15–1197, holotype). a Sporodochium on bamboo. b–d Conidiophores and conidia. f–h Conidia. i
Geminating conidia. j, k Cultures on PDA. Scale bars: a = 500 μm, b–i = 5 μm
 Fungal Diversity

cylindrical to long ellipsoid, narrow and truncate at bas- Nectria with 29 species based on morphology and phyloge-
al end, aseptate, pale brown, straight to slightly curve, netic analyses and provided full descriptions, illustrations and
smooth-walled, guttulate. keys to sexual and asexual species. The asexaul morphs of
Culture characters: Ascospores germinating on PDA Nectria are linked to Acremonium-like, Cylindrocarpon,
within 24 h and germ tubes produced from both apicies. Gyrostroma, Stilbella, Tubercularia, and Zythiostroma spe-
Colonies growing slowly on PDA, reaching 5 mm in cies (Kirk et al. 2008; Wijayawardene et al. 2012; Hirooka
2 weeks at 28 °C, under 12 h light/12 h dark, circular, et al. 2012).
orange from above and below. Mycelium superficial to im- Nectria pseudotrichia Berk. & M.A. Curtis, J. Acad. Nat.
mersed in media, branched, septate, smooth. Sci. Philadelphia 2, 2: 289. 1853.
Material examined: THAILAND, Uttaradit Province, on Facesoffungi number: FoF 01990; Figs. 35 and 36
dead culms of bamboo, 28 October 2011, Dong-Qin Dai Saprobic on bamboo culms. Sexual morph: Not observed.
DDQ00216 (MFLU 15–1197, holotype); Ibid. (KUN Asexual morph: Colonies effuse. Mycelium partly immersed
HKAS88748, isotype), living cultures, MFLUCC 11–0632, on the substrate, composed of septate, branched, brown, hy-
KUMCC. phae. Conidiophores macronematous, synnematous, orange,
Notes: Myrothecium uttaraditense is morphologically sim- septate, branched. Synnemata solitary or gregarious, erect,
ilar to M. inundatum Tode and M. roridum Tode in its dark rigid, orange, branched in top half, hyaline at the tip, velvety,
sporodochia surrounded by white mycelium. However, M. smooth, composed of compactly arranged conidiophores,
uttaraditense phylogenetically separates from the above spe- 1.5–3.5 mm long, 200–270 μm wide at the base, 110–
cies (Fig. 31). In addition, M. inundatum, was isolated from 150 μm wide in the middle, 20–50 μm wide at the tip, fertile
Agaricis, and M. roridum from leaves, stems or seeds of only apically, usually flexuous to curved in upper parts.
Angiosperms and Gymnosperms (Saccardo 1886; Worapong Conidiogenous cells 12–23 × 1.5–3 μm (x =15.1× 1.9 μm,
et al. 2009), whereas, our new species was isolated from bam- n = 20), enteroblastic, phialidic, integrated or discrete, cylin-
boo culms. In the phylogenetic tree (Fig. 31), M. uttaraditense drical, hyaline, smooth. Conidial mass 75–120 μm diam.,
is closest to M. cylindrosporum, but differs in having globose, light orange in colour. Conidia 3.5–5 × 2–3 μm (x =
pigmented and shorter conidia (pale brown and 10–15 μm 4.6 × 2.7 μm, n = 20) μm, cylindrical, straight, aseptate, hya-
long vs. hyaline and 25–35 μm long). line, smooth-walled.
Nectriaceae Tul. & C. Tul. [as ‘Nectriei’], Select. fung. Culture characters: Conidia germinating on PDA within
carpol. (Paris) 3: 3 (1865) 24 h. Colonies fast growing on PDA, reaching 90 mm in
Nectriaceae, typified by Nectria (Fr.) Fr., was introduced 2 weeks at 28 °C, under 12 h lighr/12 h dark, flat, circular,
by Tulasne and Tulasne (1865). This family is characterized hyaline with reddish orange pigmentation from above and
by light to bright-coloured (usually white, yellow, orange-red below. Mycelium immersed in media, later on the surface,
or purple), soft-textured, superficial, uniloculate perithecia, with septate, branched, smooth, hyaline hyphae.
unitunicate asci, and phialidic asexual morphs (Hirooka et Material examined: THAILAND, Chiang Rai, Doi Fung,
al. 2012; Lombard et al. 2015). Chaverri et al. (2011) placed on dead culms of bamboo, 12 May 2011, Dong-Qin Dai
seven genera in the family. Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010) DDQ0005 (MFLU 15–1179); Ibid. (KUN HKAS88690), liv-
included 26 genera and of these, Hirooka et al. (2012) accept- ing cultures, MFLUCC 11–0391, KUMCC.
ed 16 genera. Lombard et al. (2015) mentioned that Notes: Nectria pseudotrichia was introduced by Berkeley
Nectriaceae contains around 55 genera based on sexual and and Curtis (1853) based on a sexual morph on bark. This
asexual morphs and resolved the identity of 47 genera based species is widely spread especially in tropical areas and usu-
on DNA sequences of 10 loci (acl1, act, cmdA, his3, ITS, ally occurs on dead wood (Hirooka et al. 2012). Hirooka et al.
LSU, rpb1, rpb2, tef1 and tub2). Maharachchikumbura et al. (2012) linked N. pseudotrichia to Tubercularia lateritia
(2015) listed 67 genera within Nectriaceae. This family pres- (Berk.) Seifert. An epitype was established by Hirooka et al.
ently includes approximately 900 species (Lombard et al. (2012) with a detailed description and illustration. Our new
2015). Notable asexual morph genera of Nectriaceae are collection (MFLUCC 11–0391) grouped with seven N.
Acremonium, Clonostachys , Cylindrocarpon, pseudotrichia strains including ex-epitype (CBS 129240) with
Cylindrocladium, Fusarium, Stilbella and Tubercularia high bootstrap support (100/100 % MPBP/MLBP) (Fig. 35).
(Seifert et al. 2011). However, our collection has longer, branched synnemata
Nectria (Fr.) Fr., Summa veg. Scand., Section Post. (1.5–3.5 mm vs. 1–2.7 mm compared to its epitype) and a
(Stockholm): 387 (1849) smaller conidia mass (75–120 μm vs. 120–350 μm in diam.)
The genus Nectria is characterized by its brightly coloured (Hirooka et al. 2012). Zhao et al. (2011) mentioned that, some-
perithecia with 82 estimated species (Kirk et al. 2008). times, two different Nectria species may share the same se-
However, more than 1000 records are listed in Index quence data of the internal transcribed spacers of ribosomal
Fungorum (2016). Hirooka et al. (2012) revised the genus RNA (ITS) and 28S rDNA (LSU), while differing in
Fungal Diversity

Fig. 35 One of eight equally Nectria cinnabarina CBS 125154

most parsimonious trees resulting Nectria cinnabarina CBS 125165
from 1000 bootstrap replicates Nectria dematiosa CBS 126570
Nectria asiatica CBS 126568
obtained from combined ITS, 100/-- 100/100
Nectria asiatica MAFF 241408
LSU sequence data. Maximum
Nectria nigrescens CBS 125162
likelihood phylogeneic tree 100/100
Nectria nigrescens CBS 125148
(lnL = −3031.102133) was 100/96 Nectria magnispora CBS 129362
generated by RAxML (GTR+G Nectria magnispora MAFF 241418
model). MP/ML values (>50 %) 97/100 Nectria mariae CBS 125294
are given at the nodes, and 100/100 Nectria eustromatica CBS 121896

Nectria
branches with Bayesian posterior Nectria eustromatica CBS 125578
probabilities greater than 0.90 are Nectria antarctica CBS 115033
given in bold. The original isolate Nectria pseudotrichia 7107
numbers are noted after the spe- 86/79 Nectria pseudotrichia MAFF 241452
cies names. The tree is rooted to Nectria pseudotrichia MFLUCC 11-0391
Cosmospora coccinea (CBS Nectria pseudotrichia ICMP 2245
63/81
100/100 Nectria pseudotrichia MAFF 241394
114050). Ex-type strains are in
Nectria pseudotrichia G.J.S. 09 1329
bold and newly generated se- 86/88
Nectria pseudotrichia CBS 652.83
quence is highlighted with a blue 98/97
53/67
Nectria pseudotrichia CBS 551.84
background 88/84
Nectria polythalama CBS 129240
92/88
Nectria polythalama ICMP 2505
Nectria polythalama CBS 128672
99/88 Nectria pseudocinnabarina AR 4548
Nectria pseudocinnabarina CBS 129366
Nectria balansae CBS 123351
100/100 Nectria balansae CBS 129349
Nectria sordida CBS 125119
100/100 Pleonectria pyrrhochlora CBS 125131
66/84
Pleonectria zanthoxyli CBS 126113
Pleonectria lamyi CBS 115034
Pleonectria cucurbitula CBS 125130
Pleonectria balsamea CBS 125166
Pleonectria berolinensis CBS 126112
Pleonectria sinopica CBS 462.83 Pleonectria
100/-- Pleonectria coryli AR 4561
Pleonectria aquifolii CBS 125147
100/100 68/74 Pleonectria aurigera CBS 109874
Pleonectria austroamericana CBS 126114
100/100 Allantonectria miltina CBS 121121
Allantonectria miltina CBS 474.69
Allantonectria
100/100 Nalanthamala vermoesenii CBS 110893
100/99 Nalanthamala vermoesenii CBS 230.48 Nalanthamala
Nalanthamala psidii CBS 116952
Cosmospora coccinea CBS 114050
10

morphology. In the absence of an appropriate DNA barcode Lasiosphaeriaceae Nannf., Nova Acta R. Soc. Scient.
for Nectria, we provisionally report our collection as N. upsal., Ser. 4 8(no. 2): 50 (1932)
pseudotrichia. Lasiosphaeriaceae, introduced by Nannfeldt (1932), is typ-
Sordariales Chadef. ex D. Hawksw. & O.E. Erikss., Syst. ified by Lasiosphaeria Ces. & De Not. Kirk et al. (2008)
Ascom. 5(1): 182 (1986) included 36 genera in this family and of these, Lumbsch and
The order Sordariales was introduced by Hawksworth and Huhndorf (2010) accepted 31 genera, whereas
Eriksson (1986). Huhndorf et al. (2004) mentioned that 14 Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) listed 35 genera. The fam-
families are included in this order. However, Kirk et al. ily Lasiosphaeriaceae is the largest and most morphologically
(2008) included only five families with 97 genera. Lumbsch diverse familial taxon in the order Sordariales (Huhndorf et al.
and Huhndorf (2010) and Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) 2004). It is also highly polyphyletic (Miller and
acceped three families, Chaetomiaceae, Lasiosphaeriaceae Huhndorf 2004; Huhndorf et al. 2004; Cai et al. 2006;
and Sordariaceae and placed around 20 genera in Kruys et al. 2015), containing several paraphyletic gen-
Sordariales genera incerta sedis. The species accommodated era (Miller and Huhndorf 2005; Kruys et al. 2015).
in the order Sordariales usually have erumpent to superficial, Kruys et al. (2015) demonstrated that the monophyletic
perithecial ascomata with large-celled ascomal walls, family Sordariaceae phylogenetically nested among
unitunicate asci and one to two celled ascospores with append- Lasiosphaeriaceae with taxa traditionally placed in the
ages or sheaths (Huhndorf et al. 2004; Zhang et al. 2006). family. The phylogenic tree given in this paper shows a
 Fungal Diversity

Fig. 36 Nectria pseudotrichia (MFLU 15–1179). a, b Synnemata. c Middle part of synnema. d Apex of synnema with conidiogenous cells. e
Conidiogenous cells. f, g Conidia. h–i Cultures on PDA. Scale bars: a = 1 mm, b = 500 μm, c = 50 μm, d–f = 25 μm, g = 10 μm

similar result (Fig. 37). The asexual morph of The genus Cercophora was introduced by Fuckel
Lasiosphaeriaceae can be linked to Angulimaya, (1870) to accommodate taxa having membraneous to
Bagadiella, Cladorrhinum, Mammaria and coriaceous, dark ascomata and hyaline, cylindrical asco-
Phialophora-like taxa (Wijayawardene et al. 2012). spores which develop a swollen, pigmented head (Miller
Cercophora Fuckel, Jb. nassau. Ver. Naturk. 23–24: 244 and Huhndorf 2001). Cercophora can be compared with
(1870) [1869–70] genera such as Arnium, Lasiosphaeria, Podospora and
Fungal Diversity

Cercophora sparsa JF00229

--/51
Corylomyces selenospora FMR8279
Jobellisia rhynchostoma CBS 118484
Podospora didyma CBS 232.78
Cercophora sulphurella SMH2531 Apodus deciduus CBS 506.70
84/84
Anopodium ampullaceum E00218015 Cercophora newfieldiana SMH3303
Lasiosphaeria lanuginosa SMH4027 Zopfiella erostrata CBS 255.71
70/87 78/91
Lasiosphaeria ovina CBS 958.72
81/93 Arnium cirriferum CBS 120041
Lasiosphaeria sorbina GJS L555 Cercophora caudata CBS 606.72
98/100 68/--
Lasiosphaeria rugulosa SMH1518 Arnium hirtum LyRS9246.2
96/99
Lasiosphaeria glabrata TL4529 Arnium hirtum LyRS8108.1
50/61
Fimetariella rabenhorstii 20410 Podospora intestinacea CBS 113106

Lasiosphaeriaceae
60/57
Arnium inaequilaterale 3345b Cercophora thailandica MFLUCC 12-0845
73/70 100/100
Arnium mendax E00122117 Zygopleurage zygospora SMH4219
63/--
Cercophora areolata UAMH7495 Podospora curvicolla IFO8548
76/80
Cuspidatispora xiphiago DQ37625 Podospora cupiformis CBS 246.71

Sordariales
100/100Apodus oryzae CBS 376.74 Cercophora atropurpurea SMH2961
Triangularia mangenotii ATCC 38847 Cercophora sordarioides UAMH9301

Lasiosphaeriaceae
--/80
97/99 Podospora cochleariformis CBS 249.71 Zygospermella insignis E00204312
--/61
Podospora decipiens CBS 258.64 Lasiosphaeris hispida SMH3336
73/97
Arnium japonense SANK10273
98/100 Lasiosphaeris hirsuta SMH1543
95/97 Arnium leporinum CBS 365.69 Podospora comata ATCC 36713
100/100
Arnium caballinum KF557672 Podospora pauciseta CBS124.78
Cercophora septentrionalis U47823 Podospora austro americana CBS 724.68
Apodospora simulans Kruys 701 Cercophora striata SMH4036
97/91Apodospora gotlandica E00204952 60/57
Cercophora samala CBS 109.93
Apodospora peruviana CBS 118394 100/100 Podospora fimiseda CBS 990.96
Cercophora scortea GJS L556 Cercophora costaricensis SMH4021
94/97
Podospora appendiculata CBS212.97
--/62 73/87 Arnium arizonense Kruys 724
Podospora fibrinocaudata TRTC48343 Apiosordaria verruculosa F152365
Bombardioidea anartia HHB99 1 Apiosordaria backusii ATCC 34568
100/100
Bombardia bombarda SMH3391 Cercophora terricola ATCC 200395
96/99 Sordaria fimicola AY780079 63/87 Cercophora grandiuscula CBS 120013
72/61
Asordaria tenerifae CBS 264.86 Zopfiella leuchotrica CBS 389.84
100/100 Sordariaceae 65/81
Gelasinospora tetrasperma ATCC 96230 Arnium olerum SMH3253
70/76 93/97 71
Neurospora crassa MUCL19026 90/85 Arnium tomentosum KF557691
Podospora fimbriata CBS 144.54 89/90
100/100 Podospora australis LyRS9247
100/100 Schizothecium curvisporum ATCC 36709 Cercophora coprophila SMH4089
Lasiosphaeriaceae

Schizothecium glutinans CBS 134.83

Chaetomidium fimeti CBS 168.71
--/54 52/75 Schizothecium vesticola SMH3187 90/96
Chaetomidium fimeti CBS 114382
65/66
100/95 Strattonia carbonaria ATCC 34567 100/-- Chaetomidium subfimeti CBS 169.71 Chaetomiaceae
Jugulospora rotula ATCC 38359 57/55 91/94
Chaetomidium subfimeti CBS 370.66
Echria macrotheca SMH3253
96/93 Zopfiella ebriosa CBS 111.75
Echria gigantospora F77-1 Camarops amorpha SMH1450
100/100
75/91
Arnium hirtum E00204487 Camarops tubulina AF346266 Boliniales
Arnium
52/63
hirtum E00204950 Coniochaetidium savoryi TRTC51980
100/100
Immersiella caudata SMH3298 Coniochaetales
94/92 Coniochaeta discoidea SANK 12878
Immersiella immersa SMH2589 Valsa ceratosperma AR3426
100/100 Cercophora aff. mirabilis SMH4238
Triangularia tanzaniensis TRTC51981 0.1

Fig. 37 Maximum likelihood phylogeneic tree generated by RAxML original isolate numbers are noted after the species names. The tree is
(GTR+G model) based on LSU sequence data. MP/ML values (>50 %) rooted to Valsa ceratosperma (AR3426). Ex-type strains are in bold and
resulting from 1000 bootstrap replicates are given at the nodes. The newly generated sequences are highlighted with a blue background

Zopfiella. However, species of Lasiosphaeria do not Cercophora thailandica D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov
form ascospores with a swollen, pigmented head Index Fungorum number: IF552034; Facesoffungi
(Seaver 1912; Taylor et al. 2001; Miller and Huhndorf number: FoF 01991; Fig. 38
2001). Members of Arnium and Podospora generally Entomology: In reference to the country where this species
grow on dung and produce ascospores with gelatinous first collected.
appendages (Krug and Cain 1972; Lorenzo and Holotype: MFLU 15–1202
Havrylenko 2001; Melo et al 2015). Zopfiella has sep- Saprobic on rotting bamboo culms. Hyphae 1.5–3 μm
tate ascospores with a hyaline pedicel which often col- wide, superficial, dark brown, septate, branching, thick-
lapses (Cai et al. 2006). Phylogenic analyses (Miller and walled, surrounding ascomata in a false subiculum. Sexual
Huhndorf 2005; Cai et al. 2006; Kruys et al. 2015) morph: Ascomata 350–480 μm high, 300–350 μm diam.,
showed that Arnium, Cercophora, Podospora and perithecial, solitary, superficial, with base immersed in the
Zopfiella are polyphyletic. Thus, presently members in hyphae, subglobose to pyriform, black, membranous, cen-
these groups are distinguished following the convention- trally located ostiole with a short neck, without periphyses,
al taxonomy of Lundqvist (1972). easily removed, with a rough surface and lackingsurface
 Fungal Diversity

Fig. 38 Cercophora thailandica (MFLU 15–1202, holotype). a–c Appearance of ascomata on bamboo host. d, e Vertical sections of ascomata. f
Peridium. g Brown mycelium. h Asci. i Paraphyses. j, m–o Ascospores. k, l Colonies on PDA. Scale bars: a–d = 500 μm, e, f = 50 μm, g–j, m–o = 10 μm
Fungal Diversity

hairs, 150–180 × 100–120 μm. Peridium 10–25 μm thick, 2003). Based on SSU and LSU gene analysis, Mostert et al.
comprising two layers; outer layer composed of dark brown, (2006) transferred Togniniaceae to Diaporthales.
7–20 × 5–9 μm cells of textura angularis; inner layer thin, Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) indicated that
composed of elongated, spindly, light brown to hyaline cells. Togniniaceae formed a distinct clade from Diaporthales in
Hamathecium of septate, unbranched, 1.5–4.5 μm wide, the subclass Diaportheomycetidae based on phylogenetic
filiform-ventricose paraphyses. Asci 90–110 × 10–15 μm (x analysis of combined LSU, SSU, TEF and RPB2 sequence
= 101.7 × 10.8 μm, n = 20), 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindri- data. Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010) included a single genus
cal, apex blunt, with a short pedicel. Ascospores 30–35 × 3– Togninia in the family Togniniaceae. Maharachchikumbura et
3.5 μm, 2-seriate, cylindrical, hyaline, curved, rounded at al. (2015) listed three genera, including a sexual morph genus
both ends; upper part becoming swollen into narrowly fusi- Phaeoacremonium. Gramaje et al. (2015) presented a case for
form to ellipsoid, 9.5–15 × 4–6.5 μm (x = 10.9 × 5.3 μm, retaining the genus Phaeoacremonium over that of Togninia.
n = 20) 0–1-septate, hyaline to pale brown head, with conical Phaeoacremonium sphinctrophorum L. Mostert et al.,
appendage at the apex, 3–5 μm long, truncate at the base; Stud. Mycol. 54: 85 (2006)
lower part elongated 18–23.5 × 3–3.5 μm (x = Facesoffungi numbers: FoF 01992; Figs. 39 and 40
20.5 × 3.2 μm, n = 20) 3-septate, curved, slightly sigmoid, Saprobic on dead bamboo culms. Sexual morph:
with 5–7 μm long and 2 μm wide appendage at the base. Ascomata perithecial, 100–150 μm high, 170–250 μm diam.,
Asexual morph: Undetermined. dark brown to black, immersed under epidermis to erumpent,
Culture characters: Ascospores germinating on PDA with- gregarious, uniloculate, globose to subglobose, coriaceous;
in 48 h and germ tubes produced from both ends. Colonies with a central neck 20–40 μm long × 10–15 μm wide, black,
circular, with even margin, dark brown, floccose, fast grow- straight to curved. Peridium comprising several strata, outer
ing, 40 mm diam. in 45 days at 25–32 °C, under 12 h light/ stratum 8–10 μm thick, composed of small, dark brown to
12 h dark, flat, olive to olive brown from above and below. brown cells of textura angularis; inner stratum composed of
Mycelium immersed and partially superficial, branched, sep- larger, pale brown to hyaline cells of textura angularis.
tate, pale brown to olivaceous brown, smooth, asexual spores Paraphyses 15–25 μm long × 2–3.5 μm wide, hyaline, sep-
not formed within 60 days. tate. Asci form small fascicles arising from short ascogenous
Material examined: THAILAND, Chiang Rai, Khun Korn hyphae, 15–20 × 3.5–4 μm (x = 18.8 × 3.7 μm, n = 20), 8-
Waterfall, on rotting culm of bamboo, 31 July 2012, Dong- spored, unitunicate, clavate to cylindro-clavcate, pedicellate,
Qin Dai DDQ00242 (MFLU 15–1202, holotype); Ibid. (KUN apically rounded to truncate, J-; ascogenous hyphae hyaline,
HKAS88711, isotype), living cultures, MFLUCC 12–0845, branched. Ascospores 3–4 × 1–1.5 μm (x = 3.5 × 1.4 μm,
KUMCC. n = 30), 2–3-seriate, allantoid, hyaline, rounded at both ends,
Notes: Cercophora species usually grow on dung or occa- smooth-walled. Asexual morph: Fertile on PDA after
sionally rotten wood (Miller and Huhndorf 2001). 2 months. Conidiophores micronematous, septate, hyaline to
Cercophora thailandica is similar to C. atropurpurea in asco- brown, smooth, verrucose wall not observed. Conidiogenous
spores having a swollen head. However, C. thailandica has cells enteroblastic, monophialidic, terminal or lateral, hyaline,
shorter ascomata with a short neck (350–480 μm vs. 620– smooth; phialides of three types: type I 2–7 × 1.5–2 μm cylin-
790 μm in height) (Miller and Huhndorf 2001). This new drical, rasied from the hypha; type II 7–12 × 1.5–3 μm
species is phylogenetically close to Arnium hirtum elongate-ampulliform; type III 17–21 × 1.5–2.5 μm
( Ly R S 92 4 6. 2 a nd Ly R S 81 08 . 1) a n d P o d o s p o r a subcylindrical. Conidia 3–4.5 × 1.5–2 μm (x = 3.8 × 1.7 μm,
intestinacea (CBS 113106). Arnium hirtum has ascomata n = 20), oblong, ellipsoidal or obovoid, hyaline, smooth-
with hairs, and large dark brown ascospores (more than walled.
45 × 20 μm), with long appendages (more than Culture Characters: Ascospores germinating on PDA
35 × 7 μm) (Lundqvist 1972). Podospora intestinacea within 24 h and germ tubes produced from both ends.
has ascospores with typical dark brown apical cell and Colonies growing fast on PDA, reaching 50 mm in 1 week
a hyaline basal pedicel (Doveri 2008). Arnium, at 28 °C, under 12 h light/12 h dark, circular, irregular edge,
Cercophora and Podospora are interesting because of white from above and pale red from reverse view. Mycelium
their coprophilous habitat. They generally appear on superficial to immersed in media, branched, septate, smooth.
herbivore dung, however, our new species was collected Material examined: THAILAND, Chiang Mai, Mae
on a rotten bamboo culm. Taeng, Mushroom Research Foundation, on dead culms of
Togniniales Senan., Maharachch. & K.D. Hyde, Fungal bamboo, 6 October 2011, Dong-Qin Dai DDQ00210
Diversity 72: 220 (2015) (MFLU 15–1196); Ibid. (KUN HKAS88705), living cultures,
Togniniales was introduced by Maharachchikumbura et al. MFLUCC 11–0629, MUCL 55877.
(2015) and contains a single family, Togniniaceae. This family Notes: Phaeoacremonium species are commonly isolated
was previously placed in the Calosphaeriales (Mostert et al. from stems and branches of diseased woody hosts,
 Fungal Diversity

humans with phaeohyphomycosis, and occasionally from strain (CBS 337.90) in the phylogeny tree (Fig. 41) with
soil (Crous et al. 1996; Mostert et al. 2003, 2006; high bootstrap support (99/91 % MPBP/MLBP).
Essakhi et al. 2008; Graham et al. 2009; Gramaje et al. Xylariales Nannf., Nova Acta R. Soc. Scient. upsal., Ser. 4
2015). Gramaje et al. (2015) monographed 8(no. 2): 66 (1932)
Phaeoacremonium and expanded the genus, which present- The order Xylariales is a large taxon of unitunicate,
ly contains 46 species and its sexual morph, Togninia, perithecial ascomycetes within the class Sordariomycetes
containing 26 epithets. Phaeoacremonium (Smith et al. 2003; Kirk et al. 2008; Jaklitsch and
sphinctrophorum was described by Mostert et al. (2006) Vo g l m a y r 2 0 1 2 ; D a r a n a g a m a e t a l . 2 0 1 5 ;
based on asexual morph characters of a collection Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015; Senanayake et al.
inhabiting a human in Canada. In our study, we collected 2015). Smith et al. (2003) stated that this order contains
the sexual morph on a bamboo stub in Thailand, and seven families, over 92 genera and 795 species. Kirk et
observed the asexual morph on PDA, which has same al. (2008) included nine families, 209 genera and 2487
morphology with the type. Our collection forms a clade species. Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010) accepted six
with two strains of P. sphinctrophorum, including the type families and 154 genera. Based on phylogenetic

Fig. 39 Phaeoacremonium
sphinctrophorum (MFLU 15–
1196). a Appearance of ascomata
on bamboo. b, c Vertical sections
of ascomata. d, e Asci containing
ascospores. f, g Cultures on PDA.
Scale bars: a = 1 mm, b,
c = 20 μm, d–e = 5 μm
Fungal Diversity

Fig. 40 Asexual morph of Phaeoacremonium sphinctrophorum from PDA (MFLUCC 11–0629). a–i Conidiogenous cells (a, c, f: type I phialides,
g–i: type II phialides, b, d, e: type III phialides). j, k Conidia. Scale bars: a–k = 5 μm

analysis, eleven families are circumscribed in the (Sexual morph of Arthrinium) and Appendicospora. The fam-
Xylariales by Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015). ily placement of Apiospora has been clarified as
Senanayake et al. (2015) transfered Amphisphaeriaceae Apiosporaceae has been recognized in order Xylariales by
to Amphisphaeriales, and introduced two new families several authors (Huhndorf et al. 2004; Zhang et al. 2006;
Lopadostomaceae and Pseudomassariaceae, based on Jaklitsch and Voglmayr 2012; Dai et al. 2014c; Sharma et al.
morphological and phylogenetic evidence. Thus, this or- 2014; Senanayake et al. 2015). Crous and Groenewald (2013)
der is expanded to contain 12 families. synonymised Apiospora under Arthrinium Kunze. Thus, this
Apiosporaceae K.D. Hyde et al., Sydowia 50(1): 23 family contains six genera, Appendicospora, Arthrinium,
(1998) Dictyoarthrinium, Endocalyx, Scyphospora and Spegazzinia
Apiosporaceae was introduced by Hyde et al. (1998), and (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015).
typified by Apiospora Sacc. The family placement of Arthrinium Kunze, in Kunze & Schmidt, Mykol. Hefte 1:
Apiospora was undertermined during 1875 to 1995 (Müller 9 (1817) : Fr., Syst. Mycol. 1: xliv (1821)
and von Arx 1962; Barr 1976, 1990; Barr and Cannon 1994; Arthrinium, introduced by Schmidt and Kunze (1817),
Hawksworth et al. 1995). Subsequently Hyde et al. (1998) re- is widespread in diverse ecological niches (Crous and
examined the type (Apiospora montagnei Sacc.) and intro- Groenewald 2013). The genus is morphologically and
duced the family Apiosporaceae to accommodate Apiospora phylogenetically delimited by Crous and Groenewald
 Fungal Diversity

Fig. 41 Maximum likelihood Phomopsis vaccinii FAU475

90/98
phylogenetic tree 92/77 Diaporthe eres CBS 101742 Diaporthaceae
(lnL = −2056.989940) generated

Diaporthales
100/100 Phomopsis asparagi ATCC 24625
by RAxML (GTR+G model)
based on LSU sequence data. MP/ Pustulomyces bambusicola MFLUCC 11-0436
ML values (>50 %) resulting
Pseudovalsa longipes AR 3541
from 1000 bootstrap replicates are 83/99
Pseudovalsaceae
given at the nodes. The original 92/90 Pseudovalsa modonia AR 3558
isolate numbers are noted after the Sillia ferruginea AR 3440
species names. The tree is rooted 99/99

to Magnaporthe grisea (M82). 100/99 Sydowiella fenestrans AR 3777 Sydowiellaceae

Ex-type strains are in bold and 66/-- Chapeckia nigrospora AR 3809
newly generated sequences are

Calosphaeriales
Pleurostoma ootheca CMU 23858
highlighted with a blue 74/57
background 100/99 Pleurostomophora repens CBS 294.39 Pleurostomataceae

78/76 Pleurostomophora richardsiae CBS H-7595

100/100 Togniniella acerosa PDD 81432

Calosphaeriaceae
Jattaea mookgoponga STEU 6184

Phaeoacremonium austroafricanum CMW 20400

100/--
86/89
Phaeoacremonium fraxinopennsylvanica MR 3064

Phaeoacremonium fraxinopennsylvanica ATCC 26664

Phaeoacremonium hungaricum CBS 123036

Togniniales
98/97
Phaeoacremonium tuscanum CBS 123033

Phaeoacremonium novae-zealandiae CBS 110156

75/56
Phaeoacremonium minimum CBS 6580 Togniniaceae
Phaeoacremonium sicilianum CBS 123034
100/100
100/97
Phaeoacremonium sicilianum CBS 123035

Phaeoacremonium sphinctrophorum MFLUCC 11-0629

99/91
Phaeoacremonium sphinctrophorum CBS 337.90

Phaeoacremonium sphinctrophorum CBS 694.88

Magnaporthe grisea AB026819

10

(2013) and Senanayake et al. (2015). The distinguishing brown to reddish brown, membranous, with a centrally locat-
characters of Arthrinium are the basauxic conidiogenesis ed, periphysate, 50–80 × 60–75 μm wide, distinctive ostiole.
in the asexual morph, with apiospores in the sexual Peridium laterally 10–15 μm thick, composed of brown and
morph (Samuels et al. 1981; Bahl 2006; Senanayake et small light brown to reddish brown to hyaline cells of com-
al. 2015). pressed textura angularis to textura intricata; upper wall near
Arthrinium longistromum D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde, sp. ostiole 25–35 μm thick, black to reddish black. Cells between
nov. perithecia 50–100 μm thick, comprising host and fungal tis-
Index Fungorum number: IF552035; Facesoffungi sues, composed of small, brown cells of textura angularis.
number: FoF 01993; Figs. 42 and 43 Hamathecium composed of few, 4.5–7 μm broad, septate,
Entomology: Refers to its long stromata. unbranched, paraphyses. Asci 70–95 × 15.5–20 μm (x =
Holotype: MFLU 15–1184 79.7.6 × 18.4 μm, n = 20), 8-spored, unitunicate, broad cylin-
Saprobic on decaying bamboo culms, forming black, line- drical to clavate, with rounded apex and a short pedicel, J-.
ar, raised areas on the host surface, with ascostromata break- Ascospores 20–30 × 4.5–6.5 μm (x = 23.1 × 5.7 μm, n = 20),
ing through raised cracks at the black centre. Sexual morph: 2–3-seriate, 1-septate, elliptical to broad fusiform, with a
Ascostromata 5–30 mm long, 0.25–0.5 mm wide, 0.25– large, upper cell and small lower cell, with narrowly rounded
0.3 mm high, gregarious, raised, irregularly and sinuously ends, hyaline, smooth-walled, with many guttules, without a
filiform, black, with long axis broken at the apex, with black sheath. Asexual morph: Undermined.
dot-like ostioles of ascomata. Ascomata perithecial, 140– Culture characters: Ascospores germinating on PDA with-
280 μm diam., 145–265 μm high, 10–30 gregarious in one in 24 h and germ tubes developing from the upper cell.
ascostroma, subglobose, sometimes with flattened base, slight Colonies slowly growing on PDA, reaching 60 mm in 4 weeks
Fungal Diversity

Fig. 42 One of four equally most Arthrinium sacchari CBS 212.30

Arthrinium sacchari CBS 664.74
parsimonious trees resulting from Arthrinium sacchari CBS 372.67
68/86
1000 bootstrap replicates Arthrinium sacchari CBS 301.49
obtained from the of ITS Arthrinium longistromum MFLUCC 11-0479
99/99Arthrinium longistromum MFLUCC 11-0481
sequence data. Maximum Arthrinium marii CBS 113535
likelihood phylogenetic tree Arthrinium marii CBS 497.90
(lnL = −2217.066944) was 61/--
Arthrinium marii CPC 18902
generated by RAxML (GTR+G Arthrinium marii CPC 18904
69/54
Arthrinium marii CBS 200.57
model). MP/ML values (>50 %) Arthrinium marii CBS 114803
are given at the nodes, and Arthrinium pseudospegazzinii CBS 102052
branches with Bayesian posterior Arthrinium phaeospermum CBS 114317
Arthrinium phaeospermum CBS 114315
probabilities greater than 0.90 are 98/76 Arthrinium phaeospermum CBS 114314
given in bold. The original isolate Arthrinium phaeospermum CBS 114318
numbers are noted after the spe- Arthrinium phaeospermum CBS 142.55
86/72
Arthrinium saccharicola CBS 191.73
cies names. The tree is rooted to 93/98
Arthrinium saccharicola CPC 18977
71/79
Seiridium phylicae (CPC 19965). 81/58 Arthrinium saccharicola CBS 463.83
Ex-type strains are in bold and Arthrinium saccharicola CBS 831.71
Arthrinium pseudosinense CPC 21546
newly generated sequences are Arthrinium phragmites CPC18900
highlighted with a blue Arthrinium rasikravindrii NFCC I2144
background Arthrinium rasikravindrae MFLUCC1 5-0203
97/98 Arthrinium rasikravindrae MFLUCC 11-0616
Apiosporaceae

Arthrinium rasikravindrae CBS 337.61

100/99
Arthrinium rasikravindrae CPC 21602
Arthrinium aureum CBS 244.83
71/87 Arthrinium hydei CBS 114990

Apiospora montagnei JF440582

Arthrinium arundinis CBS 732.71
59/--
Apiospora montagnei FJ824610
Arthrinium arundinis CBS 464.83
100/100
Arthrinium arundinis CBS 449.92
Arthrinium arundinis CBS 133509
Arthrinium arundinis CBS 124788
98/98 Arthrinium arundinis CBS 114316
Arthrinium arundinis CBS 106.12
92/97 Arthrinium malaysianum CBS 102053
99/98 Arthrinium malaysianum CBS 251.29
Arthrinium thailandicum MFLUCC 15-0199
98/100 Arthrinium thailandicum MFLUCC 15-0202
Arthrinium kogelbergense CBS 113332
100/-- Arthrinium kogelbergense CBS 113335
100/97
Arthrinium kogelbergense CBS 113333
78/-- Arthrinium kogelbergense CBS 117206
Arthrinium kogelbergense CBS 114734
100/100Arthrinium xenocordella CBS 478.86

--/70
Arthrinium xenocordella CBS 595.66
100/100 Arthrinium yunnanum MFLUCC 15-0002
69/84 Arthrinium yunnanum DDQ00281
Arthrinium hyphopodii MFLUCC 15-0003
100/99 Arthrinium pterospermum CBS 123185
60/68
Arthrinium pterospermum CPC 20193
Arthrinium ovatum CBS 115042
Arthrinium sobglobosa MFLUCC 11–0397
Seiridium phylicae CPC 19965
10

at 26 °C, under 12 h light/12 h dark, cottony, circular, with Larrondo & Calvo (Fig. 42). However, the branch length in-
irregular edge, white from above, brown to dark brown in dicates that they are different species (Fig. 42).
centre from below. Mycelium superficial to immersed in me- Arthrinium rasikravindrae Shiv M. Singh et al., [as
dia, with branched, septate, smooth hyphae. ‘rasikravindrii’], in Singh et al., Mycotaxon 122: 452 (2012)
Material examined: THAILAND, Chiang Rai, Mae Fah Facesoffungi number: FoF 01994; Figs. 44 and 45
Luang University, on dead culms of bamboo, 19 July 2011, Saprobic on dead bamboo culms, forming black, fusiform
Dong-Qin Dai DDQ00079 (MFLU 15–1184, holotype); Ibid. spots, with ascostromata breaking through raised cracks at the
(KUN HKAS88694, isotype), living cultures, MFLUCC 11– black centre. Sexual morph: Ascostromata 0.8–1.7 mm long,
0481, KUMCC; Ibid., 17 July 2011, Dong-Qin Dai 0.4–0.6 mm wide, 0.15–0.2 mm high, solitary, immersed, fu-
DDQ00074, living culture, MFLUCC 11–0479. siform, black, with a long broken axis at the top. Ascomata
Notes: Arthrinium longistromum is characterized by the perithecial, 100–150 μm high, 200–300 μm diam., 3–5 peri-
linear ascostromata (5–30 mm long) containing more than thecia immersed within the ascostromata, subglobose with a
ten perithecia. Arthrinium longistromum is phylogenetically flattened base, dark brown, membranous, with centrally locat-
close to A. sacchari (Speg.) M.B. Ellis and A. marii ed, periphysate, 45–60 × 40–50 μm wide distinctive ostiole.
 Fungal Diversity

Fig. 43 Arthrinium longistromum (MFLU 15–1184, holotype). a–c ostiole). f, p Peridium. g–i Asci. k Paraphyses. l, m Ascospores. n, o
Dark, long ascostromata on bamboo host. d Vertical section of Cultures on PDA. Scale bars: a = 1 mm, b–d = 500 μm, e = 100 μm,
ascostroma. e, j Vertical sections of perithecia (j: showing periphysate f = 10 μm, j = 50 μm, g–m, p = 10 μm

Peridium composed of dark brown to brown to hyaline cells 5–10 μm thick; upper wall around ostiole 10–15 μm thick,
of compressed textura angularis to textura intricata, laterally with black pigment. Cells between perithecia 50–250 μm
Fungal Diversity

thick, comprising host and fungal tissues, composed of with many guttules and one large guttule in the centre,
small, brown cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium surrounded by 3.5–9 μm wide gelatinous sheath attached
composed of dense, long, 1.5–3 μm broad, septate, un- at both ends. Asexual morph: Fertile on PDA, after
branched, paraphyses. Asci 70–90 × 15–17.5 μm (x = 1 month. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous cells.
82.1 × 16.6 μm, n = 20), 8-spored, unitunicate, broadly cy- Conidiogenous cells basauxic, cylindrical, discrete,
lindrical to long clavate, with a short pedicel. Ascospores smooth-walled. Conidia 7–10 × 4.5–8.5 μm (x =
21.5–24.5 × 7–9.5 μm (x = 23.1 × 8.3 μm, n = 20), 2–3- 8.1 × 6.8 μm, n = 20), lenticular, globose to subglobose,
seriate, 1-septate, ellipsoidal to broad fusiform, with a occasionally elongated to ellipsoidal, dark brown,
large, occasionally curved, upper cell and a small lower smooth-walled, with a longitudinal, hyaline, thin,
cell, with narrowly rounded ends, hyaline, smooth-walled, germ-slit.

Fig. 44 Arthrinium rasikravindrii (MFLU 15–1227). a Bamboo ascus. j–m Mature asci. n Paraphyses. o–p Ascospores. q Germinating
specimens. b–d Black ascostromata on bamboo host. e Vertical section ascospore. r, s Cultures on PDA. Scale bars: a = 5 mm, b = 1 mm, c,
of ascostroma. f, g Vertical sections of perithecia. h Peridium. i Immature d = 500 μm, e–g = 100 μm, h–q = 10 μm
 Fungal Diversity

Culture characters: Ascospores germinating on PDA with- as well as two authentic strains (CBS 337.61 and CPC 21602)
in 24 h and germ tubes developing from the upper cell. with high bootstrap support (97/98 % MPBP/MLBP).
Colonies fast growing on PDA, reaching 90 mm in 2 weeks Arthrinium thailandicum D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov.
at 26 °C, under 12 h light/12 h dark, cottony, circular, with Index Fungorum number: IF552036; Facesoffungi
irregular edge, white from above, brown to dark brown in number: FoF 01995; Figs. 46 and 47
centre from below. Mycelium superficial to immersed in me- Entomology: In reference to the country where this species
dia, with branched, septate, smooth hyphae. was collected.
Material examined: THAILAND, Krabi, Wat Tham Sua Holotype: MFLU 15–1226
Temple, 8°07′34″N 98°55′28″E, limestone outcrop, on dead Saprobic on dead bamboo culms, forming black, lenticular
culms of bamboo, 4 October 2014, Kevin D. Hyde spots with ascostromata breaking through raised cracks at the
DDQ00309 (MFLU 15–1227); Ibid. (KUN HKAS88734), black centre. Sexual morph: Ascostromata 450–990 μm
living cultures, MFLUCC 15–0203, MUCL 55894; Chiang long, 300–550 μm wide, 150–200 μm high, solitary to gre-
Rai, Mae Fah Luang University, 1 October 2011, Dong-Qin garious, immersed, fusiform to ellipsoid, black, with long axis
Dai DDQ00102, living culture, MFLUCC 11–0616. broken at the top. Ascomata perithecical, 145–160 μm high,
Notes: Arthrinium rasikravindrae was introduced by Singh 250–280 μm diam., immersed within the ascostromata,
et al. (2012) based on the asexual morph characters and phy- subglobose, dark brown, membranous, with a single perithe-
logeny analyses. The type was originally isolated from soil in cium, with a distinctive centrally located, periphysate, 50–
Norway (Singh et al. 2012). Singh et al. (2012) also reported 75 μm wide, ostiole, covered by a black clypeus. Peridium
that this species occurred on wood from marine coast and thin to thick, comprising several strata, composed of dark
Pinus thunbergii Parl., as well as stubble of Triticum aestivum brown to brown to hyaline cells of compressed textura
L. However, only the asexual morph was observed by Singh et angularis, thinner at the base, laterally 5–10 μm thick, with
al. (2012). In this paper, we describe and illustrate both sexual upper wall around ostiole, laterally 15–25 μm thick;
and asexual morphs (Figs. 44 and 45). The conidia of our surrounded by 150–250 μm thick stromatic tissue composed
collection (MFLUCC 15–0203) are smaller than the type of large, brown cells of textura prismatica to textura
(7–10 × 4.5–8.5 μm vs. 10–15 × 6–10.5 μm) (Singh et al. angularis. Hamathecium composed of dense, long, 2–5 μm
2012). However, in the phylogenetic tree (Fig. 42), our two broad, septate, unbranched, paraphyses. Asci 80–100 × 16–
isolates form same branch with ex-type strain (NFCCI 2144), 20 μm (x = 94.4 × 19.8 μm, n = 20), 8-spored, unitunicate,

Fig. 45 Asexual morph of Arthrinium rasikravindrii (MFLUCC 15–0203). a, b Colony on PDA producing conidia mass. c Conidia mass. d–f
Conidia. Scale bars: a–c = 500 μm, d–f = 10 μm
Fungal Diversity

Fig. 46 Arthrinium thailandicum (MFLU 15–1226, holotype). a Type periphyses. j, k Asci. l Paraphyses in congo red. i, m Ascospores. s
specimen, a bamboo culm. b–d Appearance of ascostromata on host. e Ascospore with sheath in indian ink. Scale bars: a = 2 mm, b = 1 mm, c,
Vertical section of ascostroma. f Peridium of ascoma. g Peridium of d = 500 μm, e–h = 50 μm, i–s = 10 μm
ascoma surrounded by stromatic tissue. h Ostiole opening with

broadly cylindrical to long clavate, with a short pedicel. smooth-walled. Conidiophores reduced to conidiogenous
Ascospores 22–30 × 8–12.5 μm (x = 25.3 × 10.3 μm, n = 20), cells. Conidiogenous cells 11.5–39 × 2–3.5 μm (x =
2–3-seriate, 1-septate, elliptical, with a large, curved, upper 26.7 × 2.6 μm, n = 20), basauxic, polyblastic, sympodial,
cell and small lower cell, with narrowly rounded ends, cylindrical, discrete, sometimes branched, smooth-walled.
hyaline, smooth-walled, with many guttules, surrounded Conidia 5–9 × 5–8 μm (x = 7.1 × 6.2 μm, n = 20), lenticu-
by 3–5 μm wide gelatinous sheath attached, at both ends. lar, globose to subglobose, occasionally elongated to el-
Asexual morph: Fertile on PDA, after 1 month. lipsoidal, dark brown, smooth-walled, with a truncate bas-
Conidiophore mother cells 5.5–11 × 3–4.5 μm (x = al scar, occasionally with a longitudinal, hyaline, thin,
7.6 × 3.8 μm, n = 20), ampulliform to cylindrical, germ-slit.
 Fungal Diversity

Fig. 47 Asexual morph of Arthrinium thailandicum (MFLUCC 15–0202, ex-type). a, b Colony on PDA. c, d Mycelium with conidia. e, f, i, j
Conidiogenous cells. h Elongated conidia. k Conidia from above view. l Conidia from side view. Scale bars: c, d = 1 mm, e–l = 5 μm

Culture characters: Ascospores germinating on PDA with- 2014, Kevin D. Hyde DDQ00308 (MFLU 15–1226,
in 24 h and germ tubes developing from the upper cell. holotype); Ibid. (KUN HKAS88733, isotype), ex-living
Colonies fast growing on PDA, reaching 90 mm in 2 weeks cultures, MFLUCC 15–0202, KUMCC; Ibid.,
at 28 °C, under 12 h light/12 h dark, cottony, circular, with DDQ00304 (MFLU 15–1224); Ibid. (KUN
irregular edge, white from above, brown to dark brown in the HKAS88731), living culture, MFLUCC 15–0199,
centre from below. Mycelium superficial to immersed in me- KUMCC.
dia, with branched, septate, smooth hyphae. Notes: Arthrinium thailandicum is phylogenetically close
Material examined: THAILAND, Krabi, Krabi Noi, to A. malaysianum Crous (Fig. 42) introduced by Crous and
Wat Tham Sua Temple, 8°07′34″N 98°55′28″E, lime- Groenewald (2013) with description of only the asexual
stone outcrop, on dead culms of bamboo, 4 October morph. Arthrinium malaysianum has short, unbranched
Fungal Diversity

conidiogenous cells (4–7 × 3–5 μm), whereas A. thailandicum Material examined: CHINA, Yunnan, Kunming, Kunming
has longer, branched conidiogenous cells (11.5–39 × 2– Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, on dead
3.5 μm). Their conidia overlap in size but the average is larger culms of Phyllostachys nigra, 7 July 2014, Dong-Qin Dai
in A. thailandicum (Crous and Groenewald 2013). DDQ00279 (MFLU 15–0382, holotype); Ibid. (KUN
Arthrinium yunnanum D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. HKAS83867 isotype), ex-type living cultures, MFLUCC
Index Fungorum number: IF552037; Facesoffungi 15–0002, CBS 139958.
number: FoF 01996; Figs. 48 and 49 Notes: Arthrinium yunnanum is phylogenetically close
Entomology: Refers to the province where the species was to A. hyphopodii D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde (Fig. 42).
first collected. However, A. yunnanum differs from the latter in having
Holotype: MFLU 15–0382 longer conidiogenous cells (16.5–50 × 2–4 μm vs. 4–
Saprobic on decaying bamboo culms, forming black, 6 × 2–3.5 μm) and larger conidia (17.5–26.5 × 15.5–
lenticular spots on the host surface, with ascostromata 25 μm vs. 5–10 × 4–8 μm) (Senanayake et al. 2015).
breaking through raised cracks at the black centre. Arthrinium yunnanum is morphological similar to A.
Sexual morph: Ascostromata 0.7–1.5 mm long, 0.35– setosa Samuels and A. bambusae (Turconi) Sivan.
0.55 mm wide, 0.2–0.3 mm high, solitary, or occasionally However, A. setosa has smaller asci (65–85 × 20–
two gregarious, immersed, subepidermal, fusiform to ellip- 28 μm vs. 85–100 × 30–35 μm) whereas A. bambusae
soid, black, with a long slit opening at the top. Ascomata has smaller conidia (15–19 × 15–17 μm vs. 17.5–
perithecial, 150–300 μm diam., 155–200 μm high in sec- 26.5 × 15.5–25 μm) (Samuels et al. 1981; Sivanesan
tion, 2–3 immersed under ascostromata, subglobose, light 1983). Moreover, the blast results using the LSU se-
brown to reddish brown, membranous, distinctive ostiole quence in NCBI’s GenBank indicates that A. yunnanum
at the centre, with a black clypeus. Peridium laterally 15– is a distinct species.
25 μm thick, composed of brown and small light brown Diatrypaceae Nitschke [as ‘Diatrypeae’], Verh. naturh.
to reddish brown to hyaline, elongated cells of textura Ver. preuss. Rheinl. 26: 73 (1869)
angularis; surrounded by 100–300 μm stromatic tissues, Kirk et al. (2008) included 13 genera in this family.
composed of small cells of textura angularis. However, Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010) accepted ten gen-
Hamathecium composed of dense, 2–7 μm broad, septate, era, while Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) list 15 genera in
unbranched, paraphyses. Asci 85–100 × 30–35 μm (x = Diatrypaceae. The phylogenetic analyses (Acero et al. 2004;
92.3 × 33.1 μm, n = 20), 8-spored, unitunicate, broad cylin- Trouillas et al. 2011, 2015) showed some common genera are
drical to subglobose, with narrow apex. Ascospores 28– polyphyletic, such as Diatrype, Diatrypella, Cryptosphaeria,
37 × 9–11 μm (x = 32.7 × 10.2 μm, n = 20), 2–3-seriate, Eutypa and Eutypella. This family is characterized by perithe-
1-septate, elliptical, with a large, curved, upper cell and cial ascomata, immersed in a well developed eu- or pseudo-
small lower cell, with narrowly rounded ends, hyaline, stroma, often long-necked with unitunicate, long stalked asci,
smooth-walled, with many guttules, surrounded by a 5– often with a truncate apex, and allantoid, hyaline to pale
20 μm wide, gelatinous sheath. Asexual morph: brown ascospores (Carmarán et al. 2006; Vasilyeva and
Coelomycetous, fertile on PDA, after 1 month. Stephenson 2004, 2006). Members of this family are common
Conidiomata 300–350 μm diam., 350–400 μm high, worldwide, typically occurring on a broad range of dead or
stromatal, sporodochial, solitary to gregarious, superficial declining woody angiosperms (Acero et al. 2004).
on media, surrounded by hyaline colonies, globose to Eutypa Tul. & C. Tul., Select. fung. carpol. (Paris) 2: 52
subglobose, coriaceous. Conidiophore mother cells 6.5– (1863)
9 × 2.5–4 μm, cylindrical, smooth-walled, arising from The genus Eutypa was established by Tulasne and Tulasne
the stroma. Conidiogenous cells 16.5–50 × 2–4 μm (x = (1863), and typified by Eutypa lata (Pers.) Tul. & C. Tul..
37.8 × 2.9 μm, n = 20), basauxic, cylindrical, discrete, Kirk et al. (2008) accepted 32 species in this genus, however,
smooth-walled. Conidia 17.5–26.5 × 15.5–25 μm (x = more than 200 epithets are listed in Index Fungorum (2016).
22.3 × 9.2 μm, n = 20), lenticular, globose to obovoid, dark Eutypa species have a wide host range, and can cause vrious
brown, smooth-walled, with a truncate basal scar. diseases on plants (DeScenzo et al. 1999; Rolshausen et al.
Culture characters: Ascospores germinating on PDA with- 2006). Asexual morphs of this genus are linked to Libertella
in 24 h and germ tubes developing from the upper part. and Cytosporina (Kirk et al. 2008).
Colonies fast growing on PDA, reaching 90 mm in Eutypa linearis Rehm, Annls mycol. 5(6): 523 (1907)
2 weeks at 26 °C, under 12 h light/12 h dark, cottony, Facesoffungi number: FoF 01997; Figs. 50 and 51
circular, with irregular edge, white from above, brown Saprobic on dead bamboo culms, forming black parallel to
to dark brown in centre from below. Mycelium superfi- naviculate ascostromata on the host, breaking through the host
cial to immersed in media, with branched, septate, tissue as a slit when mature, exposing black ostioles. Sexual
smooth hyphae. morph: Ascostromata 1.5–6 mm long, 300–650 μm wide,
 Fungal Diversity

Fig. 48 Arthrinium yunnanum (MFLU 1515–0382, holotype). a Ascospores. q Germinating ascospore. r, s Cultures on PDA. Scale
Bamboo specimen. b–d Black ascostromata on bamboo host. e Vertical bars: a = 5 cm, b–d = 500 μm, e = 200 μm, f = 150 μm, g = 100 μm, h–
section of ascostroma. f, g Vertical sections of ascoma. h Immature ascus. l = 10 μm, m–q = 5 μm, r, s = 25 cm
i–j Mature asci. k Ascus stained by Meltzer’s. l Paraphyses. m–p

and 300–500 μm high, immersed under the host, long fusi- central, ostiolate, opening, 95–105 × 45–65 μm, erumpent
form, irregular ellipsoidal. Upper cells of stromata near the over stromata, with periphyses. Peridium 6–10 μm thick,
perithecial ostiole are black, thick-walled. Stromatic tissue is composed of brown to hyaline, elongate, cells of textura
yellow, compact. Ascomata perithecial, 100–150 μm diam., angularis, surrounded by yellow stromatic tissue.
250–400 μm high, immersed in stromata, obpyriform, with a Hamathecium with ca. 1 μm wide, unbranched, paraphyses.
Fungal Diversity

Fig. 49 Asexual morph of Arthrinium yunnanum (MFLUCC 15– cells. k, l Conidia. Scale bars: a, b = 1 mm, c, d = 500 μm, e = 100 μm,
0002, ex-type). a Colony on PDA producing conidiomata. b–d Conidia f = 50 μm, g–l = 20 μm
mass. e Vertical section of stromata. f stromata wall. g–j Conidiogenous

Asci 50–90 × 5–7.5 μm (x = 70.1 × 6.2 μm, n = 20), 8-spored, Culture characters: Ascospores germinating on PDA with-
unitunicate, cylindrical, with a long and thin perdical, apex in 24 h and germ tubes produced from both ends. Colonies
truncate, with a small, J-, apical ring. Ascospores 5–7 × 1– growing fast on PDA, reaching 9 mm in 2 weeks at 28 °C,
2 μm (x = 6.1 × 1.4 μm, n = 20), 2–3-seriate, allantoid, under 12 h light/12 h dark, circular, edge irregular, hyaline
aseptate, rounded at both ends, hyaline, smooth-walled. from above and below. Mycelium superficial to immersed in
Asexual morph: Undetermined. media, branched, septate, smooth.
 Fungal Diversity

Fig. 50 One of three equally Eutypa lata DCA900

most parsimonious trees resulting 99/99
Eutypa lata WRPD001
from 1000 bootstrap replicates Eutypa lata CBS 622.84
96/99
obtained from ITS sequence data. Eutypa lata ATCC 28120
Maximum likelihood Eutypa
67/75 100/100 laevata E40C
phylogenetic tree 97/74
Eutypa laevata OHCS1
(lnL = −2688.878680) was Eutypa petrakii CBS 245.87
generated by RAxML (GTR+G Eutypa petrakii CBS 244.87
model). MP/ML values (>50 %) Eutypa flavovirens MFLUCC 13-0625
99/98
are given at the nodes, and Eutypa flavovirens MFLUCC 12-0052
branches. The original isolate 88/88 Eutypa flavovirens MKT022
numbers are noted after the spe- 100/100
Eutypa linearis MFLUCC 15-0198
Eutypa
cies names. The tree is rooted to Eutypa linearis MFLUCC 11-0503
Xylaria hypoxylon (CBS122620). Eutypa crustata CBS 210.87
Newly generated sequences are 95/94
Eutypa maura CBS 219.87
highlighted with a blue 54/63
Eutypa astroidea CBS 292.87
background Eutypa consobrina CBS 122678
89/84
Eutypa leptoplaca TUPN02
89/99
Eutypa leptoplaca TUQU01
94/94
Eutypa tetragona 190802 3
84/95
Eutypa tetragona CBS 284.87
Diatrypaceae

99/100
Cryptosphaeria ligniota CBS 273.87
99/98 Cryptosphaeria subcutanea CBS 240.87 Cryptosphaeria
Cryptosphaeria pullmanensis ATCC 52655
Peroneutypa scoparia MFLUCC 11-0615
94/98
Peroneutypa scoparia MFLUCC 11-0478
100/100
Peroneutypa scoparia CBS 242.87
100/98 99/98
Peroneutypa scoparia GNG35 Peroneutypa
96/98
Peroneutypa alsophila CBS 250.87
88/79
Peroneutypa comosa BAFC393
Peroneutypa kochiana EL53M
99/96 Eutypella citricola CBS 128330
Eutypella vitis ATCC 64171
76/--
97/83 Eutypella leprosa EL54C Eutypella
Eutypella cryptovalsoidea CBS128335
95/96
Eutypella microtheca CBS128336
100/--
Eutypella australiensis DAR80712
Cryptovalsa ampelina CBS 117485 Cryptovalsa
100/100 Creosphaeria sassafras GB 4588
Creosphaeria sassafras GB 4591
Xylariaceae
Xylaria hypoxylon CBS 122620
10

Material examined: THAILAND, Phang Nga, Thap closest to E. flavovirens. However, E. flavovirens has
Put District, Tham Thong Lang, Doi Nang Hong, on smaller (less than 1.5 mm in length) round stromata,
dead culms of bamboo, 6 December 2014, Kevin D. and occurs on twigs (Senanayake et al. 2015). Eutypa
Hyde DDQ00303 (MFLU 15–1223, reference specimen linearis is a common species occurring on bamboo
designated here); Ibid. (KUN HKAS88730, duplicate (Eriksson and Yue 1998), however, no molecular data
of reference specimen), living cultures, MFLUCC 15– is available in GenBank, and thus reference specimen is
0198, MUCL 55892; Chiang Rai, Mae Fah Luang designated here.
University, on dead culms of bamboo, 19 July 2011, Peroneutypa Berl., Icon. fung. (Abellini) 3(3–4): 80
Dong-Qin Dai DDQ00082 (MFLU 15–1186); Ibid. (1902)
(KUN HKAS88696), living culture, MFLUCC 11–0503. Peroneutypa is typified by Peroneutypa bellula
Notes: Eutypa linearis was described by Rehm (1907), (Desm.) Berl. and was introduced by Berlese (1902).
based on a specimen collected in Brazil. This species occurred Berlese (1968) amended this genus to accommodate
on culms of Arundinariae (bamboo) (Rehm 1907). species with small, clavate asci and perithecia with long
Eriksson and Yue (1998) provided a line drawing of necks. It is listed as a synonym of Eutypella (Nitschke)
stromata of Eutypa linearis. Our new collections have Sacc in Index Fungorum (2016). However, Carmarán et
the same size of ascospores with that in Rehm (1907), al. (2006) accepted Peroneutypa with seven species, and
but larger stromata (1.5–6 mm vs. 0.5–3 mm in length). there areapproximately 50 epithets listed in Index
The phylogenetic tree (Fig. 50) shows Eutypa linearis is Fungorum (2016).
Fungal Diversity

Fig. 51 Eutypa linearis (MFLU 15–1223, reference specimen). a, b Peridium of ascoma. g Apical ring of asci. f, i, j Asci. k Paraphyses. l
Appearance of ascostromata on bamboo host. c Horizontal slice Ascospores. m Culture on PDA. Scale bars: a = 1 mm, b, c = 500 μm,
through ascostromata. d, h Vertical sections of ascomata in stroma. e d = 50 μm, e, f = 10 μm, h = 100 μm, g, k–l = 5 μm

Peroneutypa scoparia (Schwein.) Carmarán & A.I. Synonym: See Index Fungorum.
Romero, in Carmarán et al., Fungal Diversity Res. Ser. 23: Saprobic on dead bamboo culms, necks breaking through
84 (2006) host epidermis, after maturity. Sexual morph: Ascomata peri-
Facesoffungi number: FoF 01998; Fig. 52 thecial, 350–450 μm diam., 150–170 μm high, solitary to 2–3
 Fungal Diversity

gregarious, immersed in the cortex, globose to subglobose, under 12 h light/12 h dark, circular, edge irregular, white from
dark brown to black, coriaceous. Necks of ascomata 1.5– above and below. Mycelium superficial to immersed in media,
3 mm long, 100–150 μm wide, black, straight to curved, with branched, septate, smooth.
periphyses. Peridium 15–25 μm thick, comprising hyaline to Material examined: THAILAND, Chiang Rai, Mae Fah
dark brown cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium compris- Luang University, on dead culms of bamboo, 16 July 2011,
ing only asci, paraphyses not observed. Asci 21–40.5 × 3.5– Dong-Qin Dai DDQ00074 (MFLU 15–1183, reference spec-
5.5 μm (x = 32.6.3 × 4.9 μm, n = 20), 8–6-spored, unitunicate, imen designated here); Ibid. (KUN HKAS88693, duplicate
clavate to cylindro-clavate, apically rounded to truncate, with of reference specimen), living culture, MFLUCC 11–0478;
a 15–20 μm long pedicel, J-. Ascospores 3.5–4.5 × 1–1.5 μm Jiew Santonkok, on dead culms of bamboo, 11 August 2011,
(x = 4.1 × 1.4 μm, n = 30), 2–3-seriate to irregular arranged, Dong-Qin Dai DDQ00101 (MFLU 16–0881), living culture,
allantoid, hyaline, rounded at both ends, smooth-walled. MFLUCC 11–0615.
Asexual morph: Undetermined. Notes: Peroneutypa scoparia was combined by Carmarán
Culture characters: Ascospores germinating on PDA with- et al. (2006) based on Sphaeria scoparia Schwein.
in 24 h and germ tubes produced from both ends. Colonies Pongcharoen et al. (2006) isolated this species from leaves
growing fast on PDA, reaching 45 mm in 1 week at 28 °C, of Garcinia dulcis (Roxb.) Kurz, collected in Songkhla

Fig. 52 Peroneutypa scoparia (MFLU 15–1183, reference specimen). f Immature asci. g–i Asci. j Ascospores. k, l Culture on PDA. Scale bars:
a, b Perithecia immersed in host tissue, appearing as long, black necks. c a, b = 3 mm, c = 50 μm, d = 100 μm, e = 10 μm, f–j = 5 μm
Section of perithecial neck. d Vertical section of perithecium. e Peridium.
Fungal Diversity

Province, Thailand. We recollected same species on bamboo 155 × 5–7 μm (x = 136.1 × 6.2 μm, n = 20), 4–8-spored,
in northern Thailand and designated it as a reference unitunicate, cylindrical, with a 50–70 μm long furcate pedicel,
specimen. with a 0.5–1 high × 1–1.5 diam. J+, wedge-shaped, subapical
Xylariaceae Tul. & C. Tul. [as ‘Xylariei’], Select. fung. ring. Ascospores 8.5–11.5 × 4–5 μm (x = 10.1 × 4.3 μm,
carpol. (Paris) 2: 3 (1863) n = 20), uniseriate, ellipsoid, slightly pointed at the ends,
Xylariaceae is one of the best-known pyrenomycete fami- aseptate, dark brown, guttulate, smooth-walled, with a straight
lies in Ascomycetes and is distributed throughout the world germ-slit, extending over the full length longitudinally.
(Rogers and Ju 1998, 2012; Ju and Rogers 1999; Peláez et Asexual morph: Undetermined.
al. 2008; Rogers et al. 2008; Chareprasert et al. 2012). Culture characters: Ascospores germinating on PDA
Members of Xylariaceae are mainly wood inhabitants and within 48 h with germ tubes produced from the central
prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions (Chareprasert et part of the spore. Colonies growing slowly on PDA,
al. 2012). The xylariaceous fungi generally have well- reaching 4 mm in 4 weeks at 28 °C, under 12 h light/
developed stromata (Ju and Rogers 1999). Ju and Rogers 12 h dark, effuse, velvety to hairy, white from above,
(1996) accepted 38 genera and Whalley et al. (1996) recog- pale yellowish brown from the below. Mycelium super-
nized 40. Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2007) listed 76 genera. ficial and immersed, branched, septate, smooth, hyaline,
Subsequently Maharachchikumbura et al. (2015) included irregular.
86 genera in this family. The phylogenetic studies of Material examined: THAILAND, Doi Nang Hong, Tham
Xylariaceae based on ribosomal DNA or other gene se- Thong Lang, Thap Put District, Phang-Nga, on dead culms of
quences have been carried out by many authors (Peláez et al. bamboo, 6 December 2014, Kevin D. Hyde DDQ00292
2008; Tang et al. 2009; Hsieh et al. 2010; Jaklitsch and (MFLU 16–0255, holotype); Ibid. (KUN HKAS92503,
Voglmayr 2012; Stadler et al. 2013; Daranagama et al. 2015). isotype), living cultures, MFLUCC 15–0192, KUMCC.
Anthostomella Sacc., Atti Soc. Veneto-Trent. Sci. Nat., Notes: Anthostomella pseudobambusicola resembles A.
Padova, Sér. 4 4: 84 (1875) bambusicola Hohn. in having immersed ascomata, raising
Anthostomella, introduced by Saccardo (1875), is a the host tissue, visible as conical structures, with a central
species-rich genus, with more than 300 putative species blackened ostiole, and black clypeus (Lu and Hyde 2000).
(Francis 1975; Lu and Hyde 2000). Hyde (1996) described However, Anthostomella pseudobambusicola has smaller asci
14 species (of which 10 were new) on palms. Lu and Hyde (115–155 × 5–7 μm vs. 155–175 × 11.5–14 μm) and asco-
(2000) provided a monograph of Anthostomella, with keys spores (8.5–11.5 × 4–5 μm vs. 16.5–24 × 7.5–10 μm) (Lu
and illustrations of 86 species. Daranagama et al. (2015) re- and Hyde 2000). Lu and Hyde (2000) re-examined the holo-
vised the genus Anthostomella based on analysis of combined type of A. bambusicola and noted its short-pedicellate asci
ITS, RPB2, β-tubulin and LSU and introduced three new lacking a visible apical apparatus. Anthostomella
species. Anthostomella is presently regarded as a polyphyletic pseudobambusicola has long-pedicellate asci (50–70 μm
genus (Stadler et al. 2013; Daranagama et al. 2015). However, long), with a J+, wedge-shaped, subapical ring. In the phylo-
very few species of the genus have been sequenced. genetic tree (Fig. 54), the new taxon groups with
Anthostomella has virgariella-like and nodulisporium-like Anthostomella eucalyptorum Crous & M.J. Wingf. and
asexual morphs (Daranagama et al. 2015). Anthostomella proteae S.J. Lee & Crous. However, the mor-
Anthostomella pseudobambusicola D.Q. Dai & K.D. phological characters are not similar to these species (Lee and
Hyde, sp. nov. Crous 2003; Crous et al. 2006a).
Index Fungorum number: IF552038; Facesoffungi Astrocystis Berk. & Broome, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 14(no.
number: FoF 01999; Fig. 53 74): 123 (1873) [1875]
Entomology: Refers to the morphologically being similar to The genus Astrocystis, typified by A. mirabilis Berk. &
Anthostomella bambusicola. Broome (Berkeley and Broome 1874), is usually found on
Holotype: MFLU 16–0255 monocotyledons, and is a typical member of Xylariaceae
Saprobic on dead bamboo culms, visible as conical, dark, (Smith and Hyde 2001). This genus is characterized by uni-,
raised, 0.9–1.3 mm diam., 0.5 mm high, solitary to gregarious to multi-peritheciate pseudoascostromata which develop be-
pseudostromata with a central blackened ostiole. Sexual neath the host epidermis and become erumpent through the
morph: Ascomata 550–650 μm diam., 400–450 μm high, host tissue to become stellate and appear superficial (Ju and
immersed, globose to subglobose, dark brown, coriaceous, Rogers 1990; Læssøe and Spooner 1993; Smith and Hyde
centrally ostiolate, with a black, 60–100 μm thick, 2001). To date, 21 species are listed in Index Fungorum
pseudoclypeus. Peridium laterally 10–15 μm thick, compris- (2016). The asexual morph of Astrocystis is allied to the genus
ing several layers of compressed, brown to hyaline cells of Acanthodochium (Smith and Hyde 2001).
textura angularis. Hamathecium of dense, long, 2–2.5 μm Astrocystis mirabilis Berk. & Broome, J. Linn. Soc., Bot.
wide, septate, paraphyses, intermixed with asci. Asci 115– 14(no. 74): 123 (1873) [1875]
 Fungal Diversity

Fig. 53 Anthostomella pseudobambusicola (MFLU 16–0255, ascospore. f Paraphyses. g Apical ring of asci stained by Melzer’s reagent.
holotype). a, b Appearance of pseudostromata on bamboo host. c h–j Asci. k–n Ascospores. o, p Culture on PDA. Scale bars: a, b = 1 mm,
Peridium of ascoma. d Vertical section of pseudostroma. e Germinating c = 10 μm, d = 100 μm, e = 50 μm, f, h–j = 10 µm, g, k–n = 5 μm

Facesoffungi number: FoF 02000; Fig. 55 Fig. 54 Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree (lnL = −3555.676955)„
Saprobic on dead bamboo culms, forming black, generated by RAxML (GTR + G model) based on analysis of ITS
erumpent, star-like flanged pseudostromata, visible by the sequence data. MP/ML values (>50 %) resulting from 1000 bootstrap
ruptured host tissue. Sexual morph: Ascomata perithecial, replicates are given at the nodes, and branches. The original isolate num-
bers are noted after the species names. The tree is rooted to Sordaria
350–600 μm diam., 300–400 μm high, solitary to gregarious, fimicola (CBS 723.96). Ex-type strains are in bold. Newly generated
immersed becoming erumpent raised and superficial, sequences are highlighted with a blue background
Fungal Diversity

100/100 Hypoxylon sp. SUT294

87/85 Hypoxylon pseudofendleri MFLUCC 11-0639
100/100 Hypoxylon pilgerianum JR19
Hypoxylon pilgerianum YMJ92042505
99/97 Hypoxylon musceum MUCL 53765
53/67
Hypoxylon ulmophilum YMJ350
66/57 Hypoxylon rubiginosum MUCL 52672
75/79 Hypoxylon
Hypoxylon cercidicola 315 (JDR)
Hypoxylon fendleri MFLUCC 12-0832
--/55
Hypoxylon lenormandii MFLUCC 13-0311
100/99 Hypoxylon lenormandii BCC 32658
Hypoxylon jaklitschii JF13037
100/98
Hypoxylon sublenormandii SUT 282
Hypoxylon neosublenormandii MFLUCC 11-0618
Daldinia bambusicola JP807
98/99 Daldinia bambusicola MFLUCC 11-0605
Daldinia bambusicola CBS 122872 Daldinia
95/98
Daldinia bambusicola Ch4-11
54/64
Daldinia caldariorum MEL 2382610
--/77 Anthocanalis sparti MFLUCC 14-0010 Anthocanalis
Rhopalostroma angolense CBS 126414 Rhopalostroma
96/96
75/77
75/73 Thamnomyces camerunensis MUCL 51396 Thamnomyces
Phylacia bomba GYJF12009 Phylacia
Ruwenzoria pseudoannulata MUCL 51394 Ruwenzoria
Rostrohypoxylon terebratum CBS 119137 Rostrohypoxylon
100/100 Anthostomella conorum CBS 119333 Anthostomella
Anthostomella obesa MFLUCC 14-0171 sensu stricto
Pyriformiascoma trilobatum MFLUCC 14-0012 Pyiformiascoma
Neoanthostomella pseudostromatica MFLUCC 11-0610 Neoanthostomella
94/96 Creosphaeria sassafras AJ390425 Creosphaeria
Lopadostoma dryophilum CBS 133213 Lopadostoma
Xylariaceae

53/--
Biscogniauxia arima WSP122 Biscogniauxia
99/100 Camillea obularia ATCC 28093 Camillea
51/82 Obolarina dryophila UME30209 Obolarina
Fasciatispora nypae MFLUCC 11-0382 Fasciatispora
Lunatiannulus irregularis MFLUCC 14-0014 Lunatiannulus
100/100 Vamsapriya bambusicola MFLUCC 11-0477
100/100 Vamsapriya bambusicola MFLUCC 11-0637 Vamsapriya
Vamsapriya indica MFLUCC 12-0544
98/98
Vamsapriya khunkonensis MFLUCC 11-0475
100/100 Collodiscula fangjingshanensis GZUH0109
Collodiscula
83/98 Collodiscula japonica JF440974
100/100 Astrocystis mirabilis 94070803 (HAST)
82/98
Astrocystis mirabilis MFLUCC 11-0636
58/89 100/100 Astrocystis bambusae EK14005 Astrocystis
Astrocystis bambusae 89021904 (HAST)
Astrocystis sublimbata 89032207 (HAST)
Xylaria bambusicola HMJAU 22754
99/89 Xylaria bambusicola MFLUCC 11-0606
95/88
Xylaria
Xylaria bambusicola WSP250
Xylaria apiculata CBS 365.81
Kretzschmaria guyanensi 89062903 (HAST) Kretzschmaria
Stilbohypoxylon elaeicola 173 (JDR) Stilbohypoxylon
Nemania maritima HAST 89120401 Nemania
74/82
Amphirosellinia nigrospora HAST 91092308 Amphirosellinia
Euepixylon sphaeriostomum 261 (JDR) Euepixylon
Anthostomella leucospermi CBS 110126
68/63 Anthostomella
Anthostomella pseudobambusicola MFLUCC 15-0192
sensu stricto
Anthostomella brabeji CBS 110128
--/53 Podosordaria mexicana 176 (WSP) Podosordaria
59/59
Poronia pileiformis 88113001 (WSP) Poronia
Entoleuca mammata 100 (JDR) Entoleuca
53/--
56/56 Rosellinia pepo CBS 350.36 Rosellinia
100/--
Discoxylaria myrmecophila 169 (JDR) Discoxylaria
Brunneiperidium gracilentum MFLUCC14-0011 Brunneiperidium
100/95
Anthostomella eucalyptorum CBS 120036
Muscodor albus MSU 2081 Muscodor
--/69
Anthostomella proteae CBS 110127
100/100 Cainia anthoxanthis MFLUCC 15-0539
Cainia graminis MFLUCC 15-0540
Cainiaceae
100/100 Nectria cinnabarina CBS 256.47
Nectria cinnabarina CBS 125165
Nectriaceae
Sordaria fimicola CBS 723.96
0.2
 Fungal Diversity

subglobose to hemisphaerical, black, carbonaceous, with flat- designated as the reference specimen. The blast result
tened top, surrounding by star-like flanged pseudostromata shows that ITS gene AY862572 is same with that of
tissue, each pseudostroma containing a single perithecium MFLU 15–1199. Thus its name should be changed to
with a centrally papillate ostiole, 35 μm diam, lacking A. mirabilis in GenBank.
periphyses. Peridium 30.5–85 μm thick, outer stratum com- Astrocystis mirabilis is morphologically similar to A.
prising black, fragile, carbonaceous tissue; inner stratum com- bambusae (Ju and Rogers 1990; Læssøe and Spooner 1993).
posed of brown to hyaline cells of textura angularis. The main distinctions between them are: the apex of the peri-
Hamathecium comprising dense, long, 2–5.5 μm wide, sep- thecia of A. mirabilis is flattened, however that of A.
tate, paraphyses intermixed with asci. Asci 95–120 × 8.5– bambusae is usually rounded (Ju and Rogers 1990); and the
12 μm (x = 107.9 × 11.2 μm, n = 20), 8-spored, unitunicate, ascospores of A. mirabilis are broad relative to their length and
cylindrical, with a short pedicel, with a 3–4.5 high × 1.5–2.5 with the length usually less than 12 μm; however those of A.
diam. J+, apical ring. Ascospores 10–12 × 4.5–6 μm (x = bambusae are narrow, with the length occasionally up to
11.8 × 5.4 μm, n = 20), uniseriate, ellipsoid, slightly pointed 16 μm (Ju and Rogers 1990).
at the ends, aseptate, brown to dark brown, guttulate, Daldinia Ces. & De Not., Comm. Soc. crittog. Ital. 1(4):
smooth-walled, with germ-slit slightly less than full length, 197 (1863)
with a 1.5–2.5 μm thick gelatinous sheath. Asexual morph: Daldinia was introduced by Cesati and De Notaris (1863)
Undetermined. to honor Agostino Daldini (1817–1895), and comprises 19
Culture characters: Ascospores germinating on PDA with- species including the type species D. concentrica (Bolton)
in 24 h and germ tubes produced from both ends of the spore. Ces. & De Not. (Ju et al. 1997; Stadler et al. 2014).
Colonies growing fast on PDA, reaching 90 mm in 2 weeks at Daldinia species usually grow on decaying wood (Ju et al.
28 °C, under 12 h light/12 h dark, cottony circular, edge irreg- 1997, 1999) and are occasionally found as endophytes
ular, white from above, brown in centre from below. (Pažoutová et al. 2013). To date, 98 records of Daldinia spe-
Mycelium superficial to immersed in media, with septate, cies are listed in Index Fungorum (2016). Petrini and Müller
branched, smooth hyphae. (1986) established five species found on monocotyledons.
Material examined: THAILAND, Uttaradit Province, on The asexual morph of Daldinia can be linked to
dead culms of bamboo, 28 October 2011, Dong-Qin Dai Nodulisporium Preuss (Wijayawardene et al. 2012; Stadler
DDQ00220 (MFLU 15–1199, references specimen desig- et al. 2014).
nated here); Ibid. (KUN HKAS88708, duplicate of refer- Daldinia bambusicola Y.M. Ju, et al., Mycotaxon 61: 253.
ence specimen), living culture, MFLUCC 11–0636. 1997
Notes: Astrocystis mirabilis, the type of Astrocystis Facesoffungi number: FoF 02001; Fig. 56
was originally described from bamboo by Berkeley Saprobic on decaying bamboo culms, forming large, glo-
and Broome (1874). Ju and Rogers (1990) re-examined bose, fruiting bodies. Stromata 12–20 mm diam. solitary to
type materials of two similar species, A. mirabilis and gregarious, superficial, globose, sessile, smooth, surface dark
A. bambusae, with descriptions, line drawings of the vinaceous to black, with inconspicuous perithecial outlines;
ascostromata and ascospores, but assigned A. mirabilis tissue between perithecia black brown to light brown, and
to Rosellinia. Smith and Hyde (2001) restored this spe- below the perithecial layer composed of alternating zones;
cies in Astrocystis. Bahl et al. (2005) included A. darker zones are dark vinaceous brown, pithy to woody,
mirabilis (AY862572) in a phylogenetic analyses based 0.1–0.2 mm thick; lighter zones are white to greyish brown,
on ITS sequence data, and indicated its close relation- pithy to woody, persistent, 0.5–2 mm thick, and above the
ship with A. bambu sae (AY862573), howeve r, perithecial layer composed of black to dark brown tissue.
AY862572 is designated as Rosellinia mirabilis in Perithecia 250–450 μm diam., 630–715 μm high, immersed,
GenBank, and although Bahl et al. (2005) discussed arranged in a row under the outermost wall of stromata, ob-
the morphological differences and recommended sepa- ovoid to tubular, lower part round and dark brown. Ostioles
rating Astrocyctis and Rosellinia, no morphological slightly papillate. Hamathecium composed of long, 3.5–
study was undertaken. In this study we collected a spec- 5.5 μm broad, hyaline, septate, hyphae-like paraphyses. Asci
imen which has same morphology as A. mirabilis and 120–160 × 5–7.5 μm (x = 146.1 × 6.6 μm, n = 20), 6–8-spored,
when compared with the holotype of A. mirabilis, re- unitunicate, cylindrical, with thin, 70–100 μm long pedicel
examined by Ju and Rogers (1990), this new collection and a round, 1–1.5 high × 2.5–3 diam. J+, apical ring, truncate
(MFLU 15–1199) is similar. It has the same length, but at the apex. Ascospores 7–8 × 3.5–4.5 μm (x = 7.3 × 3.8 μm,
smaller (4.5–6 μm vs. 6–7.5 μm) width ascospores, and n = 20), uniseriate, aseptate, curved, elliptical, hyaline, becom-
has shorter asci (95–120 μm vs. 110–190 μm long). ing dark brown, with narrowly rounded ends, smooth-walled.
This new collection is morphologically and phylogenet- Culture characters: Ascospores germinating on PDA
ically (Fig. 53) identified as A. mirabilis, and is within 24 h and germ tubes produced from both ends
Fungal Diversity

Fig. 55 Astrocystis mirabilis (MFLU 15–1199, reference specimen). a Germinating ascospore. q, r Cultures on PDA. Scale bars: a = 5 mm, b,
Bamboo culm with fungal fruiting bodies. b–f Black perithecia. j–k Asci. c = 200 μm, d, f = 500 μm, g–p = 10 μm
l Paraphyses. m–o Ascospores (n, o: showing sheath of ascospores). p

of spore. Colonies growing fast on PDA, reaching brown in centre from below. Mycelium superficial to
90 mm in 2 weeks at 28 °C, under 12 h light/12 h immersed in media, with septate, branched, smooth
dark, cottony circular, edge irregular, white from above, hyphae.
 Fungal Diversity

Fig. 56 Daldinia bambusicola

(MFLU 15–1187). a, b Stromata.
c Vertical section of ascostroma. d
Lower part of perithecium. f The
tissue between perithecia. g–j
Asci with long pedicel. k
Paraphyses. l Ascospores. m, n
Culture on PDA. Scale bars: a,
b = 10 mm, c–f = 50 μm, g–
l = 5 μm

Fig. 57 Hypoxylon pseudefendleri (MFLU 15–1200, holotype). a„

Material examined: THAILAND, Chiang Rai, Mae Fah Appearance of stromata on bamboo host. b, c Purplish-brown stromata.
Luang University, on dead culms of bamboo, 1 August d Vertical section of stroma. e Vertical section of perithecia. f–h Asci
2011, Dong-Qin Dai DDQ00085 (MFLU 15–1187); ibid. containing eight ascospores, with J+, apical rings. i Wall of perithecium.
j Germinating ascospores. k–n Dark brown ascospores. o, p Cultures on
(KUN HKAS88697), living cultures, MFLUCC 11–0605, PDA. Scale bars: a = 3 mm, b = 1 mm, c = 200 μm, d = 100 μm,
CBS 139987. e = 50 μm, f–j = 10 μm, k–n = 5 μm
Fungal Diversity

Notes: Daldinia bambusicola is specifically associated with a likely record in the USA (Ju et al. 1997; Stadler et al.
with bamboo and commonly distributed in tropical regions 2014). This species was originally collected in Chiang Mai
 Fungal Diversity

Province, Thailand by Ju et al. (1997). We recollected the 80.6 × 8.6 μm, n = 20), 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, oc-
same species in Chiang Rai Province, and it is illustrated in casionally with a short pedicel, with a 1–1.5 high × 1.5–2.5
Fig. 56. Phylogenic analyses (Fig. 53) show that the new diam. J+, apical ring. Ascospores 9–11.5 × 4.5–6.5 μm (x =
collection groups well with ex-type strain (CBS 122872) of 10.2 × 5.7 μm, n = 20), ellipsoid, slightly pointed at the ends,
D. bambusicola with high bootstrap support value (100/100 % aseptate, dark brown, guttulate, smooth-walled. Asexual
MPBP/MLBP). Ju et al. (1997) mentioned Daldinia morph: Undetermined.
bambusicola has darker, zonate internal tissue in the stromata. Culture characters: Ascospores germinating on PDA with-
However, Stadler et al. (2014) re-examined the holotype in 24 h and germ tubes developing from both ends of spore.
(WSP 69652), and did not observe this character, probably Colonies fast growing on PDA, reaching 80 mm in 3 weeks at
due to the dry and broken material. The fresh collection 28 °C, 12 h light/12 h dark, cottony, circular, diffuse from
(MFLU 15–1187) circumscribed by phylogenic analyses centre, with irregular edge, white with pale yellow in centre
(Fig. 53) has exactly the same features as described by Ju et from above and below. Mycelium superficial to immersed in
al. (1997). media, with branched, septate, smooth hyphae.
Hypoxylon Bull., Hist. Champ. Fr. (Paris) 1: 168 (1791) Material examined: THAILAND, Phitsanulok Province,
Hypoxylon is presently one of the most species diverse on dead culms of bamboo, 29 October 2011, Dong-Qin Dai
genera in Xylariaceae; the species are saprobes or facultative DDQ00224 (MFLU 15–1200, holotype); ibid. (KUN
parasites, and they are frequently encountered as endophytes HKAS88709, isotype), living cultures, MFLUCC 11–0639,
(Ju and Rogers 1996; Suwannasai et al 2005; Cruz and Cortez KUMCC.
2015; Sir et al. 2015). Hypoxylon is one of the typical genera Notes: Hypoxylon pseudefendleri is morphologically simi-
of Xylariaceae in having well-developed stromata, within lar with H. fendleri in having large, purplish-brown stromata,
which multiple perithecia are usually embedded, an ascus api- perithecia with a central raised neck, appearing as black spots
cal ring usually bluing in iodine, and dark brown, one-celled on stromata (Ju and Rogers 1996; Suwannasai et al. 2013).
ascospores with a germ slit (Ju and Rogers 1996; Hsieh et al. However, H. pseudefendleri has shorter (9–11.5 μm vs. 12–
2005). Kuhnert et al. (2014, 2015) reported several chemical 13 μm long) and wider ascsopores (4.5–6.5 μm vs. 4 μm
compounds extracted from Hypoxylon species. Asexual wide) (Cooke 1883). Moreover, the phylogenetic analyses
morphs of this genus are Nodulisporium-like and Triplicaria (Fig. 53) shows they are different species. Phylogenetically,
(Ju and Rogers 1996; Wijayawardene et al. 2012; Kuhnert et Hypoxylon pseudefendleri is close to H. pilgerianum
al. 2015; Senanayake et al. 2015). (Fig. 53), whereas, H. pseudefendleri has larger stromata 5–
Hypoxylon pseudefendleri D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde, sp. 30 cm long × 3–10 cm broad, rather than 0.2–6 cm long × 0.2–
nov. 3 cm broad (Ju and Rogers 1996).
Index Fungorum number: IF552039; Facesoffungi Hypoxylon neosublenormandii D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde,
number: FoF 02002; Fig. 57 sp. nov.
Entomology: Refers to the morphologically being similar to Index Fungorum number: IF552040; Facesoffungi
Hypoxylon fendleri. number: FoF 02003; Fig. 58
Holotype: MFLU 15–1200 Entomology: Refers to the morphologically being similar to
Saprobic on dead bamboo culms, forming large purplish- Hypoxylon sublenormandii.
brown stromata with raised necks of perithecia, appearing as Holotype: MFLU 15–1193
black spots on stromata. Sexual morph: Stromata gregarious, Saprobic on dead bamboo culms. Sexual morph: Stromata
5–30 cm long, 3–10 cm broad, 0.3–0.5 mm thick, usually 300–380 μm diam., 250–300 μm high, gregarious, superfi-
covering the whole surfaces of host culm, superficial, effuse- cial, globose to subglobose, purplish-brown, carbonaceous to
pulvinate, flattened, purplish-brown. Topical layer of stromata coriaceous, surface smooth, containing a single perithecium.
comprising darker tissue. Cells between perithecia are Ostiole papillate, forming at the center of stromata, with a
stromatic tissue, yellowish brown, large and lighter than peri- black opening, without periphyses. Peridium composed of
thecial wall. Perithecia 500–850 μm diam., 350–500 μm two strata, outer stratum 15–28 μm thick, composed of orange
high, immersed in stromata, globose to subglobose, brown coloured tissue; inner stratum 10–15 μm thick, composed of
to dark brown, coriaceous, with short raised necks. Necks dark brown and thick-walled cells of textura angularis.
50–55 × 35–45 μm long, forming at the center of perithecia, Hamathecium with long, 2.5–4 μm wide, septate, paraphyses,
appearing as darker spots on stromata surface when mature,
without periphyses, slightly higher than the stromata surface.
Peridium laterally 20 μm thick, composed of dark brown and Fig. 58 Hypoxylon neosublenormandii (MFLU 15–1193, holotype). a„
Appearance of stromata on bamboo. b Vertical section of stroma. c
thick-walled, to hyaline and thinner walled, cells of textura Peridium. d, g Asci. h Paraphyses. i, j Cultures on PDA. k Asci with a
angularis. Hamathecium of dense, long, 2.5–4.5 μm wide, J+, apical ring. l, m Ascospores. n Germinating ascospores. Scale bars: b,
septate, paraphyses. Asci 70–90.5 × 6.5–10.5 μm (x = c = 20 μm, d–h = 10 μm, i–l = 5 μm
Fungal Diversity
 Fungal Diversity

intermixed with the asci. Asci 98–120 × 5–7 μm (x = Type species: Neoanthostomella pseudostromatica D.Q.
109.4 × 6.1 μm, n = 20), 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, Dai & K.D. Hyde
with a short furcate pedicel, with a 1–1.5 high × 1.5–2.5 diam. Notes: Neoanthostomella is characterized by large, black-
J+, apical ring. Ascospores 8.5–10 × 4–5 μm (x = ened, raised pseudostromata on the host tissue, unitunicate,
9.3 × 4.6 μm, n = 20), ellipsoid, slightly pointed at the ends, and cylindrical asci containing eight dark brown ascospores,
aseptate, dark brown, guttulate, smooth-walled, with a longi- surrounded by a thick mucilaginous sheath. This genus is
tudinal germ-slit on one side. Asexual morph: Undetermined. similar to Anthostomella in having cylindrical asci containing
Culture characters: Ascospores germinating on PDA with- eight dark brown ascospores. However, the feature of several
in 48 h and germ tubes produced from both ends. Colonies ascomata clustering in a large pseudostroma distinguishes it
growing slowly on PDA, reaching 30 mm in 2 weeks at 28 °C, from Anthostomella (Lu and Hyde 2000). From the
under 12 h light/12 h dark, circular, irregular edge, with little phylogeneic tree in Fig. 54, Neoanthostomella forms a single
mycelium, dark brown from above and below. Mycelium su- branch within the family Xylariaceae, and can therefore also
perficial to immersed in media, branched, septate, smooth. be phylogenetically separated from Anthostomella.
Material examined: THAILAND, Chiang Rai, Doi Pui, on Neoanthostomella pseudostromatica D.Q. Dai & K.D.
dead culms of bamboo, 1 August 2011, Dong-Qin Dai Hyde, sp. nov.
DDQ00106 (MFLU 15–1193, holotype); Ibid. (HKU Index Fungorum number: IF552042; Facesoffungi
HKAS88702, isotype), living cultures, MFLUCC 11–0618, number: FoF 02005; Fig. 59
KUMCC. Entomology: Refers to the distinguishing feature of the
Notes: Hypoxylon neosublenormandii resembles H. pseudostroma.
sublenormandii Suwann. et al., a species originally observed Holotype: MFLU 15–1190
on a bamboo substrate, in Kanchanaburi Province of Thailand Saprobic on dead bamboo culms, forming large, black-
by Suwannasai et al. (2005). They are morphologically similar ened, circular to elliptical, raised areas, visible as pustules on
in having superficial, globose to subglobose, purplish-brown, the host surface. Sexual morph: Pseudostromata 1.5–4.8 mm
carbonaceous ascomata. However, H. neosublenormandii has long, 0.65–1.5 mm wide, 0.25–0.35 mm high, solitary to gre-
wider asci (5–7 μm wide vs. 3.8–5 μm). In addition, H. garious, circular to elliptical, black areas raising the host tis-
neosublenormandii forms a separate branch from H. sue. Ascomata 150–300 μm diam., 160–280 μm high, 2–5
sublenormandii (SUT 282, ex-type) with high bootstrap sup- growing together in a single pseudostroma, immersed, glo-
port (100/98 % MPBP/MLBP). Hypoxylon bose to subglobose, dark brown, coriaceous, with a central
sublenormandii can be morphologically compared with periphysate ostiolate neck, 35–45 μm diam., 55–90 μm long.
H. jaklitschii and H. lenormandii (Kuhnert et al. 2015). Peridium laterally 5–10 μm thick, comprising several layers
However the phylogenic tree (Fig. 54) indicates that of compressed, brown to hyaline cells of textura angularis.
they are different species. Hamathecium of dense, long, 2.5–4 μm wide, septate, paraph-
Neoanthostomella D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde, gen. nov. yses intermixed with asci. Asci 75–110 × 8.5–13.5 μm (x =
Indexfungorum number: IF552041; Facesoffungi number: 85.1 × 10.2 μm, n = 20), 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical,
FoF 02004 with a short furcate pedicel, lacking an apical ring.
Entomology: Refers to the morphylogical similaritieswith Ascospores 11.5–15 × 4–5.5 μm (x = 13.5 × 5.1 μm, n = 20),
Anthostomella. 1–2-seriate to overlapping uniseriate, ellipsoid, slightly point-
Saprobic on dead bamboo culms, forming large, black- ed at the ends, aseptate, dark brown, guttulate, smooth-walled,
ened, circular to elliptical, raised areas, visible as pustules on with a 1.5–3.5 μm thick mucilaginous sheath, with a straight
the host surface. Sexual morph: Pseudostromata solitary to germ slit, extending the full-length. Asexual morph:
gregarious, circular to elliptical, raised as blacked areas with Undetermined.
host tissue. Ascomata 2–5 growing together in a single Culture characters: Ascospores germinating on PDA with-
pseudostroma, immersed, globose to subglobose, dark brown, in 48 h with germ tubes produced from lower end. Colonies
coriaceous, with a central, periphysate, ostiolate neck. growing slowly on PDA, reaching 5 mm in 4 weeks at 28 °C,
Peridium comprising several layers of compressed, brown to effuse, velvety to hairy, white from above, dark brown from
hyaline cells of textura angularis. Hamathecium of dense, the below. Mycelium superficial and immersed, branched,
long, septate, paraphyses intermixed with asci. Asci 8-spored, septate, smooth, hyaline, irregular.
unitunicate, cylindrical, with a short furcate pedicel, without
an apical ring. Ascospores uni-to bi-seriate, sometimes over-
lapping, ellipsoid, slightly pointed at the ends, aseptate, dark Fig. 59 Neoanthostomella pseudostromatica (MFLU 15–1190,„
holotype). a–d Appearance of pseudostromata on bamboo host. e
brown, guttulate, smooth-walled, with mucilaginous sheath, Vertical section of pseudostroma. f Ostiole. g Peridium. h, i Asci. k
with a straight germ slit extending over the full-length. Germinating ascospore. j, l, m Ascospores. n, o Culture on PDA. Scale
Asexual morph: Undetermined. bars: a = 5 mm, b–d = 1 mm, e = 100 μm, f–g = 50 μm, h–m = 5 μm
Fungal Diversity
 Fungal Diversity

Material examined: THAILAND, Chiang Rai, Mae Fah Based on a blast search of LSU sequence data in GenBank,
Luang University, on dead culms of bamboo, 1 August Vamsapriya species are close to Fasciatispora nypae K.D.
2011, Dong-Qin Dai DDQ00091 (MFLU 15–1190, Hyde (type species of Fasciatispora). However, Vamsapriya
holotype); Ibid. (KUN HKAS88700, isotype), living cultures, is distinct from Fasciatispora in having hyaline apiospores,
MFLUCC 11–0610, KUMCC. whereas Fasciatispora has dark ascospores typically with a
Notes: Neoanthostomella pseudostromatica is similar to pallid band (Alias et al. 1994; Hyde 1991, 1995; Hidayat et al.
Anthostomella tumulosa (Roberge ex Desm.) Sacc. in its glo- 2007). Furthermore, in the phylogenetic tree (Fig. 54) based
bose ascomata with a central, periphysate, ostiolar canal (Lu on ITS sequence data, Vamsapriya species form a clade in
and Hyde 2000). However, N. pseudostromatica can be dis- Xylariaceae, and separate from Fasciatispora nypae
tinguished as the asci lack an apical ring (A. tumulosa has a J+, (MFLUCC 11–0382, reference strain designated by Liu et
subapical ring) and smaller ascospores (11.5–15 × 4–5.5 μm al. (2015)).
vs. 17.5–22.5 × 6.5–9.5 μm) (Lu and Hyde 2000). According Vamsapriya bambusicola D.Q. Dai, D.J. Bhat & K.D.
to Eriksson and Yue (1998), and Lu and Hyde (2000), several Hyde, Cryptog. Mycol. 35(4): 353 (2014)
Anthostomella species occurred on bamboo, such as Facesoffungi number: FoF 02006; Figs. 60 and 61
Anthostomella bambusicola, A. eructans, A. longa, A. Saprobic on dead bamboo culms, immersed within the host
nitidissima, A. palmicola, A. puiggarii, A. punctulata, A. cortex, black pigmented, clypeus-like tissue around ostiolate
rehmii, A. tomicoides. These species have solitary, papillate opening, visible as black, circular, 120–320 μm diam., spots
ascomata, Neoanthostomella pseudostromatica however, on the host surface. Sexual morph: Ascomata 450–
differes in having 2–5 ascomata aggregating in a black 600 × 380–500 μm, 400–500 μm high, solitary, scattered, im-
pseudostroma, and each ascoma with a central, periphysate, mersed within the host cortex, subglobose, light brown, papil-
ostiolate neck. late, with black clypae-like tissue sorrounding the papillate
Vamsapriya Gawas & Bhat, Mycotaxon 94: 150 (2006) ostiolate opening. Ostioles 60–80 μm diam., 100–120 μm
Vamsapriya, typified by V. indica Gawas & Bhat, was orig- high, raised from center of ascomata, with periphyses.
inally described by Gawas and Bhat (2005), based on a col- Peridium laterally 10–15 μm thick, composed of thin-walled,
lection from a bamboo host. Later Pratibha and Bhat (2008) light brown to hyaline cells of textura angularis.
described a second species V. mahabaleshwarensis Pratibha & Hamathecium comprising long, 1.5–3 μm wide, hyaline, sep-
Bhat, collected on an unidentified dead twig. Dai et al. (2014c) tate paraphyses. Asci 115–140 × 10.5–18.5 μm (x =
recollected and epitypified the genus type, V. indica, and intro- 124.8 × 13.8 μm, n = 20), 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical,
duced two more species based on the phylogeneic analyses. short pedicellate, with a 1.5–2.5 high × 2.5–3.5 diam. J+, api-
However, molecular data of V. mahabales hwarensis is still cal ring and round to truncate apex. Ascospores 20.5–
unavailable in GenBank. Vamsapriya was established in family 26.5 × 6.5–7.5(−7.9) μm (x = 23.4 × 7.4 μm, n = 20), overlap-
Xylariaceae by Dai et al. (2014c) and Liu et al. (2015) based on ping uniseriate to 1–2-seriate, apiosporous, fusiform to broad
multi-gene analyses. Initially Vamsapriya species were only fusiform, 1-septate, hyaline, pointed at both ends, usually with
found as asexual morphs by Gawas and Bhat (2005), Pratibha a large guttule in upper cell, and a small round guttule in lower
and Bhat (2008) and Dai et al. (2014c). In this study we ob- cell, surrounded by a small inconspicuous mucilaginous
served the sexual morph of V. bambusicola in Fig. 60. sheath. Asexual morph: Refer to Dai et al. (2014c).
An earlier reference was also found with a detailed Cultural characters: Ascospores germinating on PDA
description of a fungus with similar morphology to that within 36 h and germ tubes produced from both cells.
o f Va m s a p r i y a G a w a s & B h a t , b u t n a m e d a s Colonies growing fast on PDA, reaching 5 mm in
Tretophragmia Subram. & Natarajan (Subramanian and 2 weeks at 28 °C, under 12 h light/12 h dark, cottony
Natarajan 1972). The genus, typified by T. longispora, and light-coloured at the centre, circular, from above;
is characterized by conspicuous, long, compact, apically light brown from the below. Mycelium immersed in
flared, synnematous, branched, dark brown conidio- the media, composed of branched, septate, smooth, hy-
phores, monotretic conidiogenous cells and solitary, aline, hyphae.
long, transversely septate, flexuous, smooth, dark brown
conidia. The fungus was isolated from dead bamboo
Fig. 60 Vamsapriya bambusicola (MFLU 15–1315). a Species visible„
twigs, in Coonoor, Tamil Nadu, India. as blacked ostiolar opening on host surface. b, c Horizontal section of
It is possible that Tretophragmia and Vamsapriya could be ascomata (c: Showing ostiolate opening). d Vertical section of ascoma
congeneric. These two genera are distinguished by a single showing black clypeus around papillate ostiole. e, f Vertical section of
character. That is, in Tretophragmia the conidia are solitary, ascomata. j Peridium. h Ostiole with periphyses. i–k Asci. l Ascal apecies
stained blue in Melzer’s reagent. m Paraphyses. n, o Ascospores (n
whereas they are catenate in Vamsapriya. However, the type showing ascospore surrounding by sheath). p Germinating ascospore.
of Tretophragmia has not been sequenced and until that is p, r Cultures on PDA. Scale bars: a = 1 mm, b–d = 500 μm, e,
done, the fungi are maintainedas two distinct genera. f = 100 μm, h = 50 μm, i–p = 10 μm
Fungal Diversity

Material examined: THAILAND, Uttaradit Province, on DDQ00221 (MFLU 15–1315); Ibid. (KUN, HKAS88972),
dead culms of bamboo, 28 October 2011, Dong-Qin Dai, living cultures, MFLUCC 11–0637, KUMCC.
 Fungal Diversity

Fig. 61 Vamsapriya bambusicola (MFLU 13–0368, holotype). a, b Synnemata on bamboo host. c Apical part of synnema. d Conidia. e Conidiogenous
cells. f Synnema. Scale bars: a, b = 500 μm, c, f = 100 μm, d, e = 10 μm

Notes: Vamsapriya bambusicola was introduced by Xylaria Hill ex Schrank, Baier. Fl. (München) 1: 200
Dai et al. (2014c) to accommodate a hyphomycetous (1789)
fungus with dark synnemata, monotretic and Xylaria are commonly seen on dead wood, but can also be
enteroblastic, conidiogenous cells, and cylindrical, found in soil or on various other substrates, such as decaying
brown, septate conidia. The newly recognized sexual fallen leaves, petioles, herbaceous stems, dung, grasses, seeds
morph strain (MFLUCC 11–0637) is linked to type or fruits and wood (Ju and Tzean 1985; Rogers 1986; Rogers
strain (MFLUCC 11–0477) by ITS phylogenenic analy- and Samuels 1986). They are also dominant endophytes in the
ses with high bootstrap support (100/100 % MPBP/ tropics (Rodrigues and Petrini (1997). Kirk et al. (2008) re-
MLBP) (Fig. 53). ported 300 species in Xylaria, however, currently more than
Vamsapriya bambusicola is similar to members of 700 are listed in Index Fungorum (2016). Ju et al. (2012)
Apioclypea K.D. Hyde by having immersed ascomata with a synonymized Penzigia under Xylaria and provided a key for
rounded, black clypeus and hyaline apiospores (Hyde the major penzigioid species of Xylaria. Asexual morphs are
et al. 1998). Vamsapriya bambusicola however, has lon- Moelleroclavus, Geniculosporium-like, Xylocoremium (Kirk
ger ascospores (can reach to 26.5 μm long), compared to et al. 2008; Wijayawardene et al. 2012).
Apioclypea species which are shorter than 25 μm (Hyde Xylaria bambusicola Y.M. Ju & J.D. Rogers, Mycotaxon
1994; Hyde et al. 1998; Taylor and Hyde 2003). So far 73: 400 (1999)
Apioclypea species were only observed on palms and are Facesoffungi numbers: FoF 02007; Fig. 62
placed in family Clypeosphaeriaceae (Hyde et al. 1998; Saprobic on dead bamboo culms, forming large, long,
Taylor and Hyde 2003). Smith et al. (2003) indicated Xylaria-like stromata on bamboo host. Stromata solitary
Apioclypea is polyphyletic, and submitted a LSU gene to densely gregarious, superficial, clavate to cylindrical,
of Apioclypea sp. to GenBank. However, the blast search black, carbonaceous to coriaceous, unbranched to
using LSU gene of Vamsapriya bambusicola in GenBank
shows they are not related. Further collections of these
Fig. 62 Xylaria bambusicola (MFLU 15–1188). a Stromata. b–d„
genera are needed to establish their natural placement in
Horizontal section of stroma. e, f Peridium. g–j Asci. k Paraphyses. l,
Xylariomycetidae (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2015; m Ascospores n Germinating ascospore. o, p Culture on PDA. Scale bars:
Senanayake et al. 2015). a = 5 mm, b–d = 500 μm, e, f = 50 μm, k–m = 5 μm
Fungal Diversity
 Fungal Diversity

branched, 2–6 cm long in total; well defined, slender, Fig. 64 Pleurophragmium bambusinum (MFLU 15–1207, holotype: a,„
black stipes, covered by short black hairs, 2–3 mm b, e, j, k observed from host substrate; c, d, f, h, i, g, l–r observed from
PDA culture). a, b Conidiomata on bamboo host. c, d Sporulation on
diam.; top fertile part 1–3 cm long, 5–6 mm diam..
PDA. e Conidiophore. f Upper part of conidiophore. g–n Polyblastic
Outer layer of stromata 25–55 μm thick composed of conidiogenous cells (g, h, l–n Conidiogenous cells producing conidia).
black tissue. Cells between perithecia light brown to o–r brown conidia with 3 septa. s Colonies on PDA. Scale bars: a,
hyaline, of textura intricata to oblita. Perithecia 300– b = 1 mm, c, d = 500 μm, e = 100 μm, f = 50 μm, h–n = 10 μm, q–r = 5 μm
650 μm diam., immersed, arranged under outside layer
of stromata, globose, membranous, light brown. 6.8 × 3.4 μm, n = 20), uniseriate, aseptate, elliptical, light
Peridium laterally 20–45 μm thick, composed of small, brown to brown, with narrowly rounded ends, smooth-
light brown to hyaline cells of textura oblita. walled, with asymmetric, full length, germ-slit.
Hamathecium composed of long, hyaline, septate, 1.5– Culture characters: Ascospores germinating on PDA
2 μm broad, paraphyses. Asci 95–120 × 4.5–5.5 μm (x = within 24 h and germ tubes produced from both ends
99.7 × 4.8 μm, n = 20), 8-spored, unitunicate, cylindrical, of spore. Colonies growing fast on PDA, reaching
with a long, thin pedicel and a 1–1.5 high × 2–3 diam. 90 mm in 2 weeks at 28 °C, under 12 h light/12 h
J+, round apical ring. Ascospores 6–8 × 3–3.5 μm (x = dark, cottony circular, irregular edge, white from above,

Fig. 63 Maximum likelihood Ascitendus austriacus MR 2936

99/99
phylogenetic tree 83/88
Annulusmagnus triseptatus MR 2948 Annulatascales
(lnL = −2178.664062) generated Annulatascus velatisporus A7018
Pleurophragmium bambusinum MFLUCC 12-0850
by RAxML (GTR + G model) 77/81
Ellisembia adscendens HKUCC 10820
based on LSU sequence data. MP/ 67/91
Ellisembia leonensis HKUCC 10822
ML values (>50 %) resulting
Lentomitella cirrhosa ICMP 15131
from 1000 bootstrap replicates are 100/100
Lentomitella crinigera CBS 113655
given at the nodes. The original Rhodoveronaea varioseptata CBS 123472 (asexual morph: Pleurophragmium)
100/100
isolate numbers codes are noted Rhodoveronaea varioseptata CBS 123473 Sordariomycetes,
after the species names. The tree Barbatosphaeria arboricola CBS 127689 genera incertae sedis
is rooted to Saccharomyces 95/95
Barbatosphaeria varioseptata CBS 137797
88/60
cerevisiae (CBS 116131). Ex- Barbatosphaeria fimbriata MR 3694
type strains are in bold. Newly Barbatosphaeria dryina CBS 127691
66/81
generated sequences are Natantiella ligneola CBS 123470
100/100
highlighted with a blue Natantiella ligneola CBS 123410
background 100/100Cryptadelphia groenendalensis SH12
Cryptadelphia groenendalensis SMH 3767
Trichosphaeriales
Sordariomycetes

Ceratostomella pyrenaica CBS 117116

Thyridium vestitum AFTOL-ID 172 Thyridiaceae
Ellisembia bambusicola HKUCC 3578
100/100 Diaporthe eres CBS 694.94
Pustulomyces bambusicola MFLUCC 11-0436
Diaporthales
86/99

100/99 Togninia novae-zealandiae WIN 113BI

Togniniales
Phaeoacremonium novae-zealandiae CBS 110156
99/99 Gaeumannomyces cylindrosporus CBS 610.75

--/86 --/64 Magnaporthe salvinii M21 Magnaporthales

Ophioceras leptosporum CBS 894.70
54/77
Ceratosphaeria lampadophora SMH 4822
100/100 Gelasinospora tetrasperma CBS 178.33 Sordariales
--/57
96/99 Sordaria fimicola CBS 508.50
Camaropella pugillus SMH 3846
93/81 Boliniales
Apiorhynchostoma curreyi UAMH 11088
Pleurophragmium triseptatum P018
100/100
Pleurophragmium subfusiforme P011
Xylaria hypoxylon CBS 122620
66/--
Rosellinia necatrix HKUCC 9037 Xylariales
50/57
Hypoxylon fragiforme MUCL 51264
100/100 Dothidea sambuci DAOM 231303
100/100 Dothidea insculpta CBS 189.58
Dothideomycetes
89/96 Minimelanolocus melanicus MFLUCC 15-0415
97/59 Minimelanolocus curvatus MFLUCC 15-0259
100/--
100/100 Minimelanolocus obscurus MFLUCC 15-0416 Eurotiomycetes
Chaetothyrium agathis MFLUCC 12-00113
100/100 Orbilia delicatula YNUCC 6028
Dactylella clavata YNUCC 5628
Orbiliomycetes
Saccharomyces cerevisiae NRRL-Y 12632
0.1
Fungal Diversity
 Fungal Diversity

brown in centre from below. Mycelium superficial to Pleurophragmium bambusinum D.Q. Dai & K.D. Hyde,
immersed in/on media, with branched, septate, smooth sp. nov.
hyphae. Indexfungorum number: IF552043; Facesoffungi number:
Material examined: THAILAND, Chiang Rai, Mae Fah FoF 02008; Fig. 64
Luang University, on dead culms of bamboo, 1 August Etymology: Refers to the host bamboo.
2011, Dong-Qin Dai DDQ00086 (MFLU 15–1188); ibid. Holotype: MFLU 15–1207
(KUN HKAS88698), living cultures, MFLUCC 11–0606, Saprobic on decaying bamboo culms. Mycelium im-
CBS 139988. mersed in the substrate, composed of septate, branched,
Notes: Xylaria bambusicola was originally described by hyphae. Sexual morph: Undetermined. Asexual morph:
Ju and Rogers (1999) based on a collection from bam- Conidiophores 800–1900 × 3–4.5 μm (x = 968.3×
boo, in Taiwan. Our new strain (MFLUCC 11–0606) 3.9 μm, n = 20) macronematous, cylindrical, brown to
groups within the type strain of Xylaria bambusicola dark brown, septate, unbranched, straight to slightly
(WSP205) with high bootstrap support (100 %/99 % flexuous. Conidiogenous cells 12–25 × 3–4.5 μm (x =
MPBP/MLBP) (Fig. 54). The new collection has similar 17.3 × 4.1 μm, n = 20), polyblastic, integrated, terminal,
morphology with the type, however, is shorter in asci sympodial, cylindrical, pale brown, smooth, straight,
(95–120 μm vs. 120–150 μm in length) and ascospores denticulate. Conidia 13–21 × 5–7 μm (x =
(6–8 μm vs. 9.5–11 μm long) (Ju and Rogers 1999). 17.6 × 6.2 μm, n = 20) μm, ellipsoid, slightly narrow at
Xylaria bambusicola can be compared with X. apiculata towards base, straight to slightly curved, 3-septate,
and X. arbuscula in having black Xylaria-like stromata. brown, smooth-walled, thick-walled, without guttules.
However, Xylaria apiculata has larger ascospores (20– Culture characters: Ascospores germinating on PDA with-
22 × 7 μm vs. 6–8 × 3–3.5 μm) (Cooke 1879). Xylaria in 24 h and germ tubes produced from basal end. Colonies
bambusicola differs from X. arbuscula in its smaller growing slowly on PDA, reaching 5 mm in 2 weeks at 28 °C,
ascospores (6–8 × 3–3.5 μm vs. 14–16 × 5–7 μm) under 12 h light/12 h dark, circular, dark brown from above
(Saccardo 1878) and in having a full length germ-slit and below. Mycelium superficial to immersed in media,
(Ju and Rogers 1999). branched, septate, smooth. Fertile after 2 months in room tem-
Sordariomycetes, genera incertae sedis perature on PDA.
Pleurophragmium Costantin, Mucéd. Simpl. (Paris): 100 Material examined: THAILAND, Chiang Rai, Hnong Kao
(1888) Hong, Dong Mada, Mea Laos, on dead culms of bamboo, 3
Pleurophragmium was established by Costantin (1888) August 2012, D. Jayarama Bhat DDQ00250 (MFLU 15–
with P. bicolor Costantin as type species, and was 1207, holotype); Ibid. (KUN HKAS83941, isotype), living
placed in Ascomyceta, genera incertae sedis. The genus cultures, MFLUCC 12–0850, KUMCC.
is characterized by single unbranched, brown to dark Notes: Pleurophragmium bambusicola is characterized by
brown conidiophores, with polyblastic, integrated, termi- polyblastic, sympodial, denticulate conidiogenous cells and 3-
nal, sympodial, denticulate conidiogenous cells, produc- septate, brown, thick-walled conida. D’Souza and Bhat (2012)
ing ellipsoid to fusiform, or clavate, brown, 0–7-septate described P. indicum M.A. D’Souza & Bhat and P.
conidia, with pointed bases (De Hoog 1985; Abarca et varieseptatum Matsush. from bamboo. However, P. indicum
al. 2007; Ma et al. 2014). The feature of dark conidia is has larger conidia (20–30 × 4.5–11 μm vs. 13–21 × 5–7 μm)
used to distinguish Pleurophragmium from Dactylaria with varied coluoration (middle cells dark brown and end cells
(De Hoog 1985; Abarca et al. 2007). D’Souza and pale brown vs. identical color). Pleurophragmium
Bhat (2012) compared 23 species of Pleurophragmium bambusicola differs from P. varieseptatum in having
based on their substrates and locations and provided the smooth-walled, ellipsoid conidia (D’Souza and Bhat 2012).
key for species. Réblová (2009) reported a sexual spe-
cies Rhodoveronaea varioseptata Arzanlou, et al. with a
Pleurophragmium asexual morph, and provided a Discussion
phylogeneic analysis based on LSU sequence data. Our
phylogeneic tree in Fig. 63, shows Pleurophragmium This study treats 43 fungal species representing 24 genera,
clusters in Sordariomycetes, genera incertae sedis. including 29 new species, three new genera and one new
More than 20 species were introduced in this genus family. They are arranged into two classes. Twenty-one fungal
(Abarca et al. 2007), and its species may be polyphy- species belonging to eight genera (Bambusaria, Bambusicola,
letic. However, very little molecular data is available in Mendogia, Neodeightonia, Occultibambusa, Roussoella,
GenBank, and fresh collections are requested to clarify S e r i a s c o m a a n d Tu b e u f i a ) , o f s e v e n f a m i l i e s
the order and family level placement of the genus, as (Bambusicolaceae, Botryosphaeriaceae, Myriangiaceae,
well as species relationships. Occultibambusaceae, Roussoellaceae, Tubeufiaceae and
Table 2 List of bambusicolous fungi published since Hyde et al. (2002b)

Taxa Bamboo host Substrate Country Order/Family References

Amphibambusa bambusicola Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Amphisphaeriales/Amphisphaeriaceae Liu et al. (2015)
Fungal Diversity

Anthostomella pseudobambusicola Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Xylariales/Xylariaceae This study

Arthrinium hyphopodii Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Xylariales/Apiosporaceae Senanayake et al. (2015)
A. longistromum Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Xylariales/Apiosporaceae This study
A. rasikravindrae Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Xylariales/Apiosporaceae This study
A. subglobosa Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Xylariales/Apiosporaceae Senanayake et al. (2015)
A. thailandicum Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Xylariales/Apiosporaceae This study
A. yunnanum Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Xylariales/Apiosporaceae This study
Astrocystis mirabilis Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Xylariales/Xylariaceae This study
Astrosphaeriella africana Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Pleosporales/Astrosphaeriellaceae Liu et al. (2011)
A. bambusae Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Pleosporales/Astrosphaeriellaceae Phookamsak et al. (2015)
A. exorrhiza Thysanolaena On dead culms Thailand Pleosporales/Astrosphaeriellaceae Phookamsak et al. (2015)
maxima
A. fusispora Phyllostachis On dead culms Thailand Pleosporales/Astrosphaeriellaceae Phookamsak et al. (2015)
bambusoides
A. neofusispora Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Pleosporales/Astrosphaeriellaceae Phookamsak et al. (2015)
A. neostellata Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Pleosporales/Astrosphaeriellaceae Phookamsak et al. (2015)
A.stellata Phyllostachis On dead culms Thailand Pleosporales/Astrosphaeriellaceae Liu et al. (2011);
bambusoides Phookamsak et al. (2015)
A. thailandica Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Pleosporales/Astrosphaeriellaceae Phookamsak et al. (2015)
A. thysanolaenae Thysanolaena On dead culms Thailand Pleosporales/Astrosphaeriellaceae Phookamsak et al. (2015)
maxima
A. tornata Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Pleosporales/Astrosphaeriellaceae Phookamsak et al. (2015)
Bambusaria bambusae Thyrsostachys On dead culms Thailand Valsariales/Valsariaceae Jaklitsch et al. (2015); This study
siamensis
Bambusicola bambusae Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Pleosporales/Bambusicolaceae Dai et al. (2012)
B. didymospora Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Pleosporales/Bambusicolaceae This study
B. irregularispora Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Pleosporales/Bambusicolaceae Dai et al. (2012)
B. loculata Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Pleosporales/Bambusicolaceae Dai et al. (2015)
B. massarinia Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Pleosporales/Bambusicolaceae Dai et al. (2012)
B. pustulata Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Pleosporales/Bambusicolaceae This study
B. splendida Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Pleosporales/Bambusicolaceae Dai et al. (2012)
B. thailandica Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Pleosporales/Bambusicolaceae This study
B. triseptatispora Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Pleosporales/Bambusicolaceae This study
Bambusistroma didymosporum Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Pleosporales/Massarinaceae Adamčík et al. (2015)
Botryobambusa fusicoccum Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Botryosphaeriales/Botryosphaeriaceae Liu et al. (2012a)
Table 2 (continued)

Taxa Bamboo host Substrate Country Order/Family References

Brunneoclavispora bambusae Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Pleosporales/Halotthiaceae Ariyawansa et al. (2015)
Cercophora thailandica Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Sordariales/Lasiosphaeriaceae This study
Collodiscula fangjingshanensis Bamboo On dead culms China Xylariales/Xylariaceae Liu et al. (2015)
C. leigongshanensis Bamboo On dead culms China Xylariales/Xylariaceae Liu et al. (2015)
Daldinia bambusicola Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Xylariales/Xylariaceae This study
Dictyosporium pseudomusae Bamboo On dead culms Japan Pleosporales/Dictyosporiaceae Tanaka et al. (2015)
Dinemasporium bambusicola Pleioblastus chino On dead culms Japan Xylariomycetidae/ Incertae sedis Hashimoto et al. (2015)
D. cruciferum Bamboo On dead culms Japan Xylariomycetidae/ Incertae sedis Hashimoto et al. (2015)
D.japonicum Sasa kurilensis On dead culms Japan Xylariomycetidae/ Incertae sedis Hashimoto et al. (2015)
D. longicapillatum Bamboo On dead culms Japan Xylariomycetidae/ Incertae sedis Hashimoto et al. (2015)
D. parastrigosum Bamboo On dead culms Japan Xylariomycetidae/ Incertae sedis Hashimoto et al. (2015)
D. rishiriense Sasa kurilensis On dead culms Japan Xylariomycetidae/ Incertae sedis Hashimoto et al. (2015)
D. sasae Sasa kurilensis On dead culms Japan Xylariomycetidae/ Incertae sedis Hashimoto et al. (2015)
D. strigosum Sasa kurilensis On dead culms Japan Xylariomycetidae/ Incertae sedis Hashimoto et al. (2015)
Dothiorella thailandica Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Botryosphaeriales/Botryosphaeriaceae Liu et al. (2012a);
Phillips et al. (2013)
Embryonispora bambusicola Bamboo On dead culms China Ascomycota/ Incertae sedis Zhao et al. (2014)
Eriosporella bambusicola Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Capnodiales/Incertae sedis Dai et al. (2014b)
Eutypa linearis Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Xylariales/Diatrypaceae This study
Fissuroma aggregata ≡ Phyllostachys bambusoides On dead culms Japan, Thailand Pleosporales/Aigialaceae Tanaka and Harada (2005a);
Astrosphaeriella aggregata Liu et al. (2011);
Phookamsak et al. (2015)
F. bambusae Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Pleosporales/Aigialaceae Phookamsak et al. (2015)
F. neoaggregata Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Pleosporales/Aigialaceae Phookamsak et al. (2015)
F. thailandicum Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Pleosporales/Aigialaceae Phookamsak et al. (2015)
Flammeascoma bambusae Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Pleosporales/Anteagloniaceae Liu et al. (2015)
Goosiomyces bambusicola Bambusa arundinacea On dead culms China Ascomycota/ Incertae sedis Dubey and Neelima (2014)
Gibberella bambusae Bamboo On dead culms China Hypocreales/Nectriaceae Zhang and Zhuang (2003)
Gregarithecium curvisporum Sasa sp. On dead culms Japan Pleosporales/Dictyosporiaceae Tanaka et al. (2015)
Helminthosporium bambusicola Bambusa sp. On dead culms China Pleosporales/Massarinaceae Zhang et al. (2010)
Hypoxylon laminosum Bamboo On dead culms French Xylariales/Xylariaceae Kuhnert et al. (2014)
H. neosublenormandii Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Xylariales/Xylariaceae This study
H. pseudefendleri Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Xylariales/Xylariaceae This study
H. sublenormandii Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Xylariales/Xylariaceae Suwannasai et al. (2005)
Fungal Diversity
Table 2 (continued)

Taxa Bamboo host Substrate Country Order/Family References

Kamalomyces indicus Dendrocalamus strictus On dead culms Thailand Tubeufiales/Tubeufiaceae Boonmee et al. (2011)
Fungal Diversity

Katumotoa bambusicola Sasa kurilensis; On dead culms Japan Pleosporales/Lentitheciaceae Tanaka and Harada (2005a);
Tanaka et al. (2015)
Leptosporella bambusae Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Chaetosphaeriales/Incertae sedis This study
Linocarpon bambusicola Bambusa sp. On dead culms Philippines Xylariales/Incertae sedis Cai et al. (2004)
Lophiostoma arundinis Sasa palmata On dead culms Japan Pleosporales/Lophiostomataceae Tanaka and Harada (2003a)
Massarina arundinariae Phyllostachys bambusoides On dead culms Japan Pleosporales/Massarinaceae Tanaka and Harada (2003b)
M. bambusina Sasa kurilensis; Phyllostachys On dead culms Japan Pleosporales/Massarinaceae Tanaka and Harada (2003b)
bambusoides
M. ryukyuensis Pleioblastus linearis On dead culms Japan Pleosporales/Massarinaceae Tanaka and Harada (2003b)
Mendogia bambusina Bamboo On living culms Thailand Myriangiales/Myriangiaceae This study
Myrothecium thailandicum Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Hypocreales/Stachybotryaceae This study
M. chiangmaiense Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Hypocreales/Stachybotryaceae This study
M. cylindrosporum Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Hypocreales/Stachybotryaceae Liu et al. (2015); This study
M. uttaraditense Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Hypocreales/Stachybotryaceae This study
Nectria pseudotrichia Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Hypocreales/Nectriaceae This study
Neoanthostomella pseudostromatica Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Xylariales/Xylariaceae This study
Neodeightonia microspora Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Botryosphaeriales/Botryosphaeriaceae This study
N. subglobosa Bambusa arundinacea On dead culms Thailand Botryosphaeriales/Botryosphaeriaceae Liu et al. (2012a); This study
Neogaeumannomyces bambusicola Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Magnaporthales/Magnaporthaceae Liu et al. (2015)
Neokalmusia brevispora Sasa senanensis; Sasa kurilensis On dead culms Japan Pleosporales/Didymosphaeriaceae Tanaka and Harada (2004);
Ariyawansa et al. (2014)
Neokalmusia didymospora Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Pleosporales/Didymosphaeriaceae Dai et al. (2016)
Neokalmusia scabrispora Phyllostachys bambusoides On dead culms Japan Pleosporales/Didymosphaeriaceae Tanaka et al. (2005)
Neoophiosphaerella sasicola Sasa senanensis; Sasa kurilensis On dead culms Japan Pleosporales/Lentitheciaceae Tanaka et al. (2015)
Neoroussoella bambusae Bambusa sp. On dead culms Thailand Pleosporales/Roussoellaceae Liu et al. (2014)
Occultibambusa bambusae Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Pleosporales/Occultibambusaceae This study
O. fusispora Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Pleosporales/Occultibambusaceae This study
O. pustula Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Pleosporales/Occultibambusaceae This study
Oxydothis bambusicola Bambusa sp. On dead culms China Xylariales/Incertae sedis Shenoy et al. (2005)
Parabambusicola bambusina Sasa kurilensis On dead culms Japan Pleosporales/Parabambusicolaceae Tanaka et al. (2015)
Passalora bambusae Bambusa spinosa On culms India Capnodiales/Mycosphaerellaceae Kamal (2010)
Peroneutypa scoparia Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Xylariales/Diatrypaceae This study
Phaeoacremonium sphinctrophorum Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Togniniales/Togniniaceae This study
Phaeoisaria pseudoclematidis Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Xylariales/Diatrypaceae Liu et al. (2015)
Table 2 (continued)

Taxa Bamboo host Substrate Country Order/Family References

Phaeosphaeria bambusae Pleioblastus simoni On dead culms Japan Pleosporales/Phaeosphaeriaceae Tanaka and Harada (2004)
P. oryzae Bambusa multiplex On dead culms Japan Pleosporales/Phaeosphaeriaceae Tanaka and Harada (2004)
Phaeosphaeria sp. Sasa kurilensis On dead culms Japan Pleosporales/Phaeosphaeriaceae Tanaka and Harada (2004)
Phialosporostilbe gregariclava Sasa nipponica On dead culms Japan Ascomycota incertae sedis Shirouzu and Harada (2004)
Pleurophragmium bambusinum Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Sordariomycetes genera, incertae sedis This study
Polyplosphaeria fusca Pleioblastus chino; On dead culms Japan Pleosporales/Tetraplosphaeriaceae Tanaka et al. (2009)
Phyllostachys bambusoides;
Chimonobambusa marmorea;
Sasa kurilensis
Pseudoastrosphaeriella africana Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Pleosporales/Pseudoastrosphaeriellaceae Phookamsak et al. (2015)
P. bambusae Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Pleosporales/Pseudoastrosphaeriellaceae Phookamsak et al. (2015)
P. longicolla Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Pleosporales/Pseudoastrosphaeriellaceae Phookamsak et al. (2015)
P. papillata Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Pleosporales/Pseudoastrosphaeriellaceae Phookamsak et al. (2015)
P. thailandensis Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Pleosporales/Pseudoastrosphaeriellaceae Phookamsak et al. (2015)
Pseudolachnella yakushimensis Pleioblastus sp. On dead culms Japan Ascomycota incertae sedis Sato et al. (2008)
Pseudotetraploa curviappendiculata Sasa kurilensis; Sasa On dead culms Japan Pleosporales/Tetraplosphaeriaceae Hatakeyama et al. (2005);
senanensis Tanaka et al. (2009)
P. javanica Sasa sp.; Phyllostachys On dead culms Japan Pleosporales/Tetraplosphaeriaceae Hatakeyama et al. (2005);
bambusoides Tanaka et al. 2009
P. longissima Pleioblastus chino On dead culms Japan Pleosporales/Tetraplosphaeriaceae Hatakeyama et al. (2005);
Tanaka et al. 2009
Psiloglonium sasicola Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Hysteriales/Hysteriaceae Liu et al. (2015)
Pteridiospora chiangraiensis Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Pleosporales/Astrosphaeriellaceae Phookamsak et al. (2015)
Pteridiospora javanica Bamboo On dead culms Thailand, Indonesia Pleosporales/Astrosphaeriellaceae Phookamsak et al. (2014)
Pustulomyces bambusicola Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Diaporales/Diaporthaceae Dai et al. (2014a)
Quadricrura bicornis Sasa kurilensis On dead culms Japan Pleosporales/Tetraplosphaeriaceae Tanaka et al. (2009)
Q. meridionalis Bamboo On dead culms Japan Pleosporales/Tetraplosphaeriaceae Tanaka et al. (2009)
Q. septentrionalis Sasa kurilensis On dead culms Japan Pleosporales/Tetraplosphaeriaceae Tanaka et al. (2009)
Rehmiodothis bambusae Bambusa vulgaris On dead culms India Phyllachorales/Phyllachoraceae Verma et al. (2008)
Roussoella angustior Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Pleosporales/Roussoellaceae Ariyawansa et al. (2015)
R. chiangraina Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Pleosporales/Roussoellaceae Liu et al. (2014)
R.intermedia Sasa kurilensis On dead culms Japan Pleosporales/Roussoellaceae Liu et al. (2014)
R. japanensis Sasa veitchii var. veitchii On dead culms Japan Pleosporales/Roussoellaceae Liu et al. (2014)
R. magnatum Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Pleosporales/Roussoellaceae Ariyawansa et al. (2015)
R. mukdahanensis Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Pleosporales/Roussoellaceae This study
Fungal Diversity
Table 2 (continued)

Taxa Bamboo host Substrate Country Order/Family References

R.neopustulans Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Pleosporales/Roussoellaceae Liu et al. (2014); This study
Fungal Diversity

R. nitidula Bamboo On dead culms Malaysia/Thailand Pleosporales/Roussoellaceae Liu et al. (2014)

R. pseudohysterioides Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Pleosporales/Roussoellaceae This study
R. pustulans Sasa kurilensis On dead culms Japan Pleosporales/Roussoellaceae Liu et al. (2014)
R.pustulata Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Pleosporales/Roussoellaceae This study
R. scabrispora Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Pleosporales/Roussoellaceae Liu et al. (2014)
R. siamensis Bambusa sp. On dead culms Thailand Pleosporales/Roussoellaceae Liu et al. (2014); This study
R.thailandica Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Pleosporales/Roussoellaceae Liu et al. (2014)
R. verrucispora Sasa kurilensis On dead culms Japan Pleosporales/Roussoellaceae Liu et al. (2014)
Roussoellopsis japonica Phyllostachys bambusoides On dead culms Japan Pleosporales/Roussoellaceae Liu et al. (2014)
R. macrospora Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Pleosporales/Roussoellaceae Liu et al. (2014)
Roussoellopsis sp. Sasa kurilensis On dead culms Japan Pleosporales/Roussoellaceae Liu et al. (2014)
R. tosaensis Bamboo On dead culms Japan Pleosporales/Roussoellaceae Liu et al. (2014)
Seriascoma didymospora Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Pleosporales/Occultibambusaceae This study
Sphaerulina bambusicola Bambusa sp. On dead culms China Capnodiales/Mycosphaerellaceae Zhao and Zhao (2012)
Tetraploa sp. Bamboo On dead culms Japan Pleosporales/Tetraplosphaeriaceae Tanaka et al. (2009)
Tetraplosphaeria nagasakiensis Bamboo On dead culms Japan Pleosporales/Tetraplosphaeriaceae Tanaka et al. (2009)
T. sasicola Sasa senanensis On dead culms Japan Pleosporales/Tetraplosphaeriaceae Tanaka et al. (2009)
Triplosphaeria acuta Sasa nipponica? On dead culms Japan Pleosporales/Tetraplosphaeriaceae Tanaka et al. (2009)
T. cylindrica Sasa kurilensis On dead culms Japan Pleosporales/Tetraplosphaeriaceae Tanaka et al. (2009)
T.a maxima Sasa kurikensis On dead culms Japan Pleosporales/Tetraplosphaeriaceae Tanaka et al. (2009)
Triplosphaeria sp. Sasa kurilensis On dead culms Japan Pleosporales/Tetraplosphaeriaceae Tanaka et al. (2009)
T. yezoensis Sasa palmata On dead culms Japan Pleosporales/Tetraplosphaeriaceae Tanaka et al. (2009)
Tubeufia javanica Bamboo On dead sheath Thailand Tubeufiales/Tubeufiaceae Boonmee et al. (2014);
This study
T. longiseta Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Tubeufiales/Tubeufiaceae This study
Vamsapriya bambusicola Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Xylariales/Xylariaceae Dai et al. (2014c);
This study
V. indica Bamboo On dead culms Thailand, India Xylariales/Xylariaceae Dai et al. (2014c);
Gawas and Bhat (2005)
V. khunkonensis Bamboo On dead culms Thailand Xylariales/Xylariaceae Dai et al. (2014c)
Versicolorisporium triseptatum Pleioblastus chino; Sasamorpha On dead culms Japan Pleosporales/Occultibambusaceae Hatakeyama et al. (2008)
borealis
Xylaria bambusicola Bamboo On dead culms Thailand XylarialesNXylariaceae This study
 Fungal Diversity

Vasariaceae) are Dothideomycetes. Twenty three fungal spe- Wild Species in Southwest China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese
Academy of Science, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China and Molecular
cies, belonging to 16 genera (Anthostomella, Arthrinium,
Biology Center in Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, for the help of
Astrocystis, Cercophora, Daldinia, Eutypa, Hypoxylon, molecular work. Rungtiwa Phookamsak expresses sincere appreci-
Leptosporella, Myrothecium, Nectria, Neoanthostomella, ations to The Royal Golden Jubilee Ph. D. Program (PHD/0090/
Peroneutypa, Phaeoacremonium, Pleurophragmium, 2551) under the Thailand Research Fund for financial support.
Dong Qin Dai is grateful to Alan J.L. Phillips and Eric H.C.
Vamsapriya and Xylaria), of seven families (Apiosporaceae, McKenzie for their valuable suggestions.
Diatrypaceae, Lasiosphaeriaceae, Nectriaceae,
Stachybotryaceae, Togniniaceae and Xylariaceae) and of
one genus, incertae sedis belongs to Sordariomycetes.
Based on our research, it was observed that most fungi on References
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Acknowledgments This work was supported by the Key Laboratory of Azevedo Santiago ALCM, Sommai S, Song Y, de Souza CAF, de
Yunnan Province Universities of the Diversity and Ecological Adaptive Souza-Motta CM, Su HY, Suetrong S, Wang Y, Wei SF, Yuan HS,
Evolution for Animals and plants on YunGui Plateau. Dong Qin Dai, Zhou LW, Réblová M, Fournier J, Camporesi E, Luangsa-ard JJ,
Nalin N. Wijayawardene and Wen Jing Li thank to Mushroom Tasanathai K, Khonsanit A, Thanakitpipattana D, Somrithipol S,
Research Foundation (MRF), Chiang Rai Province, Thailand for provid- Diederich P, Millanes AM, Common RS, Stadler M, Yan JY, Li
ing Postgraduate Scholarships. Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai XH, Lee HW, Nguyen TTT, Lee HB, Battistin E, Marsico O,
Province, Thailand is acknowledged for the financial support to Dong Vizzini A, Vila J, Ercole E, Eberhardt U, Simonini G, Wen HA,
Qin Dai. Kevin D. Hyde is grateful to the Chinese Academy of Chen XH (2015) Fungal diversity notes 111–252—taxonomic and
Sciences, project number 2013T2S0030, for the award of Visiting phylogenetic contributions to fungal taxa. Fungal Divers:27–274
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Program (BRT R253012) and The Thailand Research Fund (BRG Hyponectriaceae). The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong
5280002). We would like to thank Jun Bo Yang, Germplasm Bank of Kong), http://hdl.handle.net/10722/51007
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